Devlin JW, Skrobik Y, Gélinas C, Needham DM, Slooter AJ, Pandharipande PP, et al. (September 2018). "Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Prevention and Management of Pain, Agitation/Sedation, Delirium, Immobility, and Sleep Disruption in Adult Patients in the ICU". Critical Care Medicine. 46 (9): e825 –e873. doi:10.1097/CCM.0000000000003299. PMID30113379.
Santos CD, Rose MQ (June 2021). "Extrapyramidal Symptoms Induced by Treatment for Delirium: A Case Report". Critical Care Nurse. 41 (3): 50–54. doi:10.4037/ccn2021765. PMID34061189.
Rockwood K, Cosway S, Carver D, Jarrett P, Stadnyk K, Fisk J (October 1999). "The risk of dementia and death after delirium". Age and Ageing. 28 (6): 551–556. doi:10.1093/ageing/28.6.551. PMID10604507.
Leslie DL, Zhang Y, Holford TR, Bogardus ST, Leo-Summers LS, Inouye SK (July 2005). "Premature death associated with delirium at 1-year follow-up". Archives of Internal Medicine. 165 (14): 1657–1662. doi:10.1001/archinte.165.14.1657. PMID16043686.
Leentjens AF, Rundell J, Rummans T, Shim JJ, Oldham R, Peterson L, et al. (August 2012). "Delirium: An evidence-based medicine (EBM) monograph for psychosomatic medicine practice, commissioned by the Academy of Psychosomatic Medicine (APM) and the European Association of Consultation Liaison Psychiatry and Psychosomatics (EACLPP)". Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 73 (2): 149–152. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2012.05.009. PMID22789420.
de Rooij SE, Schuurmans MJ, van der Mast RC, Levi M (July 2005). "Clinical subtypes of delirium and their relevance for daily clinical practice: a systematic review". International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 20 (7): 609–615. doi:10.1002/gps.1343. PMID16021665. S2CID37993802.
Liptzin B, Levkoff SE (December 1992). "An empirical study of delirium subtypes". The British Journal of Psychiatry. 161 (6): 843–845. doi:10.1192/bjp.161.6.843. PMID1483173. S2CID8754215.
Hughes CG, Patel MB, Pandharipande PP (October 2012). "Pathophysiology of acute brain dysfunction: what's the cause of all this confusion?". Current Opinion in Critical Care. 18 (5): 518–526. doi:10.1097/MCC.0b013e328357effa. PMID22941208. S2CID22572990.
McCusker J, Cole M, Abrahamowicz M, Han L, Podoba JE, Ramman-Haddad L (October 2001). "Environmental risk factors for delirium in hospitalized older people". Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 49 (10): 1327–1334. doi:10.1046/j.1532-5415.2001.49260.x. PMID11890491. S2CID22910426.
Rollo E, Callea A, Brunetti V, Vollono C, Marotta J, Imperatori C, et al. (May 2021). "Delirium in acute stroke: A prospective, cross-sectional, cohort study". European Journal of Neurology. 28 (5): 1590–1600. doi:10.1111/ene.14749. PMID33476475. S2CID231677499.
Nitchingham A, Kumar V, Shenkin S, Ferguson KJ, Caplan GA (November 2018). "A systematic review of neuroimaging in delirium: predictors, correlates and consequences". International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 33 (11): 1458–1478. doi:10.1002/gps.4724. PMID28574155. S2CID20723293.
Soiza RL, Sharma V, Ferguson K, Shenkin SD, Seymour DG, Maclullich AM (September 2008). "Neuroimaging studies of delirium: a systematic review". Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 65 (3): 239–248. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2008.05.021. PMID18707946.
Engel GL, Romano J (Fall 2004). "Delirium, a syndrome of cerebral insufficiency. 1959". The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 16 (4): 526–538. doi:10.1176/appi.neuropsych.16.4.526. PMID15616182.
Morandi A, Grossi E, Lucchi E, Zambon A, Faraci B, Severgnini J, et al. (July 2021). "The 4-DSD: A New Tool to Assess Delirium Superimposed on Moderate to Severe Dementia". Journal of the American Medical Directors Association. 22 (7): 1535–1542.e3. doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2021.02.029. PMID33823162. S2CID233173770.
Bellelli G, Nobili A, Annoni G, Morandi A, Djade CD, Meagher DJ, et al. (November 2015). "Under-detection of delirium and impact of neurocognitive deficits on in-hospital mortality among acute geriatric and medical wards". European Journal of Internal Medicine. 26 (9): 696–704. doi:10.1016/j.ejim.2015.08.006. PMID26333532.
McCoy TH, Snapper L, Stern TA, Perlis RH (2016). "Underreporting of Delirium in Statewide Claims Data: Implications for Clinical Care and Predictive Modeling". Psychosomatics. 57 (5): 480–488. doi:10.1016/j.psym.2016.06.001. PMID27480944. S2CID3300073.
Inouye SK, van Dyck CH, Alessi CA, Balkin S, Siegal AP, Horwitz RI (December 1990). "Clarifying confusion: the confusion assessment method. A new method for detection of delirium". Annals of Internal Medicine. 113 (12): 941–948. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-113-12-941. PMID2240918. S2CID7740657.
Schuurmans MJ, Shortridge-Baggett LM, Duursma SA (2003-01-01). "The Delirium Observation Screening Scale: a screening instrument for delirium". Research and Theory for Nursing Practice. 17 (1): 31–50. doi:10.1891/rtnp.17.1.31.53169. PMID12751884. S2CID219203272.
Jacobi J, Fraser GL, Coursin DB, Riker RR, Fontaine D, Wittbrodt ET, et al. (January 2002). "Clinical practice guidelines for the sustained use of sedatives and analgesics in the critically ill adult". Critical Care Medicine. 30 (1): 119–141. doi:10.1097/00003246-200201000-00020. PMID11902253. S2CID16654002.
Bergeron N, Dubois MJ, Dumont M, Dial S, Skrobik Y (May 2001). "Intensive Care Delirium Screening Checklist: evaluation of a new screening tool". Intensive Care Medicine. 27 (5): 859–864. doi:10.1007/s001340100909. PMID11430542. S2CID24997942.
Zachary W, Kirupananthan A, Cotter S, Barbara GH, Cooke RC, Sipho M (2020). "The impact of Hospital Elder Life Program interventions, on 30-day readmission Rates of older hospitalized patients". Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics. 86: 103963. doi:10.1016/j.archger.2019.103963. PMID31733512. S2CID208086667.
Flannery AH, Oyler DR, Weinhouse GL (December 2016). "The Impact of Interventions to Improve Sleep on Delirium in the ICU: A Systematic Review and Research Framework". Critical Care Medicine. 44 (12): 2231–2240. doi:10.1097/CCM.0000000000001952. PMID27509391. S2CID24494855.
Gosch M, Nicholas JA (February 2014). "Pharmacologic prevention of postoperative delirium". Zeitschrift für Gerontologie und Geriatrie. 47 (2): 105–109. doi:10.1007/s00391-013-0598-1. PMID24619041. S2CID19868320.
Witlox J, Eurelings LS, de Jonghe JF, Kalisvaart KJ, Eikelenboom P, van Gool WA (July 2010). "Delirium in elderly patients and the risk of postdischarge mortality, institutionalization, and dementia: a meta-analysis". JAMA. 304 (4): 443–451. doi:10.1001/jama.2010.1013. PMID20664045. S2CID13402729.
McCoy TH, Hart KL, Perlis RH (May 2017). "Characterizing and predicting rates of delirium across general hospital settings". General Hospital Psychiatry. 46: 1–6. doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2017.01.006. PMID28622808.
Voyer P, Richard S, Doucet L, Carmichael PH (March 2009). "Detecting delirium and subsyndromal delirium using different diagnostic criteria among demented long-term care residents". Journal of the American Medical Directors Association. 10 (3): 181–188. doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2008.09.006. PMID19233058.
Berrios GE (November 1981). "Delirium and confusion in the 19th century: a conceptual history". The British Journal of Psychiatry. 139 (5): 439–449. doi:10.1192/bjp.139.5.439. PMID7037094. S2CID145585758.
Devlin JW, Skrobik Y, Gélinas C, Needham DM, Slooter AJ, Pandharipande PP, et al. (September 2018). "Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Prevention and Management of Pain, Agitation/Sedation, Delirium, Immobility, and Sleep Disruption in Adult Patients in the ICU". Critical Care Medicine. 46 (9): e825 –e873. doi:10.1097/CCM.0000000000003299. PMID30113379.
Santos CD, Rose MQ (June 2021). "Extrapyramidal Symptoms Induced by Treatment for Delirium: A Case Report". Critical Care Nurse. 41 (3): 50–54. doi:10.4037/ccn2021765. PMID34061189.
Rockwood K, Cosway S, Carver D, Jarrett P, Stadnyk K, Fisk J (October 1999). "The risk of dementia and death after delirium". Age and Ageing. 28 (6): 551–556. doi:10.1093/ageing/28.6.551. PMID10604507.
Leslie DL, Zhang Y, Holford TR, Bogardus ST, Leo-Summers LS, Inouye SK (July 2005). "Premature death associated with delirium at 1-year follow-up". Archives of Internal Medicine. 165 (14): 1657–1662. doi:10.1001/archinte.165.14.1657. PMID16043686.
Leentjens AF, Rundell J, Rummans T, Shim JJ, Oldham R, Peterson L, et al. (August 2012). "Delirium: An evidence-based medicine (EBM) monograph for psychosomatic medicine practice, commissioned by the Academy of Psychosomatic Medicine (APM) and the European Association of Consultation Liaison Psychiatry and Psychosomatics (EACLPP)". Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 73 (2): 149–152. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2012.05.009. PMID22789420.
de Rooij SE, Schuurmans MJ, van der Mast RC, Levi M (July 2005). "Clinical subtypes of delirium and their relevance for daily clinical practice: a systematic review". International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 20 (7): 609–615. doi:10.1002/gps.1343. PMID16021665. S2CID37993802.
Liptzin B, Levkoff SE (December 1992). "An empirical study of delirium subtypes". The British Journal of Psychiatry. 161 (6): 843–845. doi:10.1192/bjp.161.6.843. PMID1483173. S2CID8754215.
Hughes CG, Patel MB, Pandharipande PP (October 2012). "Pathophysiology of acute brain dysfunction: what's the cause of all this confusion?". Current Opinion in Critical Care. 18 (5): 518–526. doi:10.1097/MCC.0b013e328357effa. PMID22941208. S2CID22572990.
McCusker J, Cole M, Abrahamowicz M, Han L, Podoba JE, Ramman-Haddad L (October 2001). "Environmental risk factors for delirium in hospitalized older people". Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 49 (10): 1327–1334. doi:10.1046/j.1532-5415.2001.49260.x. PMID11890491. S2CID22910426.
Rollo E, Callea A, Brunetti V, Vollono C, Marotta J, Imperatori C, et al. (May 2021). "Delirium in acute stroke: A prospective, cross-sectional, cohort study". European Journal of Neurology. 28 (5): 1590–1600. doi:10.1111/ene.14749. PMID33476475. S2CID231677499.
Nitchingham A, Kumar V, Shenkin S, Ferguson KJ, Caplan GA (November 2018). "A systematic review of neuroimaging in delirium: predictors, correlates and consequences". International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 33 (11): 1458–1478. doi:10.1002/gps.4724. PMID28574155. S2CID20723293.
Soiza RL, Sharma V, Ferguson K, Shenkin SD, Seymour DG, Maclullich AM (September 2008). "Neuroimaging studies of delirium: a systematic review". Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 65 (3): 239–248. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2008.05.021. PMID18707946.
Engel GL, Romano J (Fall 2004). "Delirium, a syndrome of cerebral insufficiency. 1959". The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 16 (4): 526–538. doi:10.1176/appi.neuropsych.16.4.526. PMID15616182.
Morandi A, Grossi E, Lucchi E, Zambon A, Faraci B, Severgnini J, et al. (July 2021). "The 4-DSD: A New Tool to Assess Delirium Superimposed on Moderate to Severe Dementia". Journal of the American Medical Directors Association. 22 (7): 1535–1542.e3. doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2021.02.029. PMID33823162. S2CID233173770.
Bellelli G, Nobili A, Annoni G, Morandi A, Djade CD, Meagher DJ, et al. (November 2015). "Under-detection of delirium and impact of neurocognitive deficits on in-hospital mortality among acute geriatric and medical wards". European Journal of Internal Medicine. 26 (9): 696–704. doi:10.1016/j.ejim.2015.08.006. PMID26333532.
McCoy TH, Snapper L, Stern TA, Perlis RH (2016). "Underreporting of Delirium in Statewide Claims Data: Implications for Clinical Care and Predictive Modeling". Psychosomatics. 57 (5): 480–488. doi:10.1016/j.psym.2016.06.001. PMID27480944. S2CID3300073.
Inouye SK, van Dyck CH, Alessi CA, Balkin S, Siegal AP, Horwitz RI (December 1990). "Clarifying confusion: the confusion assessment method. A new method for detection of delirium". Annals of Internal Medicine. 113 (12): 941–948. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-113-12-941. PMID2240918. S2CID7740657.
Schuurmans MJ, Shortridge-Baggett LM, Duursma SA (2003-01-01). "The Delirium Observation Screening Scale: a screening instrument for delirium". Research and Theory for Nursing Practice. 17 (1): 31–50. doi:10.1891/rtnp.17.1.31.53169. PMID12751884. S2CID219203272.
Jacobi J, Fraser GL, Coursin DB, Riker RR, Fontaine D, Wittbrodt ET, et al. (January 2002). "Clinical practice guidelines for the sustained use of sedatives and analgesics in the critically ill adult". Critical Care Medicine. 30 (1): 119–141. doi:10.1097/00003246-200201000-00020. PMID11902253. S2CID16654002.
Bergeron N, Dubois MJ, Dumont M, Dial S, Skrobik Y (May 2001). "Intensive Care Delirium Screening Checklist: evaluation of a new screening tool". Intensive Care Medicine. 27 (5): 859–864. doi:10.1007/s001340100909. PMID11430542. S2CID24997942.
Zachary W, Kirupananthan A, Cotter S, Barbara GH, Cooke RC, Sipho M (2020). "The impact of Hospital Elder Life Program interventions, on 30-day readmission Rates of older hospitalized patients". Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics. 86: 103963. doi:10.1016/j.archger.2019.103963. PMID31733512. S2CID208086667.
Flannery AH, Oyler DR, Weinhouse GL (December 2016). "The Impact of Interventions to Improve Sleep on Delirium in the ICU: A Systematic Review and Research Framework". Critical Care Medicine. 44 (12): 2231–2240. doi:10.1097/CCM.0000000000001952. PMID27509391. S2CID24494855.
Gosch M, Nicholas JA (February 2014). "Pharmacologic prevention of postoperative delirium". Zeitschrift für Gerontologie und Geriatrie. 47 (2): 105–109. doi:10.1007/s00391-013-0598-1. PMID24619041. S2CID19868320.
Witlox J, Eurelings LS, de Jonghe JF, Kalisvaart KJ, Eikelenboom P, van Gool WA (July 2010). "Delirium in elderly patients and the risk of postdischarge mortality, institutionalization, and dementia: a meta-analysis". JAMA. 304 (4): 443–451. doi:10.1001/jama.2010.1013. PMID20664045. S2CID13402729.
McCoy TH, Hart KL, Perlis RH (May 2017). "Characterizing and predicting rates of delirium across general hospital settings". General Hospital Psychiatry. 46: 1–6. doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2017.01.006. PMID28622808.
Voyer P, Richard S, Doucet L, Carmichael PH (March 2009). "Detecting delirium and subsyndromal delirium using different diagnostic criteria among demented long-term care residents". Journal of the American Medical Directors Association. 10 (3): 181–188. doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2008.09.006. PMID19233058.
Berrios GE (November 1981). "Delirium and confusion in the 19th century: a conceptual history". The British Journal of Psychiatry. 139 (5): 439–449. doi:10.1192/bjp.139.5.439. PMID7037094. S2CID145585758.
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de Rooij SE, Schuurmans MJ, van der Mast RC, Levi M (July 2005). "Clinical subtypes of delirium and their relevance for daily clinical practice: a systematic review". International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 20 (7): 609–615. doi:10.1002/gps.1343. PMID16021665. S2CID37993802.
Liptzin B, Levkoff SE (December 1992). "An empirical study of delirium subtypes". The British Journal of Psychiatry. 161 (6): 843–845. doi:10.1192/bjp.161.6.843. PMID1483173. S2CID8754215.
Hughes CG, Patel MB, Pandharipande PP (October 2012). "Pathophysiology of acute brain dysfunction: what's the cause of all this confusion?". Current Opinion in Critical Care. 18 (5): 518–526. doi:10.1097/MCC.0b013e328357effa. PMID22941208. S2CID22572990.
McCusker J, Cole M, Abrahamowicz M, Han L, Podoba JE, Ramman-Haddad L (October 2001). "Environmental risk factors for delirium in hospitalized older people". Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 49 (10): 1327–1334. doi:10.1046/j.1532-5415.2001.49260.x. PMID11890491. S2CID22910426.
Rollo E, Callea A, Brunetti V, Vollono C, Marotta J, Imperatori C, et al. (May 2021). "Delirium in acute stroke: A prospective, cross-sectional, cohort study". European Journal of Neurology. 28 (5): 1590–1600. doi:10.1111/ene.14749. PMID33476475. S2CID231677499.
Nitchingham A, Kumar V, Shenkin S, Ferguson KJ, Caplan GA (November 2018). "A systematic review of neuroimaging in delirium: predictors, correlates and consequences". International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 33 (11): 1458–1478. doi:10.1002/gps.4724. PMID28574155. S2CID20723293.
Morandi A, Grossi E, Lucchi E, Zambon A, Faraci B, Severgnini J, et al. (July 2021). "The 4-DSD: A New Tool to Assess Delirium Superimposed on Moderate to Severe Dementia". Journal of the American Medical Directors Association. 22 (7): 1535–1542.e3. doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2021.02.029. PMID33823162. S2CID233173770.
McCoy TH, Snapper L, Stern TA, Perlis RH (2016). "Underreporting of Delirium in Statewide Claims Data: Implications for Clinical Care and Predictive Modeling". Psychosomatics. 57 (5): 480–488. doi:10.1016/j.psym.2016.06.001. PMID27480944. S2CID3300073.
Inouye SK, van Dyck CH, Alessi CA, Balkin S, Siegal AP, Horwitz RI (December 1990). "Clarifying confusion: the confusion assessment method. A new method for detection of delirium". Annals of Internal Medicine. 113 (12): 941–948. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-113-12-941. PMID2240918. S2CID7740657.
Schuurmans MJ, Shortridge-Baggett LM, Duursma SA (2003-01-01). "The Delirium Observation Screening Scale: a screening instrument for delirium". Research and Theory for Nursing Practice. 17 (1): 31–50. doi:10.1891/rtnp.17.1.31.53169. PMID12751884. S2CID219203272.
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Jacobi J, Fraser GL, Coursin DB, Riker RR, Fontaine D, Wittbrodt ET, et al. (January 2002). "Clinical practice guidelines for the sustained use of sedatives and analgesics in the critically ill adult". Critical Care Medicine. 30 (1): 119–141. doi:10.1097/00003246-200201000-00020. PMID11902253. S2CID16654002.
Bergeron N, Dubois MJ, Dumont M, Dial S, Skrobik Y (May 2001). "Intensive Care Delirium Screening Checklist: evaluation of a new screening tool". Intensive Care Medicine. 27 (5): 859–864. doi:10.1007/s001340100909. PMID11430542. S2CID24997942.
Zachary W, Kirupananthan A, Cotter S, Barbara GH, Cooke RC, Sipho M (2020). "The impact of Hospital Elder Life Program interventions, on 30-day readmission Rates of older hospitalized patients". Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics. 86: 103963. doi:10.1016/j.archger.2019.103963. PMID31733512. S2CID208086667.
Flannery AH, Oyler DR, Weinhouse GL (December 2016). "The Impact of Interventions to Improve Sleep on Delirium in the ICU: A Systematic Review and Research Framework". Critical Care Medicine. 44 (12): 2231–2240. doi:10.1097/CCM.0000000000001952. PMID27509391. S2CID24494855.
Gosch M, Nicholas JA (February 2014). "Pharmacologic prevention of postoperative delirium". Zeitschrift für Gerontologie und Geriatrie. 47 (2): 105–109. doi:10.1007/s00391-013-0598-1. PMID24619041. S2CID19868320.
Witlox J, Eurelings LS, de Jonghe JF, Kalisvaart KJ, Eikelenboom P, van Gool WA (July 2010). "Delirium in elderly patients and the risk of postdischarge mortality, institutionalization, and dementia: a meta-analysis". JAMA. 304 (4): 443–451. doi:10.1001/jama.2010.1013. PMID20664045. S2CID13402729.
Berrios GE (November 1981). "Delirium and confusion in the 19th century: a conceptual history". The British Journal of Psychiatry. 139 (5): 439–449. doi:10.1192/bjp.139.5.439. PMID7037094. S2CID145585758.
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