Deer (English Wikipedia)

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archive.org

Long, C. A. (2008). The Wild Mammals of Wisconsin. Sofia, Bulgaria: Pensoft. p. 439. ISBN 9789546423139.
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Janis, C. M.; Effinger, J. A.; Harrison, J. A.; Honey, J. G.; Kron, D. G.; Lander, B.; Manning, E.; Prothero, D.; Stevens, M. S.; Stucky, R. K.; Webb, S. D.; Wright, D. B. (1998). "Artiodactyla". In Janis, C. M.; Scott, K. M.; Jacobs, L. L. (eds.). Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America (1st ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 337–74. ISBN 978-0-521-35519-3.
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bartleby.com

"deer". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (4th ed.). Houghton Mifflin Company. 2000. Archived from the original on 25 March 2004.

bbc.co.uk

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biodiversitylibrary.org

Brooke, V. (1878). "On the classification of the Cervidœ, with a synopsis of the existing species". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 46 (1): 883–928. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1878.tb08033.x.

books.google.com

Groves, C. (2007). "Family Cervidae". In Prothero, D. R.; Foss, S. E. (eds.). The Evolution of Artiodactyls (Illustrated ed.). Baltimore, US: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 249–56. ISBN 978-0-801-88735-2.
Geist, V. (1998). Deer of the World: Their Evolution, Behaviour and Ecology (1st ed.). Mechanicsburg, US: Stackpole Books. pp. 1–54. ISBN 978-0-8117-0496-0.
Hall, B. K. (2005). Bones and Cartilage: Developmental and Evolutionary Skeletal Biology. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier Academic Press. pp. 103–15. ISBN 978-0-08-045415-3.
Smith, T. (2013). The Real Rudolph: A Natural History of the Reindeer. New York, US: The History Press. ISBN 978-0-7524-9592-7.
Heffelfinger, J. (2006). Deer of the Southwest : A Complete Guide to the Natural History, Biology, and Management of Southwestern Mule Deer and White-tailed Deer (1st ed.). Texas, US: Texas A & M University Press. pp. 1–57. ISBN 978-1-58544-515-8.
Webb, S. D. (2000). "Evolutionary history of New World Cervidae". In Vrba, E. S.; Schaller, G. B. (eds.). Antelopes, Deer, and Relatives: Fossil Record, Behavioral Ecology, Systematics, and Conservation. New Haven, US: Yale University Press. pp. 38–64. ISBN 978-0-300-08142-8.
Courthope, William (1839). Debrett's Complete Peerage of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland: With Additions to the Present Time and a New Set of Coats of Arms from Drawings by Harvey. J. G. & F. Rivington.

bucknell.edu

departments.bucknell.edu

Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M., eds. (2005). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 652–70. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.

cervera.cat

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cnn.com

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doi.org

Ryder, M. L.; Kay, R. N. B. (1973). "Structure of and seasonal change in the coat of Red deer (Cervus elaphus)". Journal of Zoology. 170 (1): 69–77. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1973.tb05044.x.
Lincoln, G. A.; Guinness, F. E. (1972). "Effect of altered photoperiod on delayed implantation and moulting in roe deer" (PDF). Reproduction. 31 (3): 455–7. doi:10.1530/jrf.0.0310455. PMID 4648129. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.
Wislocki, G. B. (1954). "Antlers in female deer, with a report of three cases in Odocoileus". Journal of Mammalogy. 35 (4): 486–95. doi:10.2307/1375571. JSTOR 1375571.
Malo, A. F.; Roldan, E. R. S.; Garde, J.; Soler, A. J.; Gomendio, M. (2005). "Antlers honestly advertise sperm production and quality". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 272 (1559): 149–57. doi:10.1098/rspb.2004.2933. PMC 1634960. PMID 15695205.
Emlen, D. J. (2008). "The evolution of animal weapons". Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics. 39: 387–413. doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.39.110707.173502.
Bowyer, R. T. (1986). "Antler characteristics as related to social status of male southern mule deer". The Southwestern Naturalist. 31 (3): 289–98. doi:10.2307/3671833. JSTOR 3671833.
Ditchkoff, S. S.; Lochmiller, R. L.; Masters, R. E.; Hoofer, S. R.; Den Bussche, R. A. Van (2001). "Major-histocompatibility-complex-associated variation in secondary sexual traits of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) evidence for good-genes advertisement". Evolution. 55 (3): 616–625. doi:10.1111/j.0014-3820.2001.tb00794.x. PMID 11327168. S2CID 10418779.
Malo, A. F.; Roldan, E. R. S.; Garde, J.; Soler, A. J.; Gomendio, M. (2005). "Antlers honestly advertise sperm production and quality". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 272 (1559): 149–157. doi:10.1098/rspb.2004.2933. PMC 1634960. PMID 15695205.
Metz, Matthew C.; Emlen, Douglas J.; Stahler, Daniel R.; MacNulty, Daniel R.; Smith, Douglas W. (3 September 2018). "Predation shapes the evolutionary traits of cervid weapons". Nature Ecology & Evolution. 2 (10): 1619–1625. Bibcode:2018NatEE...2.1619M. doi:10.1038/s41559-018-0657-5. PMID 30177803. S2CID 52147419.
Samejima, Y., Matsuoka, H. A new viewpoint on antlers reveals the evolutionary history of deer (Cervidae, Mammalia). Sci Rep 10, 8910 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-64555-7
Case, D.J.; McCullough, D.R. (February 1987). "White-tailed deer forage on alewives". Journal of Mammalogy. 68 (1): 195–198. doi:10.2307/1381075. JSTOR 1381075.
Ellis-Felege, S. N.; Burnam, J. S.; Palmer, W. E.; Sisson, D. C.; Wellendorf, S. D.; Thornton, R. P.; Stribling, H. L.; Carroll, J. P. (2008). "Cameras identify White-tailed deer depredating Northern bobwhite nests". Southeastern Naturalist. 7 (3): 562–564. doi:10.1656/1528-7092-7.3.562. S2CID 84790827.
Delahay, R. J.; Smith, G. C.; Barlow, A. M.; Walker, N.; Harris, A.; Clifton-Hadley, R. S.; Cheeseman, C. L. (2007). "Bovine tuberculosis infection in wild mammals in the South-West region of England: A survey of prevalence and a semi-quantitative assessment of the relative risks to cattle". The Veterinary Journal. 173 (2): 287–301. doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2005.11.011. PMID 16434219.
Ward, A. I.; Smith, G. C.; Etherington, T. R.; Delahay, R. J. (2009). "Estimating the risk of cattle exposure to tuberculosis posed by wild deer relative to badgers in England and Wales". Journal of Wildlife Diseases. 45 (4): 1104–1120. doi:10.7589/0090-3558-45.4.1104. PMID 19901384. S2CID 7102058.
Anonymous (2008). "Bovine TB: EFRACom calls for a multifaceted approach using all available methods". The Veterinary Record. 162 (9): 258–259. doi:10.1136/vr.162.9.258. PMID 18350673. S2CID 2429198.
Delahay, R. J.; De Leeuw, A. N. S.; Barlow, A. M.; Clifton-Hadley, R. S.; Cheeseman, C. L. (2002). "The status of Mycobacterium bovis infection in UK wild mammals: A review". The Veterinary Journal. 164 (2): 90–105. doi:10.1053/tvjl.2001.0667. PMID 12359464.
O'Brien, D. J.; Schmitt, S. M.; Fitzgerald, S. D.; Berry, D. E. (2011). "Management of bovine tuberculosis in Michigan wildlife: Current status and near term prospects". Veterinary Microbiology. 151 (1–2): 179–187. doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.02.042. PMID 21414734.
Rose, K. D. (1982). "Skeleton of Diacodexis, oldest known artiodactyl". Science. 216 (4546): 621–3. Bibcode:1982Sci...216..621R. doi:10.1126/science.216.4546.621. JSTOR 1687682. PMID 17783306. S2CID 13157519.
Ludt, C. J.; Schroeder, W.; Rottmann, O.; Kuehn, R. (2004). "Mitochondrial DNA phylogeography of red deer (Cervus elaphus)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 31 (3): 1064–83. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2003.10.003. PMID 15120401.
Stirton, R. A. (1944). "Comments on the relationships of the cervoid family Palaeomerycidae". American Journal of Science. 242 (12): 633–55. Bibcode:1944AmJS..242..633S. doi:10.2475/ajs.242.12.633.
Gentry, A. W.; Rössner, G. (1994). "The Miocene differentiation of Old World Pecora (Mammalia)". Historical Biology. 7 (2): 115–58. Bibcode:1994HBio....7..115G. doi:10.1080/10292389409380449.
Azanza, B.; DeMiguel, D.; Andrés, M. (2011). "The antler-like appendages of the primitive deer Dicrocerus elegans: morphology, growth cycle, ontogeny, and sexual dimorphism". Estudios Geológicos. 67 (2): 579–602. doi:10.3989/egeol.40559.207.
Wang, X.; Xie, G.; Dong, W. (2009). "A new species of crown-antlered deer Stephanocemas (Artiodactyla, Cervidae) from the middle Miocene of Qaidam Basin, northern Tibetan Plateau, China, and a preliminary evaluation of its phylogeny". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 156 (3): 680–95. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00491.x.
Walker, D. N. (2000). "Pleistocene and Holocene records of Antilocapra americana: a review of the FAUNMAP data" (PDF). Plains Anthropologist. 45 (174): 13–28. doi:10.1080/2052546.2000.11932020. JSTOR 25669684. S2CID 163903264. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.
Dong, W.; Pan, Y.; Liu, J. (September 2004). "The earliest Muntiacus (Artiodactyla, Mammalia) from the Late Miocene of Yuanmou, southwestern China". Comptes Rendus Palevol. 3 (5): 379–86. Bibcode:2004CRPal...3..379D. doi:10.1016/j.crpv.2004.06.002.
Gilbert, C.; Ropiquet, A.; Hassanin, A. (2006). "Mitochondrial and nuclear phylogenies of Cervidae (Mammalia, Ruminantia): Systematics, morphology, and biogeography". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 40 (1): 101–17. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.02.017. PMID 16584894.
Petronio, C.; Krakhmalnaya, T.; Bellucci, L.; Di Stefano, G. (2007). "Remarks on some Eurasian pliocervines: Characteristics, evolution, and relationships with the tribe Cervini". Geobios. 40 (1): 113–30. Bibcode:2007Geobi..40..113P. doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2006.01.002.
van der Made, J.; Morales, J.; Sen, S.; Aslan, F. (2002). "The first camel from the Upper Miocene of Turkey and the dispersal of the camels into the Old World". Comptes Rendus Palevol. 1 (2): 117–22. Bibcode:2002CRPal...1..117V. doi:10.1016/S1631-0683(02)00012-X.
Lister, A. M.; Gonzalez, S.; Kitchener, A. C. (2000). "Survival of the Irish elk into the Holocene". Nature. 405 (6788): 753–4. Bibcode:2000Natur.405..753G. doi:10.1038/35015668. PMID 10866185. S2CID 4417046.
Lister, Adrian M.; Stuart, Anthony J. (1 January 2019). "The extinction of the giant deer Megaloceros giganteus (Blumenbach): New radiocarbon evidence". Quaternary International. SI: Quaternary International 500. 500: 185–203. Bibcode:2019QuInt.500..185L. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2019.03.025. ISSN 1040-6182.
Breda, M.; Marchetti, M. (2005). "Systematical and biochronological review of Plio-Pleistocene Alceini (Cervidae; Mammalia) from Eurasia" (PDF). Quaternary Science Reviews. 24 (5–6): 775–805. Bibcode:2005QSRv...24..775B. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2004.05.005. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.
Brooke, V. (1878). "On the classification of the Cervidœ, with a synopsis of the existing species". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 46 (1): 883–928. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1878.tb08033.x.
Grubb, P. (2000). "Valid and invalid nomenclature of living and fossil deer, Cervidae" (PDF). Acta Theriologica. 45 (3): 289–307. doi:10.4098/at.arch.00-30. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.
Christian Pitra; Joerns Fickel; Eric Meijaard; Colin grooves (2004). "Evolution and phylogeny of old world deer". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 33 (3): 880–895. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2004.07.013. PMID 15522810.
Gilbert, C.; Ropiquet, A.; Hassanin, A. (2006). "Mitochondrial and nuclear phylogenies of Cervidae (Mammalia, Ruminantia): Systematics, morphology, and biogeography". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 40 (1): 101–117. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.02.017. PMID 16584894.
Hassanin, A.; Douzery, E. J. P. (2003). "Molecular and morphological phylogenies of Ruminantia and the alternative position of the Moschidae". Systematic Biology. 52 (2): 206–28. doi:10.1080/10635150390192726. PMID 12746147.
Lander, Brian; Brunson, Katherine (2018). "Wild Mammals of Ancient North China". The Journal of Chinese History. 2 (2): 291–312. doi:10.1017/jch.2017.45. S2CID 90662935.
Brunson, Katherine; Lander, Brian (2023). "Deer and Humans in the Early Farming Communities of the Yellow River Valley: A Symbiotic Relationship". Human Ecology. 51 (4): 609–625. doi:10.1007/s10745-023-00432-x. S2CID 261164022.
Nugent, G.; Fraser, K. W. (1 October 1993). "Pests or valued resources? Conflicts in management of deer". New Zealand Journal of Zoology. 20 (4): 361–366. doi:10.1080/03014223.1993.10420359. ISSN 0301-4223.

etymonline.com

Harper, Douglas. "Deer". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 7 June 2012.

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ghostarchive.org

Lincoln, G. A.; Guinness, F. E. (1972). "Effect of altered photoperiod on delayed implantation and moulting in roe deer" (PDF). Reproduction. 31 (3): 455–7. doi:10.1530/jrf.0.0310455. PMID 4648129. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.
Walker, D. N. (2000). "Pleistocene and Holocene records of Antilocapra americana: a review of the FAUNMAP data" (PDF). Plains Anthropologist. 45 (174): 13–28. doi:10.1080/2052546.2000.11932020. JSTOR 25669684. S2CID 163903264. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.
Ghaffar, A.; Akhtar, M.; Nayyer, A. Q. (2011). "Evidences of Early Pliocene fossil remains of tribe Cervini (Mammalia, Artiodactyla, Cervidae) from the Siwaliks of Pakistan" (PDF). Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences. 21 (4): 830–5. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.
De Vos, J.; Mol, D.; Reumer, J. W. F. (1995). "Early Pleistocene Cervidae (Mammalia, Artiodactyla) from the Oosterschelde (the Netherlands), with a revision of the cervid genus Eucladoceros Falconer, 1868" (PDF). Deinsea (2): 95–121. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.
Breda, M.; Marchetti, M. (2005). "Systematical and biochronological review of Plio-Pleistocene Alceini (Cervidae; Mammalia) from Eurasia" (PDF). Quaternary Science Reviews. 24 (5–6): 775–805. Bibcode:2005QSRv...24..775B. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2004.05.005. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.
Grubb, P. (2000). "Valid and invalid nomenclature of living and fossil deer, Cervidae" (PDF). Acta Theriologica. 45 (3): 289–307. doi:10.4098/at.arch.00-30. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.
"U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, and U.S. Department of Commerce, U.S. Census Bureau. 2006 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 16 November 2012.

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Metz, Matthew C.; Emlen, Douglas J.; Stahler, Daniel R.; MacNulty, Daniel R.; Smith, Douglas W. (3 September 2018). "Predation shapes the evolutionary traits of cervid weapons". Nature Ecology & Evolution. 2 (10): 1619–1625. Bibcode:2018NatEE...2.1619M. doi:10.1038/s41559-018-0657-5. PMID 30177803. S2CID 52147419.
Rose, K. D. (1982). "Skeleton of Diacodexis, oldest known artiodactyl". Science. 216 (4546): 621–3. Bibcode:1982Sci...216..621R. doi:10.1126/science.216.4546.621. JSTOR 1687682. PMID 17783306. S2CID 13157519.
Stirton, R. A. (1944). "Comments on the relationships of the cervoid family Palaeomerycidae". American Journal of Science. 242 (12): 633–55. Bibcode:1944AmJS..242..633S. doi:10.2475/ajs.242.12.633.
Gentry, A. W.; Rössner, G. (1994). "The Miocene differentiation of Old World Pecora (Mammalia)". Historical Biology. 7 (2): 115–58. Bibcode:1994HBio....7..115G. doi:10.1080/10292389409380449.
Dong, W.; Pan, Y.; Liu, J. (September 2004). "The earliest Muntiacus (Artiodactyla, Mammalia) from the Late Miocene of Yuanmou, southwestern China". Comptes Rendus Palevol. 3 (5): 379–86. Bibcode:2004CRPal...3..379D. doi:10.1016/j.crpv.2004.06.002.
Petronio, C.; Krakhmalnaya, T.; Bellucci, L.; Di Stefano, G. (2007). "Remarks on some Eurasian pliocervines: Characteristics, evolution, and relationships with the tribe Cervini". Geobios. 40 (1): 113–30. Bibcode:2007Geobi..40..113P. doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2006.01.002.
van der Made, J.; Morales, J.; Sen, S.; Aslan, F. (2002). "The first camel from the Upper Miocene of Turkey and the dispersal of the camels into the Old World". Comptes Rendus Palevol. 1 (2): 117–22. Bibcode:2002CRPal...1..117V. doi:10.1016/S1631-0683(02)00012-X.
Lister, A. M.; Gonzalez, S.; Kitchener, A. C. (2000). "Survival of the Irish elk into the Holocene". Nature. 405 (6788): 753–4. Bibcode:2000Natur.405..753G. doi:10.1038/35015668. PMID 10866185. S2CID 4417046.
Lister, Adrian M.; Stuart, Anthony J. (1 January 2019). "The extinction of the giant deer Megaloceros giganteus (Blumenbach): New radiocarbon evidence". Quaternary International. SI: Quaternary International 500. 500: 185–203. Bibcode:2019QuInt.500..185L. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2019.03.025. ISSN 1040-6182.
Breda, M.; Marchetti, M. (2005). "Systematical and biochronological review of Plio-Pleistocene Alceini (Cervidae; Mammalia) from Eurasia" (PDF). Quaternary Science Reviews. 24 (5–6): 775–805. Bibcode:2005QSRv...24..775B. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2004.05.005. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.

hetnatuurhistorisch.nl

De Vos, J.; Mol, D.; Reumer, J. W. F. (1995). "Early Pleistocene Cervidae (Mammalia, Artiodactyla) from the Oosterschelde (the Netherlands), with a revision of the cervid genus Eucladoceros Falconer, 1868" (PDF). Deinsea (2): 95–121. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.

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jstor.org

Wislocki, G. B. (1954). "Antlers in female deer, with a report of three cases in Odocoileus". Journal of Mammalogy. 35 (4): 486–95. doi:10.2307/1375571. JSTOR 1375571.
Bowyer, R. T. (1986). "Antler characteristics as related to social status of male southern mule deer". The Southwestern Naturalist. 31 (3): 289–98. doi:10.2307/3671833. JSTOR 3671833.
Case, D.J.; McCullough, D.R. (February 1987). "White-tailed deer forage on alewives". Journal of Mammalogy. 68 (1): 195–198. doi:10.2307/1381075. JSTOR 1381075.
Rose, K. D. (1982). "Skeleton of Diacodexis, oldest known artiodactyl". Science. 216 (4546): 621–3. Bibcode:1982Sci...216..621R. doi:10.1126/science.216.4546.621. JSTOR 1687682. PMID 17783306. S2CID 13157519.
Vislobokova, I.; Daxner-Höck, G. (2001). "Oligocene–early Miocene ruminants from the Valley of Lakes (central Mongolia)" (PDF). Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien. 103: 213–35. JSTOR 41702231. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 April 2016.
Walker, D. N. (2000). "Pleistocene and Holocene records of Antilocapra americana: a review of the FAUNMAP data" (PDF). Plains Anthropologist. 45 (174): 13–28. doi:10.1080/2052546.2000.11932020. JSTOR 25669684. S2CID 163903264. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.

latrobe.edu.au

arrow.latrobe.edu.au

'deer' singular and plural among examples (swine OE swin, deer OE deor, sheep OE sceap, horse OE hors, year OE gear, pound OE pana) -Jespersen, A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles, Part II SYNTAX (First Volume), Ch.III The Unchanged Plural (p. 49) arrow.latrobe.edu.au accessed 14 November 2020

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Vislobokova, I.; Daxner-Höck, G. (2001). "Oligocene–early Miocene ruminants from the Valley of Lakes (central Mongolia)" (PDF). Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien. 103: 213–35. JSTOR 41702231. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 April 2016.

nih.gov

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