Dehumanization (English Wikipedia)

Leyens, Jacques-Philippe; Paladino, Paola M.; Rodriguez-Torres, Ramon; Vaes, Jeroen; Demoulin, Stephanie; Rodriguez-Perez, Armando; Gaunt, Ruth (2000). "The Emotional Side of Prejudice: The Attribution of Secondary Emotions to Ingroups and Outgroups" (PDF). Personality and Social Psychology Review. 4 (2): 186–197. doi:10.1207/S15327957PSPR0402_06. S2CID 144981501. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-06-11.

bbc.com (Global: 26^th place; English: 23^rd place)

Galer, Sophia (October 30, 2023). "The harm caused by dehumanising language". www.bbc.com. Retrieved 2024-01-15.

betterblokes.org.nz (Global: low place; English: low place)

Betterblokesnz (2019-03-17). "Dehumanization is a mental loophole." Free Peer Support for Male Sexual Abuse Survivors. Archived from the original on 2023-02-19. Retrieved 2021-03-25.

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

Martha C. Nussbaum (4 February 1999). "Objectification: Section - Seven Ways to Treat A Person as a Thing". Sex and Social Justice. Oxford University Press. p. 218. ISBN 978-0-19-535501-7.
Boime, Albert (2004), A Social History of Modern Art, Volume 2: Art in an Age of Counterrevolution, 1815–1848, (Series: Social History of Modern Art); University of Chicago Press, p. 527.

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cambridge.org (Global: 209^th place; English: 151^st place)

Renato G., Mazzolini (2018), "Colonialism and the Emergence of Racial Theories", in Kassell, Lauren; Hopwood, Nick; Flemming, Rebecca (eds.), Reproduction: Antiquity to the Present Day, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 361–374, doi:10.1017/9781107705647.032, ISBN 978-1-107-06802-5, retrieved 2025-05-15
Brophy, Alfred L. (2016). "When More than Property Is Lost: The Dignity Losses and Restoration of the Tulsa Riot of 1921". Law & Social Inquiry. 41 (4): 824–832. doi:10.1111/lsi.12205. ISSN 0897-6546. S2CID 147798196.

cdnresearch.net (Global: low place; English: low place)

Harris, L. T.; Fiske, S. T. (2006). "Dehumanizing the Lowest of the Low: Neuroimaging Responses to Extreme Out-Groups" (PDF). Psychological Science. 17 (10): 847–853. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01793.x. PMID 17100784. S2CID 8466947. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-05-13.

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diis.dk (Global: low place; English: low place)

"The link between hatred, dehumanization, and violence is more complicated than assumed | DIIS". www.diis.dk. 2 March 2021. Retrieved 14 April 2023.

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Bruneau, Emile; Kteily, Nour (2017-01-01). "The enemy as animal: Symmetric dehumanization during asymmetric warfare". PLOS ONE. 12 (7) e0181422. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1281422B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0181422. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 5528981. PMID 28746412.
Bruneau, Emile; Nour, Kteily (2017-01-01). "The enemy as animal: Symmetric dehumanization during asymmetric warfare". PLOS ONE. 12 (7) e0181422. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1281422B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0181422. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 5528981. PMID 28746412.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Haslam, Nick (2006). "Dehumanization: An Integrative Review". Personality and Social Psychology Review. 10 (3): 252–264. doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr1003_4. PMID 16859440. S2CID 18142674. Archived from the original on 2020-09-10. Retrieved 2019-06-22 – via Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
Haslam, Nick; Loughnan, Steve (3 January 2014). "Dehumanization and Infrahumanization". Annual Review of Psychology. 65 (1): 399–423. doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115045. PMID 23808915.
Spens, Christiana (2014-09-01). "The Theatre of Cruelty: Dehumanization, Objectification & Abu Ghraib". Contemporary Voices: St Andrews Journal of International Relations. 5 (3). doi:10.15664/jtr.946 (inactive 11 July 2025). hdl:10023/5611. ISSN 2516-3159.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2025 (link)
Haslam, Nick; Loughnan, Steve (2014). "Dehumanization and infrahumanization". Annual Review of Psychology. 65: 399–423. doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115045. ISSN 1545-2085. PMID 23808915.
Bruneau, Emile; Kteily, Nour (2017-01-01). "The enemy as animal: Symmetric dehumanization during asymmetric warfare". PLOS ONE. 12 (7) e0181422. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1281422B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0181422. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 5528981. PMID 28746412.
Nick, Haslam; Steve, Loughnan (3 January 2014). "Dehumanization and Infrahumanization". Annual Review of Psychology. 65 (1): 399–423. doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115045. PMID 23808915.
Nick, Haslam (2024). "Dehumanization and mental health". World Psychiatry. 23 (2): 173–174. doi:10.1002/wps.21186. ISSN 2051-5545. PMC 11083880. PMID 38727065.
Emile, Bruneau; Kteily, Nour (2017-07-26). "The enemy as animal: Symmetric dehumanization during asymmetric warfare". PLOS ONE. 12 (7) e0181422. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1281422B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0181422. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 5528981. PMID 28746412.
Jamie L., Goldenberg; Courtney, Emily P.; Felig, Roxanne N. (January 2021). "Supporting the Dehumanization Hypothesis, but Under What Conditions? A Commentary on Over (2021)". Perspectives on Psychological Science: A Journal of the Association for Psychological Science. 16 (1): 14–21. doi:10.1177/1745691620917659. ISSN 1745-6924. PMID 32348710.
Haslam, Nick (2006). "Dehumanization: An Integrative Review" (PDF). Personality and Social Psychology Review. 10 (3): 252–264. doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr1003_4. PMID 16859440. S2CID 18142674. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-06-26.
Nour, Kteily; Alexander, Landry (2022-03-01). "Dehumanization: trends, insights, and challenges". Trends in Cognitive Sciences. 26 (3): 222–240. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2021.12.003. ISSN 1364-6613. PMID 35042655.
Kteily, Nour S.; Landry, Alexander P. (2022-03-01). "Dehumanization: trends, insights, and challenges". Trends in Cognitive Sciences. 26 (3): 222–240. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2021.12.003. ISSN 1364-6613. PMID 35042655.
Daniel Roy Sadek, Habib; Salvatore, Giorgi; Brenda, Curtis (2023-07-04). "Role of the media in promoting the dehumanization of people who use drugs". The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse. 49 (4): 371–380. doi:10.1080/00952990.2023.2180383. ISSN 1097-9891. PMC 10759778. PMID 36995266.
Andrighetto, Luca; Baldissarri, Cristina; Lattanzio, Sara; Loughnan, Steve; Volpato, Chiara (2014). "Human-itarian aid? Two forms of dehumanization and willingness to help after natural disasters". British Journal of Social Psychology. 53 (3): 573–584. doi:10.1111/bjso.12066. hdl:10281/53044. ISSN 2044-8309. PMID 24588786.
Haslam, Nick; Kashima, Yoshihisa; Loughnan, Stephen; Shi, Junqi; Suitner, Caterina (2008). "Subhuman, Inhuman, and Superhuman: Contrasting Humans with Nonhumans in Three Cultures". Social Cognition. 26 (2): 248–258. doi:10.1521/soco.2008.26.2.248.
Leyens, Jacques-Philippe; Paladino, Paola M.; Rodriguez-Torres, Ramon; Vaes, Jeroen; Demoulin, Stephanie; Rodriguez-Perez, Armando; Gaunt, Ruth (2000). "The Emotional Side of Prejudice: The Attribution of Secondary Emotions to Ingroups and Outgroups" (PDF). Personality and Social Psychology Review. 4 (2): 186–197. doi:10.1207/S15327957PSPR0402_06. S2CID 144981501. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-06-11.
Opotow, Susan (1990). "Moral Exclusion and Injustice: An Introduction". Journal of Social Issues. 46 (1): 1–20. doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1990.tb00268.x.
Fredrickson, Barbara L.; Roberts, Tomi-Ann (1997). "Objectification Theory: Toward Understanding Women's Lived Experiences and Mental Health Risks". Psychology of Women Quarterly. 21 (2): 173–206. doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.1997.tb00108.x. S2CID 145272074. Archived from the original on 2020-09-10. Retrieved 2014-11-07.
Gervais, Sarah J.; Vescio, Theresa K.; Förster, Jens; Maass, Anne; Suitner, Caterina (2012). "Seeing women as objects: The sexual body part recognition bias". European Journal of Social Psychology. 42 (6): 743–753. doi:10.1002/ejsp.1890.
Rudman, L. A.; Mescher, K. (2012). "Of Animals and Objects: Men's Implicit Dehumanization of Women and Likelihood of Sexual Aggression" (PDF). Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 38 (6): 734–746. doi:10.1177/0146167212436401. PMID 22374225. S2CID 13701627. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2014-11-07. Retrieved 2014-11-07.
Renato G., Mazzolini (2018), "Colonialism and the Emergence of Racial Theories", in Kassell, Lauren; Hopwood, Nick; Flemming, Rebecca (eds.), Reproduction: Antiquity to the Present Day, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 361–374, doi:10.1017/9781107705647.032, ISBN 978-1-107-06802-5, retrieved 2025-05-15
Bruneau, Emile; Nour, Kteily (2017-01-01). "The enemy as animal: Symmetric dehumanization during asymmetric warfare". PLOS ONE. 12 (7) e0181422. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1281422B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0181422. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 5528981. PMID 28746412.
Smith, David Livingstone; Department of Philosophy, Florida State University (2016). "Paradoxes of Dehumanization". Social Theory and Practice. 42 (2): 416–443. doi:10.5840/soctheorpract201642222. ISSN 0037-802X. Archived from the original on 2020-09-10. Retrieved 2020-09-10.
Jamie L., Goldenberg; Courtney, Emily P.; Felig, Roxanne N. (January 2021). "Supporting the Dehumanization Hypothesis, but Under What Conditions? A Commentary on Over (2021)". Perspectives on Psychological Science: A Journal of the Association for Psychological Science. 16 (1): 14–21. doi:10.1177/1745691620917659. ISSN 1745-6924. PMID 32348710.
Kteily, Nour; Bruneau, Emile; Waytz, Adam; Cotterill, Sarah (November 2015). "The ascent of man: Theoretical and empirical evidence for blatant dehumanization". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 109 (5): 901–931. Bibcode:2015JPSP..109..901K. doi:10.1037/pspp0000048. PMID 26121523.
Bruneau, Emile; Kteily, Nour (26 July 2017). "The enemy as animal: Symmetric dehumanization during asymmetric warfare". PLOS ONE. 12 (7) e0181422. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1281422B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0181422. PMC 5528981. PMID 28746412.
Harel, Tal Orian; Jameson, Jessica Katz; Maoz, Ifat (2020-04-01). "The Normalization of Hatred: Identity, Affective Polarization, and Dehumanization on Facebook in the Context of Intractable Political Conflict". Social Media + Society. 6 (2) 2056305120913983. doi:10.1177/2056305120913983. ISSN 2056-3051.
Rai, Tage S.; Valdesolo, Piercarlo; Graham, Jesse (8 August 2017). "Dehumanization increases instrumental violence, but not moral violence". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 114 (32): 8511–8516. Bibcode:2017PNAS..114.8511R. doi:10.1073/pnas.1705238114. PMC 5559031. PMID 28739935. S2CID 13654261.
Murrow, Gail B.; Murrow, Richard (13 July 2015). "A hypothetical neurological association between dehumanization and human rights abuses". Journal of Law and the Biosciences. 2 (2): 336–364. doi:10.1093/jlb/lsv015. PMC 5034371. PMID 27774198.
Harris, Lasana T.; Fiske, Susan T. (January 2011). "Dehumanized Perception: A Psychological Means to Facilitate Atrocities, Torture, and Genocide?". Zeitschrift für Psychologie. 219 (3): 175–181. doi:10.1027/2151-2604/a000065. ISSN 2190-8370. PMC 3915417. PMID 24511459.
Bandura, Albert (2002). "Selective Moral Disengagement in the Exercise of Moral Agency" (PDF). Journal of Moral Education. 31 (2): 101–119. doi:10.1080/0305724022014322. S2CID 146449693. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2014-12-20. Retrieved 2014-11-07.
Bandura, Albert; Barbaranelli, Claudio; Caprara, Gian Vittorio; Pastorelli, Concetta (1996). "Mechanisms of moral disengagement in the exercise of moral agency" (PDF). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 71 (2): 364–374. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.71.2.364. S2CID 10248049. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2014-11-07. Retrieved 2014-11-07.
Bandura, Albert; Underwood, Bill; Fromson, Michael E (1975). "Disinhibition of aggression through diffusion of responsibility and dehumanization of victims" (PDF). Journal of Research in Personality. 9 (4): 253–269. doi:10.1016/0092-6566(75)90001-X. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2014-11-07. Retrieved 2014-11-07.
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Harris, Lasana T.; Fiske, Susan T. (2006-10-01). "Dehumanizing the lowest of the low: neuroimaging responses to extreme out-groups". Psychological Science. 17 (10): 847–853. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01793.x. ISSN 0956-7976. PMID 17100784. S2CID 8466947.
Frith, Chris D.; Frith, Uta (2007-08-21). "Social cognition in humans". Current Biology. 17 (16): R724–732. Bibcode:2007CBio...17.R724F. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2007.05.068. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 17714666. S2CID 1145094.
Harris, Lasana T.; McClure, Samuel M.; van den Bos, Wouter; Cohen, Jonathan D.; Fiske, Susan T. (2007-12-01). "Regions of the MPFC differentially tuned to social and nonsocial affective evaluation". Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience. 7 (4): 309–316. doi:10.3758/cabn.7.4.309. ISSN 1530-7026. PMID 18189004.
Capozza, D.; Andrighetto, L.; Di Bernardo, G. A.; Falvo, R. (2011). "Does status affect intergroup perceptions of humanity?". Group Processes & Intergroup Relations. 15 (3): 363–377. doi:10.1177/1368430211426733. hdl:11380/1248472. S2CID 145639435.
Loughnan, S.; Haslam, N.; Kashima, Y. (2009). "Understanding the Relationship between Attribute-Based and Metaphor-Based Dehumanization". Group Processes & Intergroup Relations. 12 (6): 747–762. doi:10.1177/1368430209347726. S2CID 144232224.
Gruenfeld, Deborah H.; Inesi, M. Ena; Magee, Joe C.; Galinsky, Adam D. (2008). "Power and the objectification of social targets". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 95 (1): 111–127. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.95.1.111. PMID 18605855.
Waytz, Adam; Epley, Nicholas (2012). "Social connection enables dehumanization". Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 48 (1): 70–76. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2011.07.012.
Harris, L. T.; Fiske, S. T. (2006). "Dehumanizing the Lowest of the Low: Neuroimaging Responses to Extreme Out-Groups" (PDF). Psychological Science. 17 (10): 847–853. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01793.x. PMID 17100784. S2CID 8466947. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-05-13.
Harris, L. T.; Fiske, S. T. (2007). "Social groups that elicit disgust are differentially processed in mPFC". Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience. 2 (1): 45–51. doi:10.1093/scan/nsl037. PMC 2555430. PMID 18985118.
Jardina, Ashley; Piston, Spencer (2023). "The Politics of Racist Dehumanization in the United States". Annual Review of Political Science. 26 (1): 369–388. doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-062321-041446. ISSN 1094-2939.
Goff, Phillip Atiba; Eberhardt, Jennifer L.; Williams, Melissa J.; Jackson, Matthew Christian (2008). "Not yet human: Implicit knowledge, historical dehumanization, and contemporary consequences". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 94 (2): 292–306. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.94.2.292. PMID 18211178.
Haslam, Nick (2006). "Dehumanization: An Integrative Review" (PDF). Personality and Social Psychology Review. 10 (3): 252–264. doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr1003_4. PMID 16859440. S2CID 18142674. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-06-26.
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Fasoli, Fabio; Paladino, Maria Paola; Carnaghi, Andrea; Jetten, Jolanda; Bastian, Brock; Bain, Paul G. (2015-01-01). "Not "just words": Exposure to homophobic epithets leads to dehumanizing and physical distancing from gay men" (PDF). European Journal of Social Psychology. 46 (2): 237–248. doi:10.1002/ejsp.2148. hdl:10071/12705. ISSN 1099-0992. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-05-09. Retrieved 2019-12-09.
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Veraart, Wouter (2016-06-29). "Two Rounds of Postwar Restitution and Dignity Restoration in the Netherlands and in France". Law & Social Inquiry. 41 (4): 956–972. doi:10.1111/lsi.12212. hdl:1871.1/0ed763dc-5340-4de0-96a5-932c401e9407. ISSN 1747-4469. S2CID 147735669.
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elsevier.com (Global: 365^th place; English: 372^nd place)

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Nour, Kteily; Alexander, Landry (2022-03-01). "Dehumanization: trends, insights, and challenges". Trends in Cognitive Sciences. 26 (3): 222–240. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2021.12.003. ISSN 1364-6613. PMID 35042655.
Kteily, Nour S.; Landry, Alexander P. (2022-03-01). "Dehumanization: trends, insights, and challenges". Trends in Cognitive Sciences. 26 (3): 222–240. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2021.12.003. ISSN 1364-6613. PMID 35042655.

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Bandura, Albert (2002). "Selective Moral Disengagement in the Exercise of Moral Agency" (PDF). Journal of Moral Education. 31 (2): 101–119. doi:10.1080/0305724022014322. S2CID 146449693. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2014-12-20. Retrieved 2014-11-07.

haaretz.com (Global: 379^th place; English: 278^th place)

"This Is the Disturbing Reality of Israeli Land Theft and Right-wing Rule". Haaretz. Retrieved 25 June 2024.

hdl.handle.net (Global: 66^th place; English: 34^th place)

Spens, Christiana (2014-09-01). "The Theatre of Cruelty: Dehumanization, Objectification & Abu Ghraib". Contemporary Voices: St Andrews Journal of International Relations. 5 (3). doi:10.15664/jtr.946 (inactive 11 July 2025). hdl:10023/5611. ISSN 2516-3159.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2025 (link)
Andrighetto, Luca; Baldissarri, Cristina; Lattanzio, Sara; Loughnan, Steve; Volpato, Chiara (2014). "Human-itarian aid? Two forms of dehumanization and willingness to help after natural disasters". British Journal of Social Psychology. 53 (3): 573–584. doi:10.1111/bjso.12066. hdl:10281/53044. ISSN 2044-8309. PMID 24588786.
Capozza, D.; Andrighetto, L.; Di Bernardo, G. A.; Falvo, R. (2011). "Does status affect intergroup perceptions of humanity?". Group Processes & Intergroup Relations. 15 (3): 363–377. doi:10.1177/1368430211426733. hdl:11380/1248472. S2CID 145639435.
Fasoli, Fabio; Paladino, Maria Paola; Carnaghi, Andrea; Jetten, Jolanda; Bastian, Brock; Bain, Paul G. (2015-01-01). "Not "just words": Exposure to homophobic epithets leads to dehumanizing and physical distancing from gay men" (PDF). European Journal of Social Psychology. 46 (2): 237–248. doi:10.1002/ejsp.2148. hdl:10071/12705. ISSN 1099-0992. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-05-09. Retrieved 2019-12-09.
Veraart, Wouter (2016-06-29). "Two Rounds of Postwar Restitution and Dignity Restoration in the Netherlands and in France". Law & Social Inquiry. 41 (4): 956–972. doi:10.1111/lsi.12212. hdl:1871.1/0ed763dc-5340-4de0-96a5-932c401e9407. ISSN 1747-4469. S2CID 147735669.

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Harris, Lasana T.; Fiske, Susan T. (January 2011). "Dehumanized Perception: A Psychological Means to Facilitate Atrocities, Torture, and Genocide?". Zeitschrift für Psychologie. 219 (3): 175–181. doi:10.1027/2151-2604/a000065. ISSN 2190-8370. PMC 3915417. PMID 24511459.

nativenewsonline.net (Global: low place; English: low place)

Rickert, Levi (January 16, 2017). "Dr. Martin Luther King Jr: Our Nation was Born in Genocide". Native News Online. Archived from the original on November 26, 2018. Retrieved January 9, 2021.

nih.gov (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

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Haslam, Nick (2006). "Dehumanization: An Integrative Review". Personality and Social Psychology Review. 10 (3): 252–264. doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr1003_4. PMID 16859440. S2CID 18142674. Archived from the original on 2020-09-10. Retrieved 2019-06-22 – via Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
Haslam, Nick; Loughnan, Steve (3 January 2014). "Dehumanization and Infrahumanization". Annual Review of Psychology. 65 (1): 399–423. doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115045. PMID 23808915.
Haslam, Nick; Loughnan, Steve (2014). "Dehumanization and infrahumanization". Annual Review of Psychology. 65: 399–423. doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115045. ISSN 1545-2085. PMID 23808915.
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researchgate.net (Global: 96^th place; English: 89^th place)

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15^th place; English: 8^th place)

stanford.edu (Global: 194^th place; English: 182^nd place)

tandfonline.com (Global: 286^th place; English: 209^th place)

theguardian.com (Global: 16^th place; English: 11^th place)

thinkprogress.org (Global: 8,425^th place; English: 4,929^th place)

uky.edu (Global: 3,287^th place; English: 1,839^th place)

unl.edu (Global: 1,697^th place; English: 926^th place)

vox.com (Global: 697^th place; English: 420^th place)

vu.nl (Global: 8,771^st place; English: 6,166^th place)

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

weebly.com (Global: 1,207^th place; English: 919^th place)

wiley.com (Global: 150^th place; English: 174^th place)

worktribe.com (Global: 8,094^th place; English: 3,935^th place)

worldcat.org (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)

yadvashem.org (Global: 1,473^rd place; English: 2,144^th place)

yale.edu (Global: 559^th place; English: 389^th place)