Defecation (English Wikipedia)

Nath, Preetam; Singh, Shivaram Prasad (2017). "Defecation and Stools in Vegetarians". Vegetarian and Plant-Based Diets in Health and Disease Prevention. pp. 473–481. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-803968-7.00026-5. ISBN 978-0-12-803968-7.
Lacy, Brian E.; Mearin, Fermín; Chang, Lin; Chey, William D.; Lembo, Anthony J.; Simren, Magnus; Spiller, Robin (May 2016). "Bowel Disorders". Gastroenterology. 150 (6): 1393–1407.e5. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2016.02.031. PMID 27144627. S2CID 37210002.
Grace, Sandra; Barnes, Larisa; Reilly, Wayne; Vlass, Ann; de Permentier, Patrick (December 2018). "An integrative review of dietetic and naturopathic approaches to functional bowel disorders". Complementary Therapies in Medicine. 41: 67–80. doi:10.1016/j.ctim.2018.09.004. PMID 30477867. S2CID 53768740.
Hay, Tyler; Bellomo, Ranaldo; Rechnitzer, Tom; See, Emily; Abdelhamid, Yasmine Ali; Deane, Adam (January 2019). "Constipation, diarrhea, and prophylactic laxative bowel regimens in the critically ill: A systematic review and meta-analysis". Journal of Critical Care. 52: 242–250. doi:10.1016/j.jcrc.2019.01.004. PMID 30665795. S2CID 58667995.
Sumida, Keiichi; Molnar, Miklos Z; Potukuchi, Praveen K; Thomas, Fridtjof; Ling, Jun Lu; Yamagata, Kunihiro; Zadeh, Kamyar Kalantar; Kovesdy, Casba P (February 2019). "Constipation and risk of death and cardiovascular events". Atherosclerosis. 281: 114–120. doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2018.12.021. PMC 6399019. PMID 30658186.
Hod, Keren; Ringel, Yehuda (February 2016). "Probiotics in functional bowel disorders". Best Practice & Research Clinical Gastroenterology. 30 (1): 89–97. doi:10.1016/j.bpg.2016.01.003. PMID 27048900.
Fiocchi, Claudio (1998). "Inflammatory bowel disease: Etiology and pathogenesis". Gastroenterology. 115 (1): 182–205. doi:10.1016/S0016-5085(98)70381-6. PMID 9649475.
Baumgart, Daniel C; Sandborn, William J (November 2012). "Crohn's disease". The Lancet. 380 (9853): 1590–1605. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60026-9. PMID 22914295. S2CID 18672997.
Agrawal, Manasi; Colombel, Jean-Frederic (2019). "Treat-to-Target in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, What Is the Target and How Do We Treat?". Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinics of North America. 29 (3): 421–436. doi:10.1016/j.giec.2019.02.004. PMID 31078245. S2CID 132251418.
Kelsen, Juridth R; Russo, Pierre; Sullivan, Kathleen E (February 2019). "Early-Onset Inflammatory Bowel Disease". Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America. 39 (1): 63–79. doi:10.1016/j.iac.2018.08.008. PMC 6954002. PMID 30466773.
Mak, Wing Yan; Hart, Alisa L; Ng, Siew C (2019). "Crohn's disease". Medicine. 47 (6): 377–387. doi:10.1016/j.mpmed.2019.03.007. S2CID 242228134.
Steed, Helen (May 2019). "Ulcerative colitis". Medicine. 47 (6): 371–376. doi:10.1016/j.mpmed.2019.03.001. S2CID 243328622.
Jeong, Dong Yeon; Kim, Seung; Son, Min Ji; Son, Chei Yun; Kim, Jong Yeob; Kronbichler, Andreas; Lee, Keum Hwa; Shin, Jae II (May 2019). "Induction and maintenance treatment of inflammatory bowel disease: A comprehensive review". Autoimmunity Reviews. 18 (5): 439–454. doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2019.03.002. PMID 30844556. S2CID 73466469.
Waldman, Steven D. (2019). "Irritable Bowel Syndrome". Atlas of Common Pain Syndromes. pp. 294–297. doi:10.1016/B978-0-323-54731-4.00076-1. ISBN 978-0-323-54731-4. S2CID 239092846.
Farmer, Adam D; Ruffle, James K (May 2019). "Irritable bowel syndrome". Medicine. 47 (6): 350–353. doi:10.1016/j.mpmed.2019.03.009. PMC 5001845. PMID 27159638.
Long, Brit; Robertson, Jennifer; Koyfman, Alex (February 2019). "Emergency Medicine Evaluation and Management of Small Bowel Obstruction: Evidence-Based Recommendations". The Journal of Emergency Medicine. 56 (2): 166–176. doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2018.10.024. PMID 30527563. S2CID 54480601.
Johnston, Lily E.; Hanks, John B. (2019). "Small Bowel Obstruction". Shackelford's Surgery of the Alimentary Tract, 2 Volume Set. pp. 842–850. doi:10.1016/B978-0-323-40232-3.00072-8. ISBN 978-0-323-40232-3. S2CID 81585148.
Farkas, Nicholas G.; Welman, Ted Joseph P.; Ross, Talisa; Brown, Sarah; Smith, Jason J.; Pawa, Nikhil (February 2019). "Unusual causes of large bowel obstruction". Current Problems in Surgery. 56 (2): 49–90. doi:10.1067/j.cpsurg.2018.12.001. PMID 30777150. S2CID 59277670.
Frago, Ricardo; Ramirez, Elena; Millan, Monica; Kreisler, Esther; Valle, Emilio del; Biondo, Sebastiano (January 2014). "Current management of acute malignant large bowel obstruction: a systematic review". The American Journal of Surgery. 207 (1): 127–138. doi:10.1016/j.amjsurg.2013.07.027. PMID 24124659.
Laboa, Maria Navajas; Calzada, Aitor Orive; Landaluce, Aitor; Estevez, Inaki Zabalza; Larena, Jose Alejandro; Arevalo-Serna, Juan Antonio; Bridet, Lionel; Lopez-Lopez, Maria; Burgos, Soraya Torres (March 2015). "Colonic obstruction caused by endometriosis solved with a colonic stent as a bridge to surgery". Arab Journal of Gastroenterology. 16 (1): 33–35. doi:10.1016/j.ajg.2014.10.004. PMID 25791032.
Fisher-Hubbard AO, Kesha K, Diaz F, Njiwaji C, Chi P, Schmidt CJ (2016). "Commode Cardia-Death by Valsalva Maneuver: A Case Series". Journal of Forensic Sciences. 61 (6): 1541–1545. doi:10.1111/1556-4029.13196. hdl:2027.42/134829. PMID 27716918. S2CID 4727369.
Ikeda T, Oomura M, Sato C, Anan C, Yamada K, Kamimoto K (2016). "Cerebral infarction due to cardiac myxoma developed with the loss of consciousness immediately after defecation-a case report". Rinsho Shinkeigaku. 56 (5): 328–333. doi:10.5692/clinicalneurol.cn-000856. PMID 27151226.
Gibran, S K; Kenawy, N; Wong, D; Hiscott, P (2007). "Changes in the retinal inner limiting membrane associated with Valsalva retinopathy". British Journal of Ophthalmology. 91 (5): 701–2. doi:10.1136/bjo.2006.104935. PMC 1954736. PMID 17446519.
Connor AJ (2010). "Valsalva-related retinal venous dilation caused by defaecation". Acta Ophthalmologica. 88 (4): 328–33. doi:10.1111/j.1755-3768.2009.01624.x. PMID 19747224. S2CID 26590048.
Clasen T, Boisson S, Routray P, Torondel B, Bell M, Cumming O, et al. (November 2014). "Effectiveness of a rural sanitation programme on diarrhoea, soil-transmitted helminth infection, and child malnutrition in Odisha, India: a cluster-randomised trial" (PDF). The Lancet. Global Health. 2 (11): e645-53. doi:10.1016/S2214-109X(14)70307-9. PMID 25442689.
The Oxford Companion to World Mythology. 2005. doi:10.1093/acref/9780195156690.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-515669-0.

handle.net (Global: 102^nd place; English: 76^th place)

hdl.handle.net

Fisher-Hubbard AO, Kesha K, Diaz F, Njiwaji C, Chi P, Schmidt CJ (2016). "Commode Cardia-Death by Valsalva Maneuver: A Case Series". Journal of Forensic Sciences. 61 (6): 1541–1545. doi:10.1111/1556-4029.13196. hdl:2027.42/134829. PMID 27716918. S2CID 4727369.

lshtm.ac.uk (Global: low place; English: low place)

researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk

Clasen T, Boisson S, Routray P, Torondel B, Bell M, Cumming O, et al. (November 2014). "Effectiveness of a rural sanitation programme on diarrhoea, soil-transmitted helminth infection, and child malnutrition in Odisha, India: a cluster-randomised trial" (PDF). The Lancet. Global Health. 2 (11): e645-53. doi:10.1016/S2214-109X(14)70307-9. PMID 25442689.

mayoclinic.org (Global: 1,610^th place; English: 1,279^th place)

"Fecal incontinence - Causes". Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. Retrieved 9 September 2014.

medlineplus.gov (Global: 1,581^st place; English: 1,299^th place)

NIH. "Bowel Movement". MedlinePlus. Retrieved 13 September 2014.

nih.gov (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Lacy, Brian E.; Mearin, Fermín; Chang, Lin; Chey, William D.; Lembo, Anthony J.; Simren, Magnus; Spiller, Robin (May 2016). "Bowel Disorders". Gastroenterology. 150 (6): 1393–1407.e5. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2016.02.031. PMID 27144627. S2CID 37210002.
Grace, Sandra; Barnes, Larisa; Reilly, Wayne; Vlass, Ann; de Permentier, Patrick (December 2018). "An integrative review of dietetic and naturopathic approaches to functional bowel disorders". Complementary Therapies in Medicine. 41: 67–80. doi:10.1016/j.ctim.2018.09.004. PMID 30477867. S2CID 53768740.
Hay, Tyler; Bellomo, Ranaldo; Rechnitzer, Tom; See, Emily; Abdelhamid, Yasmine Ali; Deane, Adam (January 2019). "Constipation, diarrhea, and prophylactic laxative bowel regimens in the critically ill: A systematic review and meta-analysis". Journal of Critical Care. 52: 242–250. doi:10.1016/j.jcrc.2019.01.004. PMID 30665795. S2CID 58667995.
Sumida, Keiichi; Molnar, Miklos Z; Potukuchi, Praveen K; Thomas, Fridtjof; Ling, Jun Lu; Yamagata, Kunihiro; Zadeh, Kamyar Kalantar; Kovesdy, Casba P (February 2019). "Constipation and risk of death and cardiovascular events". Atherosclerosis. 281: 114–120. doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2018.12.021. PMC 6399019. PMID 30658186.
Hod, Keren; Ringel, Yehuda (February 2016). "Probiotics in functional bowel disorders". Best Practice & Research Clinical Gastroenterology. 30 (1): 89–97. doi:10.1016/j.bpg.2016.01.003. PMID 27048900.
Fiocchi, Claudio (1998). "Inflammatory bowel disease: Etiology and pathogenesis". Gastroenterology. 115 (1): 182–205. doi:10.1016/S0016-5085(98)70381-6. PMID 9649475.
Baumgart, Daniel C; Sandborn, William J (November 2012). "Crohn's disease". The Lancet. 380 (9853): 1590–1605. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60026-9. PMID 22914295. S2CID 18672997.
Agrawal, Manasi; Colombel, Jean-Frederic (2019). "Treat-to-Target in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, What Is the Target and How Do We Treat?". Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinics of North America. 29 (3): 421–436. doi:10.1016/j.giec.2019.02.004. PMID 31078245. S2CID 132251418.
Kelsen, Juridth R; Russo, Pierre; Sullivan, Kathleen E (February 2019). "Early-Onset Inflammatory Bowel Disease". Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America. 39 (1): 63–79. doi:10.1016/j.iac.2018.08.008. PMC 6954002. PMID 30466773.
Jeong, Dong Yeon; Kim, Seung; Son, Min Ji; Son, Chei Yun; Kim, Jong Yeob; Kronbichler, Andreas; Lee, Keum Hwa; Shin, Jae II (May 2019). "Induction and maintenance treatment of inflammatory bowel disease: A comprehensive review". Autoimmunity Reviews. 18 (5): 439–454. doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2019.03.002. PMID 30844556. S2CID 73466469.
Farmer, Adam D; Ruffle, James K (May 2019). "Irritable bowel syndrome". Medicine. 47 (6): 350–353. doi:10.1016/j.mpmed.2019.03.009. PMC 5001845. PMID 27159638.
Long, Brit; Robertson, Jennifer; Koyfman, Alex (February 2019). "Emergency Medicine Evaluation and Management of Small Bowel Obstruction: Evidence-Based Recommendations". The Journal of Emergency Medicine. 56 (2): 166–176. doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2018.10.024. PMID 30527563. S2CID 54480601.
Farkas, Nicholas G.; Welman, Ted Joseph P.; Ross, Talisa; Brown, Sarah; Smith, Jason J.; Pawa, Nikhil (February 2019). "Unusual causes of large bowel obstruction". Current Problems in Surgery. 56 (2): 49–90. doi:10.1067/j.cpsurg.2018.12.001. PMID 30777150. S2CID 59277670.
Frago, Ricardo; Ramirez, Elena; Millan, Monica; Kreisler, Esther; Valle, Emilio del; Biondo, Sebastiano (January 2014). "Current management of acute malignant large bowel obstruction: a systematic review". The American Journal of Surgery. 207 (1): 127–138. doi:10.1016/j.amjsurg.2013.07.027. PMID 24124659.
Laboa, Maria Navajas; Calzada, Aitor Orive; Landaluce, Aitor; Estevez, Inaki Zabalza; Larena, Jose Alejandro; Arevalo-Serna, Juan Antonio; Bridet, Lionel; Lopez-Lopez, Maria; Burgos, Soraya Torres (March 2015). "Colonic obstruction caused by endometriosis solved with a colonic stent as a bridge to surgery". Arab Journal of Gastroenterology. 16 (1): 33–35. doi:10.1016/j.ajg.2014.10.004. PMID 25791032.
Fisher-Hubbard AO, Kesha K, Diaz F, Njiwaji C, Chi P, Schmidt CJ (2016). "Commode Cardia-Death by Valsalva Maneuver: A Case Series". Journal of Forensic Sciences. 61 (6): 1541–1545. doi:10.1111/1556-4029.13196. hdl:2027.42/134829. PMID 27716918. S2CID 4727369.
Ikeda T, Oomura M, Sato C, Anan C, Yamada K, Kamimoto K (2016). "Cerebral infarction due to cardiac myxoma developed with the loss of consciousness immediately after defecation-a case report". Rinsho Shinkeigaku. 56 (5): 328–333. doi:10.5692/clinicalneurol.cn-000856. PMID 27151226.
Gibran, S K; Kenawy, N; Wong, D; Hiscott, P (2007). "Changes in the retinal inner limiting membrane associated with Valsalva retinopathy". British Journal of Ophthalmology. 91 (5): 701–2. doi:10.1136/bjo.2006.104935. PMC 1954736. PMID 17446519.
Connor AJ (2010). "Valsalva-related retinal venous dilation caused by defaecation". Acta Ophthalmologica. 88 (4): 328–33. doi:10.1111/j.1755-3768.2009.01624.x. PMID 19747224. S2CID 26590048.
Clasen T, Boisson S, Routray P, Torondel B, Bell M, Cumming O, et al. (November 2014). "Effectiveness of a rural sanitation programme on diarrhoea, soil-transmitted helminth infection, and child malnutrition in Odisha, India: a cluster-randomised trial" (PDF). The Lancet. Global Health. 2 (11): e645-53. doi:10.1016/S2214-109X(14)70307-9. PMID 25442689.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Sumida, Keiichi; Molnar, Miklos Z; Potukuchi, Praveen K; Thomas, Fridtjof; Ling, Jun Lu; Yamagata, Kunihiro; Zadeh, Kamyar Kalantar; Kovesdy, Casba P (February 2019). "Constipation and risk of death and cardiovascular events". Atherosclerosis. 281: 114–120. doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2018.12.021. PMC 6399019. PMID 30658186.
Kelsen, Juridth R; Russo, Pierre; Sullivan, Kathleen E (February 2019). "Early-Onset Inflammatory Bowel Disease". Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America. 39 (1): 63–79. doi:10.1016/j.iac.2018.08.008. PMC 6954002. PMID 30466773.
Farmer, Adam D; Ruffle, James K (May 2019). "Irritable bowel syndrome". Medicine. 47 (6): 350–353. doi:10.1016/j.mpmed.2019.03.009. PMC 5001845. PMID 27159638.
Gibran, S K; Kenawy, N; Wong, D; Hiscott, P (2007). "Changes in the retinal inner limiting membrane associated with Valsalva retinopathy". British Journal of Ophthalmology. 91 (5): 701–2. doi:10.1136/bjo.2006.104935. PMC 1954736. PMID 17446519.

semanticscholar.org (Global: 11^th place; English: 8^th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

Lacy, Brian E.; Mearin, Fermín; Chang, Lin; Chey, William D.; Lembo, Anthony J.; Simren, Magnus; Spiller, Robin (May 2016). "Bowel Disorders". Gastroenterology. 150 (6): 1393–1407.e5. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2016.02.031. PMID 27144627. S2CID 37210002.
Grace, Sandra; Barnes, Larisa; Reilly, Wayne; Vlass, Ann; de Permentier, Patrick (December 2018). "An integrative review of dietetic and naturopathic approaches to functional bowel disorders". Complementary Therapies in Medicine. 41: 67–80. doi:10.1016/j.ctim.2018.09.004. PMID 30477867. S2CID 53768740.
Hay, Tyler; Bellomo, Ranaldo; Rechnitzer, Tom; See, Emily; Abdelhamid, Yasmine Ali; Deane, Adam (January 2019). "Constipation, diarrhea, and prophylactic laxative bowel regimens in the critically ill: A systematic review and meta-analysis". Journal of Critical Care. 52: 242–250. doi:10.1016/j.jcrc.2019.01.004. PMID 30665795. S2CID 58667995.
Baumgart, Daniel C; Sandborn, William J (November 2012). "Crohn's disease". The Lancet. 380 (9853): 1590–1605. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60026-9. PMID 22914295. S2CID 18672997.
Agrawal, Manasi; Colombel, Jean-Frederic (2019). "Treat-to-Target in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, What Is the Target and How Do We Treat?". Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinics of North America. 29 (3): 421–436. doi:10.1016/j.giec.2019.02.004. PMID 31078245. S2CID 132251418.
Mak, Wing Yan; Hart, Alisa L; Ng, Siew C (2019). "Crohn's disease". Medicine. 47 (6): 377–387. doi:10.1016/j.mpmed.2019.03.007. S2CID 242228134.
Steed, Helen (May 2019). "Ulcerative colitis". Medicine. 47 (6): 371–376. doi:10.1016/j.mpmed.2019.03.001. S2CID 243328622.
Jeong, Dong Yeon; Kim, Seung; Son, Min Ji; Son, Chei Yun; Kim, Jong Yeob; Kronbichler, Andreas; Lee, Keum Hwa; Shin, Jae II (May 2019). "Induction and maintenance treatment of inflammatory bowel disease: A comprehensive review". Autoimmunity Reviews. 18 (5): 439–454. doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2019.03.002. PMID 30844556. S2CID 73466469.
Waldman, Steven D. (2019). "Irritable Bowel Syndrome". Atlas of Common Pain Syndromes. pp. 294–297. doi:10.1016/B978-0-323-54731-4.00076-1. ISBN 978-0-323-54731-4. S2CID 239092846.
Long, Brit; Robertson, Jennifer; Koyfman, Alex (February 2019). "Emergency Medicine Evaluation and Management of Small Bowel Obstruction: Evidence-Based Recommendations". The Journal of Emergency Medicine. 56 (2): 166–176. doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2018.10.024. PMID 30527563. S2CID 54480601.
Johnston, Lily E.; Hanks, John B. (2019). "Small Bowel Obstruction". Shackelford's Surgery of the Alimentary Tract, 2 Volume Set. pp. 842–850. doi:10.1016/B978-0-323-40232-3.00072-8. ISBN 978-0-323-40232-3. S2CID 81585148.
Farkas, Nicholas G.; Welman, Ted Joseph P.; Ross, Talisa; Brown, Sarah; Smith, Jason J.; Pawa, Nikhil (February 2019). "Unusual causes of large bowel obstruction". Current Problems in Surgery. 56 (2): 49–90. doi:10.1067/j.cpsurg.2018.12.001. PMID 30777150. S2CID 59277670.
Fisher-Hubbard AO, Kesha K, Diaz F, Njiwaji C, Chi P, Schmidt CJ (2016). "Commode Cardia-Death by Valsalva Maneuver: A Case Series". Journal of Forensic Sciences. 61 (6): 1541–1545. doi:10.1111/1556-4029.13196. hdl:2027.42/134829. PMID 27716918. S2CID 4727369.
Connor AJ (2010). "Valsalva-related retinal venous dilation caused by defaecation". Acta Ophthalmologica. 88 (4): 328–33. doi:10.1111/j.1755-3768.2009.01624.x. PMID 19747224. S2CID 26590048.

susana.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Progress on drinking water and sanitation, 2014 Update. WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation (JMP). 2014. ISBN 9789241507240. Archived from the original on 2015-04-02. Retrieved 2020-04-21.

theguardian.com (Global: 12^th place; English: 11^th place)

Rickett, Oscar (11 February 2018). "The bottom line: why it's time the bidet made a comeback". The Guardian. Retrieved 29 May 2019.

umich.edu (Global: 459^th place; English: 360^th place)

medicine.umich.edu

"Bowel Function Anatomy" (PDF). University of Michigan Health System. Retrieved 2021-05-19. The levator ani and the puborectalis need to coordinate properly in order to expel contents from the anal canal.

washdata.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

WHO and UNICEF (2017) Progress on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene: 2017 Update and SDG Baselines. Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), 2017

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

Progress on drinking water and sanitation, 2014 Update. WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation (JMP). 2014. ISBN 9789241507240. Archived from the original on 2015-04-02. Retrieved 2020-04-21.

webmd.com (Global: 1,169^th place; English: 1,075^th place)

"The Basics of Constipation". WebMD. Retrieved 2020-05-26.

worktribe.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

nottingham-repository.worktribe.com

Lacy, Brian E.; Mearin, Fermín; Chang, Lin; Chey, William D.; Lembo, Anthony J.; Simren, Magnus; Spiller, Robin (May 2016). "Bowel Disorders". Gastroenterology. 150 (6): 1393–1407.e5. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2016.02.031. PMID 27144627. S2CID 37210002.

worldcat.org (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

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C. Singer; E Holmyard; A Hall; T. Williams, eds. (1958) [1954]. A History of Technology. Vol. IV: The Industrial Revolution, 1750–1850. Oxford Clarendon Press. pp. 507–508. OCLC 886036895.

Defecation (English Wikipedia)

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nih.gov (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)

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umich.edu (Global: 459^th place; English: 360^th place)

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