Demography of the Roman Empire (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Demography of the Roman Empire" in English language version.

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Beloch 1886; Russell 1958. Beloch, Karl Julius (1886). Die Bevölkerung der griechisch-römischen Welt (in German). Berlin: Duncker & Humblot. Russell, J. C. (1958). "Late Ancient and Medieval Population". Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. 48 (3). Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society: 1–152. doi:10.2307/1005708. ISSN 0065-9746. JSTOR 1005708. Retrieved 31 December 2023 – via Internet Archive.
Russell 1958. Russell, J. C. (1958). "Late Ancient and Medieval Population". Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. 48 (3). Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society: 1–152. doi:10.2307/1005708. ISSN 0065-9746. JSTOR 1005708. Retrieved 31 December 2023 – via Internet Archive.

books.google.com

For the literature about estimates, see Hall & Kotre (1997, pp. 47–49),Wolf (2005, p. 97), Carrieri & Serraino (2005), Hübner & Ratzan (2006, p. 2), Flower (2014, p. 105), Scheidel (2017, p. 29): "25–30", and Ryan (2021, p. 44). Hall, Elizabeth; Kotre, John N. (1997). Seasons of Life: The Dramatic Journey from Birth to Death. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-4720-8512-5. Retrieved 31 December 2023 – via Google Books. Wolf, Arthur P. (2005). Inbreeding, Incest, and the Incest Taboo: The State of Knowledge at the Turn of the Century. Stanford: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-5141-4. Retrieved 31 December 2023 – via Google Books. Carrieri, Maria Patrizia; Serraino, Diego (1 December 2005). "Longevity of Popes and Artists between the 13th and the 19th Century". International Journal of Epidemiology. 34 (6): 1435–1436. doi:10.1093/ije/dyi211. PMID 16260451. Hübner, Sabine R.; Ratzan, David M., eds. (2006). Growing Up Fatherless in Antiquity (PDF). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511575594. ISBN 978-0-5214-9050-4. Retrieved 31 December 2023 – via Princeton University. Flower, Harriet I. (2014). The Cambridge Companion to the Roman Republic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-1399-9238-1. Retrieved 31 December 2023 – via Google Books. Scheidel, Walter (2017). Debating Roman Demography. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978-9-0043-5109-7. Retrieved 31 December 2023 – via Google Books. Ryan, Garrett (2021). Naked Statues, Fat Gladiators, and War Elephants: Frequently Asked Questions about the Ancient Greeks and Romans. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-6338-8703-9. Retrieved 31 December 2023 – via Google Books.
Saller 1997, pp. 22–25; Boatwright 2021, p. 87. Saller, Richard P. (1997). Patriarchy, Property and Death in the Roman Family. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-5215-9978-8. Retrieved 31 December 2023 – via Google Books. Boatwright, Mary T. (2021). Imperial Women of Rome: Power, Gender, Context. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-1904-5589-7. Retrieved 31 December 2023 – via Google Books.
Boatwright 2021, p. 87. Boatwright, Mary T. (2021). Imperial Women of Rome: Power, Gender, Context. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-1904-5589-7. Retrieved 31 December 2023 – via Google Books.
Saller 1997, pp. 22–25. Saller, Richard P. (1997). Patriarchy, Property and Death in the Roman Family. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-5215-9978-8. Retrieved 31 December 2023 – via Google Books.

creativecommons.org

Alù et al. 2014. Alù, Milena; Boattini, Alessio; Carta, Marilisa; Ciani, Graziella; Ferri, Gianmarco; Luiselli, Donata; Pettener, Davide; Sarno, Stefania; Yao, Daniele Yang (30 April 2014). "An Ancient Mediterranean Melting Pot: Investigating the Uniparental Genetic Structure and Population History of Sicily and Southern Italy". PLOS ONE. 9 (4): e96074. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...996074S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0096074. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4005757. PMID 24788788. This article contains quotations from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) license.

doi.org

For the literature about estimates, see Hall & Kotre (1997, pp. 47–49),Wolf (2005, p. 97), Carrieri & Serraino (2005), Hübner & Ratzan (2006, p. 2), Flower (2014, p. 105), Scheidel (2017, p. 29): "25–30", and Ryan (2021, p. 44). Hall, Elizabeth; Kotre, John N. (1997). Seasons of Life: The Dramatic Journey from Birth to Death. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-4720-8512-5. Retrieved 31 December 2023 – via Google Books. Wolf, Arthur P. (2005). Inbreeding, Incest, and the Incest Taboo: The State of Knowledge at the Turn of the Century. Stanford: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-5141-4. Retrieved 31 December 2023 – via Google Books. Carrieri, Maria Patrizia; Serraino, Diego (1 December 2005). "Longevity of Popes and Artists between the 13th and the 19th Century". International Journal of Epidemiology. 34 (6): 1435–1436. doi:10.1093/ije/dyi211. PMID 16260451. Hübner, Sabine R.; Ratzan, David M., eds. (2006). Growing Up Fatherless in Antiquity (PDF). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511575594. ISBN 978-0-5214-9050-4. Retrieved 31 December 2023 – via Princeton University. Flower, Harriet I. (2014). The Cambridge Companion to the Roman Republic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-1399-9238-1. Retrieved 31 December 2023 – via Google Books. Scheidel, Walter (2017). Debating Roman Demography. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978-9-0043-5109-7. Retrieved 31 December 2023 – via Google Books. Ryan, Garrett (2021). Naked Statues, Fat Gladiators, and War Elephants: Frequently Asked Questions about the Ancient Greeks and Romans. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-6338-8703-9. Retrieved 31 December 2023 – via Google Books.
Scheidel 2007. Scheidel, Walter (2007). "Demography". In Morris, Ian; Saller, Richard P.; Scheidel, Walter (eds.). The Cambridge Economic History of the Greco-Roman World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 38–86. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521780537.004. ISBN 9780521780537.
Aneli et al. 2019; Aikens et al. 2019. Aneli, S.; Angius, A.; Athanasiadis, G.; Barlera, S.; Birolo, G.; Boncoraglio, G.; Di Blasio, A. M.; Di Gaetano, C.; Montinaro, F.; Pagani, L.; Parolo, S.; Paschou, P.; Piazza, A.; Raveane, A.; Stamatoyannopoulos, G. (September 2019). "Population Structure of Modern-Day Italians Reveals Patterns of Ancient and Archaic Ancestries in Southern Europe". Science Advances. 5 (9): eaaw3492. Bibcode:2019SciA....5.3492R. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aaw3492. ISSN 2375-2548. PMC 6726452. PMID 31517044. Aikens, Rachael C.; Aneli, Serena; Antonio, Margaret L.; Bartoli, Fulvio; Bedini, Alessandro; Calderon, Diego; Candilio, Francesca; Cheronet, Olivia; Cotter, Daniel J.; Devitofranceschi, Katharina; Gao, Ziyue; Lucci, Michaela; Moots, Hannah M.; Oberreiter, Victoria; Sawyer, Susanna (8 November 2019). "Ancient Rome: A Genetic Crossroads of Europe and the Mediterranean". Science. 366 (6466). New York: 708–714. Bibcode:2019Sci...366..708A. doi:10.1126/science.aay6826. ISSN 0036-8075. PMC 7093155. PMID 31699931.
Nelis M, Esko T, Mägi R, Zimprich F, Zimprich A, Toncheva D, et al. (2009). "Genetic structure of Europeans: a view from the North-East". PLOS ONE. 4 (5): e5472. Bibcode:2009PLoSO...4.5472N. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0005472. PMC 2675054. PMID 19424496.
Scheidel 2007, pp. 42–43. Scheidel, Walter (2007). "Demography". In Morris, Ian; Saller, Richard P.; Scheidel, Walter (eds.). The Cambridge Economic History of the Greco-Roman World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 38–86. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521780537.004. ISBN 9780521780537.
Scheidel 2007, p. 43. Scheidel, Walter (2007). "Demography". In Morris, Ian; Saller, Richard P.; Scheidel, Walter (eds.). The Cambridge Economic History of the Greco-Roman World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 38–86. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521780537.004. ISBN 9780521780537.
Frier 2000, p. 787; Scheidel 2007, p. 42. Frier, Bruce W. (2000). "Demography". In Bowman, Alan K.; Garnsey, Peter; Rathbone, Dominic (eds.). The Cambridge Ancient History XI: The High Empire, A.D. 70–192. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 827–854. Scheidel, Walter (2007). "Demography". In Morris, Ian; Saller, Richard P.; Scheidel, Walter (eds.). The Cambridge Economic History of the Greco-Roman World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 38–86. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521780537.004. ISBN 9780521780537.
Scheidel 2007, pp. 38–39. Scheidel, Walter (2007). "Demography". In Morris, Ian; Saller, Richard P.; Scheidel, Walter (eds.). The Cambridge Economic History of the Greco-Roman World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 38–86. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521780537.004. ISBN 9780521780537.
Scheidel 2007, p. 39. Scheidel, Walter (2007). "Demography". In Morris, Ian; Saller, Richard P.; Scheidel, Walter (eds.). The Cambridge Economic History of the Greco-Roman World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 38–86. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521780537.004. ISBN 9780521780537.
Frier 2000, p. 789; Scheidel 2001. Scheidel 2001 provides extensive criticism. Frier, Bruce W. (2000). "Demography". In Bowman, Alan K.; Garnsey, Peter; Rathbone, Dominic (eds.). The Cambridge Ancient History XI: The High Empire, A.D. 70–192. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 827–854. Scheidel, Walter (2001). "Roman Age Structure: Evidence and Models". Journal of Roman Studies. 91: 1–26. doi:10.1017/s0075435800015811.
Frier 1982, p. 228. Frier, Bruce W. (1982). "Roman Life Expectancy: Ulpian's Evidence". Harvard Studies in Classical Philology. 86 (36): 213–251. doi:10.2307/311195. JSTOR 311195. PMID 16437859.
Frier 2000, p. 789; Scheidel 2007, p. 39. Frier, Bruce W. (2000). "Demography". In Bowman, Alan K.; Garnsey, Peter; Rathbone, Dominic (eds.). The Cambridge Ancient History XI: The High Empire, A.D. 70–192. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 827–854. Scheidel, Walter (2007). "Demography". In Morris, Ian; Saller, Richard P.; Scheidel, Walter (eds.). The Cambridge Economic History of the Greco-Roman World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 38–86. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521780537.004. ISBN 9780521780537.
Scheidel 2001, p. 8. Scheidel, Walter (2001). "Roman Age Structure: Evidence and Models". Journal of Roman Studies. 91: 1–26. doi:10.1017/s0075435800015811.
Scheidel 2001, pp. 6–7. Scheidel, Walter (2001). "Roman Age Structure: Evidence and Models". Journal of Roman Studies. 91: 1–26. doi:10.1017/s0075435800015811.
Scheidel 2007, p. 40. Scheidel, Walter (2007). "Demography". In Morris, Ian; Saller, Richard P.; Scheidel, Walter (eds.). The Cambridge Economic History of the Greco-Roman World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 38–86. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521780537.004. ISBN 9780521780537.
Scheidel 2007, pp. 40–41. Scheidel, Walter (2007). "Demography". In Morris, Ian; Saller, Richard P.; Scheidel, Walter (eds.). The Cambridge Economic History of the Greco-Roman World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 38–86. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521780537.004. ISBN 9780521780537.
Scheidel 2007, p. 41. Scheidel, Walter (2007). "Demography". In Morris, Ian; Saller, Richard P.; Scheidel, Walter (eds.). The Cambridge Economic History of the Greco-Roman World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 38–86. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521780537.004. ISBN 9780521780537.
Scheidel 2007, pp. 41–42. Scheidel, Walter (2007). "Demography". In Morris, Ian; Saller, Richard P.; Scheidel, Walter (eds.). The Cambridge Economic History of the Greco-Roman World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 38–86. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521780537.004. ISBN 9780521780537.
Frier 1994, pp. 318–326; Scheidel 2007, pp. 66–67. Frier, Bruce W. (1994). "Natural Fertility and Family Limitation in Roman Marriage". Classical Philology. 89 (4): 318–333. doi:10.1086/367430. PMID 16435460. S2CID 7839595. Scheidel, Walter (2007). "Demography". In Morris, Ian; Saller, Richard P.; Scheidel, Walter (eds.). The Cambridge Economic History of the Greco-Roman World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 38–86. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521780537.004. ISBN 9780521780537.
Scheidel 2007, p. 67. Scheidel, Walter (2007). "Demography". In Morris, Ian; Saller, Richard P.; Scheidel, Walter (eds.). The Cambridge Economic History of the Greco-Roman World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 38–86. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521780537.004. ISBN 9780521780537.
Frier 1994, pp. 325–326. Frier, Bruce W. (1994). "Natural Fertility and Family Limitation in Roman Marriage". Classical Philology. 89 (4): 318–333. doi:10.1086/367430. PMID 16435460. S2CID 7839595.
Scheidel 2007, p. 68. Scheidel, Walter (2007). "Demography". In Morris, Ian; Saller, Richard P.; Scheidel, Walter (eds.). The Cambridge Economic History of the Greco-Roman World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 38–86. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521780537.004. ISBN 9780521780537.
Scheidel 2007, pp. 68–69. Scheidel, Walter (2007). "Demography". In Morris, Ian; Saller, Richard P.; Scheidel, Walter (eds.). The Cambridge Economic History of the Greco-Roman World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 38–86. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521780537.004. ISBN 9780521780537.
Scheidel 2007, p. 69. Scheidel, Walter (2007). "Demography". In Morris, Ian; Saller, Richard P.; Scheidel, Walter (eds.). The Cambridge Economic History of the Greco-Roman World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 38–86. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521780537.004. ISBN 9780521780537.
Scheidel 2007, pp. 69–70. Scheidel, Walter (2007). "Demography". In Morris, Ian; Saller, Richard P.; Scheidel, Walter (eds.). The Cambridge Economic History of the Greco-Roman World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 38–86. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521780537.004. ISBN 9780521780537.
Aikens et al. 2019. Aikens, Rachael C.; Aneli, Serena; Antonio, Margaret L.; Bartoli, Fulvio; Bedini, Alessandro; Calderon, Diego; Candilio, Francesca; Cheronet, Olivia; Cotter, Daniel J.; Devitofranceschi, Katharina; Gao, Ziyue; Lucci, Michaela; Moots, Hannah M.; Oberreiter, Victoria; Sawyer, Susanna (8 November 2019). "Ancient Rome: A Genetic Crossroads of Europe and the Mediterranean". Science. 366 (6466). New York: 708–714. Bibcode:2019Sci...366..708A. doi:10.1126/science.aay6826. ISSN 0036-8075. PMC 7093155. PMID 31699931.
Posth, Cosimo; Zaro, Valentina; Spyrou, Maria A. (24 September 2021). "The origin and legacy of the Etruscans through a 2000-year archeogenomic time transect". Science Advances. 7 (39). Washington DC: American Association for the Advancement of Science: eabi7673. Bibcode:2021SciA....7.7673P. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abi7673. PMC 8462907. PMID 34559560.
Aneli et al. 2019. Aneli, S.; Angius, A.; Athanasiadis, G.; Barlera, S.; Birolo, G.; Boncoraglio, G.; Di Blasio, A. M.; Di Gaetano, C.; Montinaro, F.; Pagani, L.; Parolo, S.; Paschou, P.; Piazza, A.; Raveane, A.; Stamatoyannopoulos, G. (September 2019). "Population Structure of Modern-Day Italians Reveals Patterns of Ancient and Archaic Ancestries in Southern Europe". Science Advances. 5 (9): eaaw3492. Bibcode:2019SciA....5.3492R. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aaw3492. ISSN 2375-2548. PMC 6726452. PMID 31517044.
Alù et al. 2014. Alù, Milena; Boattini, Alessio; Carta, Marilisa; Ciani, Graziella; Ferri, Gianmarco; Luiselli, Donata; Pettener, Davide; Sarno, Stefania; Yao, Daniele Yang (30 April 2014). "An Ancient Mediterranean Melting Pot: Investigating the Uniparental Genetic Structure and Population History of Sicily and Southern Italy". PLOS ONE. 9 (4): e96074. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...996074S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0096074. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4005757. PMID 24788788. This article contains quotations from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) license.
Frank 1916. Frank, Tenney (1916). "Race Mixture in the Roman Empire". The American Historical Review. 21 (4): 689–708. doi:10.2307/1835889. JSTOR 1835889. For relevant passages, see
Friedman 1998. Friedman, Jonathan (1998). "Transnationalization, Socio-Political Disorder, and Ethnification as Expressions of Declining Global Hegemony". International Political Science Review. 19 (3): 233–259. doi:10.1177/019251298019003003. JSTOR 1601493. S2CID 145343003. See in particular p. 248.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
Scheidel 2007, pp. 49–50. Scheidel, Walter (2007). "Demography". In Morris, Ian; Saller, Richard P.; Scheidel, Walter (eds.). The Cambridge Economic History of the Greco-Roman World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 38–86. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521780537.004. ISBN 9780521780537.
Scheidel 2007, p. 49–50, 64. The n. 114 cites P. A. Brunt, Italian Manpower 225 B.C.–A.D. 14 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987), p. 263. Scheidel, Walter (2007). "Demography". In Morris, Ian; Saller, Richard P.; Scheidel, Walter (eds.). The Cambridge Economic History of the Greco-Roman World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 38–86. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521780537.004. ISBN 9780521780537.
Scheidel 2007, p. 42. Scheidel, Walter (2007). "Demography". In Morris, Ian; Saller, Richard P.; Scheidel, Walter (eds.). The Cambridge Economic History of the Greco-Roman World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 38–86. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521780537.004. ISBN 9780521780537.
Scheidel 2007, p. 45. See also n. 45. Augustan census figures are recorded in the Res Gestae 8. Scheidel, Walter (2007). "Demography". In Morris, Ian; Saller, Richard P.; Scheidel, Walter (eds.). The Cambridge Economic History of the Greco-Roman World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 38–86. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521780537.004. ISBN 9780521780537.
Lo Cascio 1994, pp. 23–40. Lo Cascio, Elio (1994). "The Size of the Roman Population: Beloch and the Meaning of the Augustan Census Figures". Journal of Roman Studies. 84: 23–40. doi:10.2307/300868. JSTOR 300868. S2CID 161237859.
Maddison 2007, p. 33; Scheidel 2007, p. 47. See also n. 42, 47. Maddison, Angus (2007). Contours of the World Economy, 1–2030 AD: Essays in Macro-Economic History. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Scheidel, Walter (2007). "Demography". In Morris, Ian; Saller, Richard P.; Scheidel, Walter (eds.). The Cambridge Economic History of the Greco-Roman World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 38–86. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521780537.004. ISBN 9780521780537.
Scheidel 2007, p. 47. Scheidel, Walter (2007). "Demography". In Morris, Ian; Saller, Richard P.; Scheidel, Walter (eds.). The Cambridge Economic History of the Greco-Roman World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 38–86. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521780537.004. ISBN 9780521780537.
Beloch 1886; Russell 1958. Beloch, Karl Julius (1886). Die Bevölkerung der griechisch-römischen Welt (in German). Berlin: Duncker & Humblot. Russell, J. C. (1958). "Late Ancient and Medieval Population". Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. 48 (3). Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society: 1–152. doi:10.2307/1005708. ISSN 0065-9746. JSTOR 1005708. Retrieved 31 December 2023 – via Internet Archive.
Russell 1958. Russell, J. C. (1958). "Late Ancient and Medieval Population". Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. 48 (3). Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society: 1–152. doi:10.2307/1005708. ISSN 0065-9746. JSTOR 1005708. Retrieved 31 December 2023 – via Internet Archive.
Hanson 2016; Hanson & Ortman 2017. Hanson, J. W. (2016). An Urban Geography of the Roman World, 100 BC to AD 300. Oxford: Archaeopress. ISBN 978-1-7849-1472-1. Hanson, J. W.; Ortman, S. G. (2017). "A Systematic Method for Estimating the Populations of Greek and Roman Settlements". Journal of Roman Archaeology. 30: 301–324. doi:10.1017/S1047759400074134. S2CID 165770409.
Busby, G.B.J.; Hellenthal, G.; Montinaro, F.; Tofanelli, S.; Bulayeva, K.; Rudan, I.; Zemunik, T.; Hayward, C.; Toncheva, D.; Karachanak-Yankova, S.; Nesheva, D.; Anagnostou, P.; Cali, F.; Brisighelli, F.; Romano, V.; Lefranc, G.; Buresi, C.; Ben Chibani, J.; Haj-Khelil, A.; Denden, S.; Ploski, R.; Krajewski, P.; Hervig, T.; Moen, T.; Herrera, R.J.; Wilson, J.F.; Myers, S.; Capelli, C. (2015). "The Role of Recent Admixture in Forming the Contemporary West Eurasian Genomic Landscape". Current Biology. 25 (19): 2518–2526. Bibcode:2015CBio...25.2518B. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.08.007. PMC 4714572. PMID 26387712.
Raveane A, Aneli S, Montinaro F, Athanasiadis G, Barlera S, Birolo G, Boncoraglio G, Di Blasio AM, Di Gaetano C, Pagani L, Parolo S, Paschou P, Piazza A, Stamatoyannopoulos G, Angius A, Brucato N, Cucca F, Hellenthal G, Mulas A, Peyret-Guzzon M, Zoledziewska M, Baali A, Bycroft C, Cherkaoui M, Chiaroni J, Di Cristofaro J, Dina C, Dugoujon JM, Galan P, Giemza J, Kivisild T, Mazieres S, Melhaoui M, Metspalu M, Myers S, Pereira L, Ricaut FX, Brisighelli F, Cardinali T, Grugni V, Lancioni H, Pascali VL, Torroni A, Semino D, Matullo G, Achilli A, Olivieri A, Capelli C (2019). "Population Structure of Modern-Day Italians Reveals Patterns of Ancient and Archaic Ancestries in Southern Europe". Science Advances. 5 (9). eaaw3492. Bibcode:2019SciA....5.3492R. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aaw3492. ISSN 2375-2548. PMC 6726452. PMID 31517044.

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Aneli et al. 2019; Aikens et al. 2019. Aneli, S.; Angius, A.; Athanasiadis, G.; Barlera, S.; Birolo, G.; Boncoraglio, G.; Di Blasio, A. M.; Di Gaetano, C.; Montinaro, F.; Pagani, L.; Parolo, S.; Paschou, P.; Piazza, A.; Raveane, A.; Stamatoyannopoulos, G. (September 2019). "Population Structure of Modern-Day Italians Reveals Patterns of Ancient and Archaic Ancestries in Southern Europe". Science Advances. 5 (9): eaaw3492. Bibcode:2019SciA....5.3492R. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aaw3492. ISSN 2375-2548. PMC 6726452. PMID 31517044. Aikens, Rachael C.; Aneli, Serena; Antonio, Margaret L.; Bartoli, Fulvio; Bedini, Alessandro; Calderon, Diego; Candilio, Francesca; Cheronet, Olivia; Cotter, Daniel J.; Devitofranceschi, Katharina; Gao, Ziyue; Lucci, Michaela; Moots, Hannah M.; Oberreiter, Victoria; Sawyer, Susanna (8 November 2019). "Ancient Rome: A Genetic Crossroads of Europe and the Mediterranean". Science. 366 (6466). New York: 708–714. Bibcode:2019Sci...366..708A. doi:10.1126/science.aay6826. ISSN 0036-8075. PMC 7093155. PMID 31699931.
Nelis M, Esko T, Mägi R, Zimprich F, Zimprich A, Toncheva D, et al. (2009). "Genetic structure of Europeans: a view from the North-East". PLOS ONE. 4 (5): e5472. Bibcode:2009PLoSO...4.5472N. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0005472. PMC 2675054. PMID 19424496.
Aikens et al. 2019. Aikens, Rachael C.; Aneli, Serena; Antonio, Margaret L.; Bartoli, Fulvio; Bedini, Alessandro; Calderon, Diego; Candilio, Francesca; Cheronet, Olivia; Cotter, Daniel J.; Devitofranceschi, Katharina; Gao, Ziyue; Lucci, Michaela; Moots, Hannah M.; Oberreiter, Victoria; Sawyer, Susanna (8 November 2019). "Ancient Rome: A Genetic Crossroads of Europe and the Mediterranean". Science. 366 (6466). New York: 708–714. Bibcode:2019Sci...366..708A. doi:10.1126/science.aay6826. ISSN 0036-8075. PMC 7093155. PMID 31699931.
Posth, Cosimo; Zaro, Valentina; Spyrou, Maria A. (24 September 2021). "The origin and legacy of the Etruscans through a 2000-year archeogenomic time transect". Science Advances. 7 (39). Washington DC: American Association for the Advancement of Science: eabi7673. Bibcode:2021SciA....7.7673P. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abi7673. PMC 8462907. PMID 34559560.
Aneli et al. 2019. Aneli, S.; Angius, A.; Athanasiadis, G.; Barlera, S.; Birolo, G.; Boncoraglio, G.; Di Blasio, A. M.; Di Gaetano, C.; Montinaro, F.; Pagani, L.; Parolo, S.; Paschou, P.; Piazza, A.; Raveane, A.; Stamatoyannopoulos, G. (September 2019). "Population Structure of Modern-Day Italians Reveals Patterns of Ancient and Archaic Ancestries in Southern Europe". Science Advances. 5 (9): eaaw3492. Bibcode:2019SciA....5.3492R. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aaw3492. ISSN 2375-2548. PMC 6726452. PMID 31517044.
Alù et al. 2014. Alù, Milena; Boattini, Alessio; Carta, Marilisa; Ciani, Graziella; Ferri, Gianmarco; Luiselli, Donata; Pettener, Davide; Sarno, Stefania; Yao, Daniele Yang (30 April 2014). "An Ancient Mediterranean Melting Pot: Investigating the Uniparental Genetic Structure and Population History of Sicily and Southern Italy". PLOS ONE. 9 (4): e96074. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...996074S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0096074. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4005757. PMID 24788788. This article contains quotations from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) license.
Busby, G.B.J.; Hellenthal, G.; Montinaro, F.; Tofanelli, S.; Bulayeva, K.; Rudan, I.; Zemunik, T.; Hayward, C.; Toncheva, D.; Karachanak-Yankova, S.; Nesheva, D.; Anagnostou, P.; Cali, F.; Brisighelli, F.; Romano, V.; Lefranc, G.; Buresi, C.; Ben Chibani, J.; Haj-Khelil, A.; Denden, S.; Ploski, R.; Krajewski, P.; Hervig, T.; Moen, T.; Herrera, R.J.; Wilson, J.F.; Myers, S.; Capelli, C. (2015). "The Role of Recent Admixture in Forming the Contemporary West Eurasian Genomic Landscape". Current Biology. 25 (19): 2518–2526. Bibcode:2015CBio...25.2518B. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.08.007. PMC 4714572. PMID 26387712.
Raveane A, Aneli S, Montinaro F, Athanasiadis G, Barlera S, Birolo G, Boncoraglio G, Di Blasio AM, Di Gaetano C, Pagani L, Parolo S, Paschou P, Piazza A, Stamatoyannopoulos G, Angius A, Brucato N, Cucca F, Hellenthal G, Mulas A, Peyret-Guzzon M, Zoledziewska M, Baali A, Bycroft C, Cherkaoui M, Chiaroni J, Di Cristofaro J, Dina C, Dugoujon JM, Galan P, Giemza J, Kivisild T, Mazieres S, Melhaoui M, Metspalu M, Myers S, Pereira L, Ricaut FX, Brisighelli F, Cardinali T, Grugni V, Lancioni H, Pascali VL, Torroni A, Semino D, Matullo G, Achilli A, Olivieri A, Capelli C (2019). "Population Structure of Modern-Day Italians Reveals Patterns of Ancient and Archaic Ancestries in Southern Europe". Science Advances. 5 (9). eaaw3492. Bibcode:2019SciA....5.3492R. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aaw3492. ISSN 2375-2548. PMC 6726452. PMID 31517044.

jstor.org

Frier 1982, p. 228. Frier, Bruce W. (1982). "Roman Life Expectancy: Ulpian's Evidence". Harvard Studies in Classical Philology. 86 (36): 213–251. doi:10.2307/311195. JSTOR 311195. PMID 16437859.
Frank 1916. Frank, Tenney (1916). "Race Mixture in the Roman Empire". The American Historical Review. 21 (4): 689–708. doi:10.2307/1835889. JSTOR 1835889. For relevant passages, see
Friedman 1998. Friedman, Jonathan (1998). "Transnationalization, Socio-Political Disorder, and Ethnification as Expressions of Declining Global Hegemony". International Political Science Review. 19 (3): 233–259. doi:10.1177/019251298019003003. JSTOR 1601493. S2CID 145343003. See in particular p. 248.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
Lo Cascio 1994, pp. 23–40. Lo Cascio, Elio (1994). "The Size of the Roman Population: Beloch and the Meaning of the Augustan Census Figures". Journal of Roman Studies. 84: 23–40. doi:10.2307/300868. JSTOR 300868. S2CID 161237859.
Beloch 1886; Russell 1958. Beloch, Karl Julius (1886). Die Bevölkerung der griechisch-römischen Welt (in German). Berlin: Duncker & Humblot. Russell, J. C. (1958). "Late Ancient and Medieval Population". Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. 48 (3). Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society: 1–152. doi:10.2307/1005708. ISSN 0065-9746. JSTOR 1005708. Retrieved 31 December 2023 – via Internet Archive.
Russell 1958. Russell, J. C. (1958). "Late Ancient and Medieval Population". Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. 48 (3). Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society: 1–152. doi:10.2307/1005708. ISSN 0065-9746. JSTOR 1005708. Retrieved 31 December 2023 – via Internet Archive.

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

For the literature about estimates, see Hall & Kotre (1997, pp. 47–49),Wolf (2005, p. 97), Carrieri & Serraino (2005), Hübner & Ratzan (2006, p. 2), Flower (2014, p. 105), Scheidel (2017, p. 29): "25–30", and Ryan (2021, p. 44). Hall, Elizabeth; Kotre, John N. (1997). Seasons of Life: The Dramatic Journey from Birth to Death. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-4720-8512-5. Retrieved 31 December 2023 – via Google Books. Wolf, Arthur P. (2005). Inbreeding, Incest, and the Incest Taboo: The State of Knowledge at the Turn of the Century. Stanford: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-5141-4. Retrieved 31 December 2023 – via Google Books. Carrieri, Maria Patrizia; Serraino, Diego (1 December 2005). "Longevity of Popes and Artists between the 13th and the 19th Century". International Journal of Epidemiology. 34 (6): 1435–1436. doi:10.1093/ije/dyi211. PMID 16260451. Hübner, Sabine R.; Ratzan, David M., eds. (2006). Growing Up Fatherless in Antiquity (PDF). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511575594. ISBN 978-0-5214-9050-4. Retrieved 31 December 2023 – via Princeton University. Flower, Harriet I. (2014). The Cambridge Companion to the Roman Republic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-1399-9238-1. Retrieved 31 December 2023 – via Google Books. Scheidel, Walter (2017). Debating Roman Demography. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978-9-0043-5109-7. Retrieved 31 December 2023 – via Google Books. Ryan, Garrett (2021). Naked Statues, Fat Gladiators, and War Elephants: Frequently Asked Questions about the Ancient Greeks and Romans. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-6338-8703-9. Retrieved 31 December 2023 – via Google Books.
Aneli et al. 2019; Aikens et al. 2019. Aneli, S.; Angius, A.; Athanasiadis, G.; Barlera, S.; Birolo, G.; Boncoraglio, G.; Di Blasio, A. M.; Di Gaetano, C.; Montinaro, F.; Pagani, L.; Parolo, S.; Paschou, P.; Piazza, A.; Raveane, A.; Stamatoyannopoulos, G. (September 2019). "Population Structure of Modern-Day Italians Reveals Patterns of Ancient and Archaic Ancestries in Southern Europe". Science Advances. 5 (9): eaaw3492. Bibcode:2019SciA....5.3492R. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aaw3492. ISSN 2375-2548. PMC 6726452. PMID 31517044. Aikens, Rachael C.; Aneli, Serena; Antonio, Margaret L.; Bartoli, Fulvio; Bedini, Alessandro; Calderon, Diego; Candilio, Francesca; Cheronet, Olivia; Cotter, Daniel J.; Devitofranceschi, Katharina; Gao, Ziyue; Lucci, Michaela; Moots, Hannah M.; Oberreiter, Victoria; Sawyer, Susanna (8 November 2019). "Ancient Rome: A Genetic Crossroads of Europe and the Mediterranean". Science. 366 (6466). New York: 708–714. Bibcode:2019Sci...366..708A. doi:10.1126/science.aay6826. ISSN 0036-8075. PMC 7093155. PMID 31699931.
Nelis M, Esko T, Mägi R, Zimprich F, Zimprich A, Toncheva D, et al. (2009). "Genetic structure of Europeans: a view from the North-East". PLOS ONE. 4 (5): e5472. Bibcode:2009PLoSO...4.5472N. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0005472. PMC 2675054. PMID 19424496.
Frier 1982, p. 228. Frier, Bruce W. (1982). "Roman Life Expectancy: Ulpian's Evidence". Harvard Studies in Classical Philology. 86 (36): 213–251. doi:10.2307/311195. JSTOR 311195. PMID 16437859.
Frier 1994, pp. 318–326; Scheidel 2007, pp. 66–67. Frier, Bruce W. (1994). "Natural Fertility and Family Limitation in Roman Marriage". Classical Philology. 89 (4): 318–333. doi:10.1086/367430. PMID 16435460. S2CID 7839595. Scheidel, Walter (2007). "Demography". In Morris, Ian; Saller, Richard P.; Scheidel, Walter (eds.). The Cambridge Economic History of the Greco-Roman World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 38–86. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521780537.004. ISBN 9780521780537.
Frier 1994, pp. 325–326. Frier, Bruce W. (1994). "Natural Fertility and Family Limitation in Roman Marriage". Classical Philology. 89 (4): 318–333. doi:10.1086/367430. PMID 16435460. S2CID 7839595.
Aikens et al. 2019. Aikens, Rachael C.; Aneli, Serena; Antonio, Margaret L.; Bartoli, Fulvio; Bedini, Alessandro; Calderon, Diego; Candilio, Francesca; Cheronet, Olivia; Cotter, Daniel J.; Devitofranceschi, Katharina; Gao, Ziyue; Lucci, Michaela; Moots, Hannah M.; Oberreiter, Victoria; Sawyer, Susanna (8 November 2019). "Ancient Rome: A Genetic Crossroads of Europe and the Mediterranean". Science. 366 (6466). New York: 708–714. Bibcode:2019Sci...366..708A. doi:10.1126/science.aay6826. ISSN 0036-8075. PMC 7093155. PMID 31699931.
Posth, Cosimo; Zaro, Valentina; Spyrou, Maria A. (24 September 2021). "The origin and legacy of the Etruscans through a 2000-year archeogenomic time transect". Science Advances. 7 (39). Washington DC: American Association for the Advancement of Science: eabi7673. Bibcode:2021SciA....7.7673P. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abi7673. PMC 8462907. PMID 34559560.
Aneli et al. 2019. Aneli, S.; Angius, A.; Athanasiadis, G.; Barlera, S.; Birolo, G.; Boncoraglio, G.; Di Blasio, A. M.; Di Gaetano, C.; Montinaro, F.; Pagani, L.; Parolo, S.; Paschou, P.; Piazza, A.; Raveane, A.; Stamatoyannopoulos, G. (September 2019). "Population Structure of Modern-Day Italians Reveals Patterns of Ancient and Archaic Ancestries in Southern Europe". Science Advances. 5 (9): eaaw3492. Bibcode:2019SciA....5.3492R. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aaw3492. ISSN 2375-2548. PMC 6726452. PMID 31517044.
Alù et al. 2014. Alù, Milena; Boattini, Alessio; Carta, Marilisa; Ciani, Graziella; Ferri, Gianmarco; Luiselli, Donata; Pettener, Davide; Sarno, Stefania; Yao, Daniele Yang (30 April 2014). "An Ancient Mediterranean Melting Pot: Investigating the Uniparental Genetic Structure and Population History of Sicily and Southern Italy". PLOS ONE. 9 (4): e96074. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...996074S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0096074. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4005757. PMID 24788788. This article contains quotations from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) license.
Busby, G.B.J.; Hellenthal, G.; Montinaro, F.; Tofanelli, S.; Bulayeva, K.; Rudan, I.; Zemunik, T.; Hayward, C.; Toncheva, D.; Karachanak-Yankova, S.; Nesheva, D.; Anagnostou, P.; Cali, F.; Brisighelli, F.; Romano, V.; Lefranc, G.; Buresi, C.; Ben Chibani, J.; Haj-Khelil, A.; Denden, S.; Ploski, R.; Krajewski, P.; Hervig, T.; Moen, T.; Herrera, R.J.; Wilson, J.F.; Myers, S.; Capelli, C. (2015). "The Role of Recent Admixture in Forming the Contemporary West Eurasian Genomic Landscape". Current Biology. 25 (19): 2518–2526. Bibcode:2015CBio...25.2518B. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.08.007. PMC 4714572. PMID 26387712.
Raveane A, Aneli S, Montinaro F, Athanasiadis G, Barlera S, Birolo G, Boncoraglio G, Di Blasio AM, Di Gaetano C, Pagani L, Parolo S, Paschou P, Piazza A, Stamatoyannopoulos G, Angius A, Brucato N, Cucca F, Hellenthal G, Mulas A, Peyret-Guzzon M, Zoledziewska M, Baali A, Bycroft C, Cherkaoui M, Chiaroni J, Di Cristofaro J, Dina C, Dugoujon JM, Galan P, Giemza J, Kivisild T, Mazieres S, Melhaoui M, Metspalu M, Myers S, Pereira L, Ricaut FX, Brisighelli F, Cardinali T, Grugni V, Lancioni H, Pascali VL, Torroni A, Semino D, Matullo G, Achilli A, Olivieri A, Capelli C (2019). "Population Structure of Modern-Day Italians Reveals Patterns of Ancient and Archaic Ancestries in Southern Europe". Science Advances. 5 (9). eaaw3492. Bibcode:2019SciA....5.3492R. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aaw3492. ISSN 2375-2548. PMC 6726452. PMID 31517044.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Aneli et al. 2019; Aikens et al. 2019. Aneli, S.; Angius, A.; Athanasiadis, G.; Barlera, S.; Birolo, G.; Boncoraglio, G.; Di Blasio, A. M.; Di Gaetano, C.; Montinaro, F.; Pagani, L.; Parolo, S.; Paschou, P.; Piazza, A.; Raveane, A.; Stamatoyannopoulos, G. (September 2019). "Population Structure of Modern-Day Italians Reveals Patterns of Ancient and Archaic Ancestries in Southern Europe". Science Advances. 5 (9): eaaw3492. Bibcode:2019SciA....5.3492R. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aaw3492. ISSN 2375-2548. PMC 6726452. PMID 31517044. Aikens, Rachael C.; Aneli, Serena; Antonio, Margaret L.; Bartoli, Fulvio; Bedini, Alessandro; Calderon, Diego; Candilio, Francesca; Cheronet, Olivia; Cotter, Daniel J.; Devitofranceschi, Katharina; Gao, Ziyue; Lucci, Michaela; Moots, Hannah M.; Oberreiter, Victoria; Sawyer, Susanna (8 November 2019). "Ancient Rome: A Genetic Crossroads of Europe and the Mediterranean". Science. 366 (6466). New York: 708–714. Bibcode:2019Sci...366..708A. doi:10.1126/science.aay6826. ISSN 0036-8075. PMC 7093155. PMID 31699931.
Nelis M, Esko T, Mägi R, Zimprich F, Zimprich A, Toncheva D, et al. (2009). "Genetic structure of Europeans: a view from the North-East". PLOS ONE. 4 (5): e5472. Bibcode:2009PLoSO...4.5472N. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0005472. PMC 2675054. PMID 19424496.
Aikens et al. 2019. Aikens, Rachael C.; Aneli, Serena; Antonio, Margaret L.; Bartoli, Fulvio; Bedini, Alessandro; Calderon, Diego; Candilio, Francesca; Cheronet, Olivia; Cotter, Daniel J.; Devitofranceschi, Katharina; Gao, Ziyue; Lucci, Michaela; Moots, Hannah M.; Oberreiter, Victoria; Sawyer, Susanna (8 November 2019). "Ancient Rome: A Genetic Crossroads of Europe and the Mediterranean". Science. 366 (6466). New York: 708–714. Bibcode:2019Sci...366..708A. doi:10.1126/science.aay6826. ISSN 0036-8075. PMC 7093155. PMID 31699931.
Posth, Cosimo; Zaro, Valentina; Spyrou, Maria A. (24 September 2021). "The origin and legacy of the Etruscans through a 2000-year archeogenomic time transect". Science Advances. 7 (39). Washington DC: American Association for the Advancement of Science: eabi7673. Bibcode:2021SciA....7.7673P. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abi7673. PMC 8462907. PMID 34559560.
Aneli et al. 2019. Aneli, S.; Angius, A.; Athanasiadis, G.; Barlera, S.; Birolo, G.; Boncoraglio, G.; Di Blasio, A. M.; Di Gaetano, C.; Montinaro, F.; Pagani, L.; Parolo, S.; Paschou, P.; Piazza, A.; Raveane, A.; Stamatoyannopoulos, G. (September 2019). "Population Structure of Modern-Day Italians Reveals Patterns of Ancient and Archaic Ancestries in Southern Europe". Science Advances. 5 (9): eaaw3492. Bibcode:2019SciA....5.3492R. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aaw3492. ISSN 2375-2548. PMC 6726452. PMID 31517044.
Alù et al. 2014. Alù, Milena; Boattini, Alessio; Carta, Marilisa; Ciani, Graziella; Ferri, Gianmarco; Luiselli, Donata; Pettener, Davide; Sarno, Stefania; Yao, Daniele Yang (30 April 2014). "An Ancient Mediterranean Melting Pot: Investigating the Uniparental Genetic Structure and Population History of Sicily and Southern Italy". PLOS ONE. 9 (4): e96074. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...996074S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0096074. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4005757. PMID 24788788. This article contains quotations from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) license.
Busby, G.B.J.; Hellenthal, G.; Montinaro, F.; Tofanelli, S.; Bulayeva, K.; Rudan, I.; Zemunik, T.; Hayward, C.; Toncheva, D.; Karachanak-Yankova, S.; Nesheva, D.; Anagnostou, P.; Cali, F.; Brisighelli, F.; Romano, V.; Lefranc, G.; Buresi, C.; Ben Chibani, J.; Haj-Khelil, A.; Denden, S.; Ploski, R.; Krajewski, P.; Hervig, T.; Moen, T.; Herrera, R.J.; Wilson, J.F.; Myers, S.; Capelli, C. (2015). "The Role of Recent Admixture in Forming the Contemporary West Eurasian Genomic Landscape". Current Biology. 25 (19): 2518–2526. Bibcode:2015CBio...25.2518B. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.08.007. PMC 4714572. PMID 26387712.
Raveane A, Aneli S, Montinaro F, Athanasiadis G, Barlera S, Birolo G, Boncoraglio G, Di Blasio AM, Di Gaetano C, Pagani L, Parolo S, Paschou P, Piazza A, Stamatoyannopoulos G, Angius A, Brucato N, Cucca F, Hellenthal G, Mulas A, Peyret-Guzzon M, Zoledziewska M, Baali A, Bycroft C, Cherkaoui M, Chiaroni J, Di Cristofaro J, Dina C, Dugoujon JM, Galan P, Giemza J, Kivisild T, Mazieres S, Melhaoui M, Metspalu M, Myers S, Pereira L, Ricaut FX, Brisighelli F, Cardinali T, Grugni V, Lancioni H, Pascali VL, Torroni A, Semino D, Matullo G, Achilli A, Olivieri A, Capelli C (2019). "Population Structure of Modern-Day Italians Reveals Patterns of Ancient and Archaic Ancestries in Southern Europe". Science Advances. 5 (9). eaaw3492. Bibcode:2019SciA....5.3492R. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aaw3492. ISSN 2375-2548. PMC 6726452. PMID 31517044.

poetryintranslation.com

Suetonius. Suetonius. The Twelve Caesars. Book I: Julius Caesar, XLII Other Reforms. Retrieved 31 December 2023 – via Poetry In Translation.

princeton.edu

For the literature about estimates, see Hall & Kotre (1997, pp. 47–49),Wolf (2005, p. 97), Carrieri & Serraino (2005), Hübner & Ratzan (2006, p. 2), Flower (2014, p. 105), Scheidel (2017, p. 29): "25–30", and Ryan (2021, p. 44). Hall, Elizabeth; Kotre, John N. (1997). Seasons of Life: The Dramatic Journey from Birth to Death. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-4720-8512-5. Retrieved 31 December 2023 – via Google Books. Wolf, Arthur P. (2005). Inbreeding, Incest, and the Incest Taboo: The State of Knowledge at the Turn of the Century. Stanford: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-5141-4. Retrieved 31 December 2023 – via Google Books. Carrieri, Maria Patrizia; Serraino, Diego (1 December 2005). "Longevity of Popes and Artists between the 13th and the 19th Century". International Journal of Epidemiology. 34 (6): 1435–1436. doi:10.1093/ije/dyi211. PMID 16260451. Hübner, Sabine R.; Ratzan, David M., eds. (2006). Growing Up Fatherless in Antiquity (PDF). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511575594. ISBN 978-0-5214-9050-4. Retrieved 31 December 2023 – via Princeton University. Flower, Harriet I. (2014). The Cambridge Companion to the Roman Republic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-1399-9238-1. Retrieved 31 December 2023 – via Google Books. Scheidel, Walter (2017). Debating Roman Demography. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978-9-0043-5109-7. Retrieved 31 December 2023 – via Google Books. Ryan, Garrett (2021). Naked Statues, Fat Gladiators, and War Elephants: Frequently Asked Questions about the Ancient Greeks and Romans. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-6338-8703-9. Retrieved 31 December 2023 – via Google Books.
Scheidel 2006, p. 9. Scheidel, Waltger (April 2006). "Population and demography" (PDF). Princeton/Stanford Working Papers in Classics. Retrieved 31 December 2023 – via Princeton University.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

Frier 1994, pp. 318–326; Scheidel 2007, pp. 66–67. Frier, Bruce W. (1994). "Natural Fertility and Family Limitation in Roman Marriage". Classical Philology. 89 (4): 318–333. doi:10.1086/367430. PMID 16435460. S2CID 7839595. Scheidel, Walter (2007). "Demography". In Morris, Ian; Saller, Richard P.; Scheidel, Walter (eds.). The Cambridge Economic History of the Greco-Roman World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 38–86. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521780537.004. ISBN 9780521780537.
Frier 1994, pp. 325–326. Frier, Bruce W. (1994). "Natural Fertility and Family Limitation in Roman Marriage". Classical Philology. 89 (4): 318–333. doi:10.1086/367430. PMID 16435460. S2CID 7839595.
Friedman 1998. Friedman, Jonathan (1998). "Transnationalization, Socio-Political Disorder, and Ethnification as Expressions of Declining Global Hegemony". International Political Science Review. 19 (3): 233–259. doi:10.1177/019251298019003003. JSTOR 1601493. S2CID 145343003. See in particular p. 248.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
Lo Cascio 1994, pp. 23–40. Lo Cascio, Elio (1994). "The Size of the Roman Population: Beloch and the Meaning of the Augustan Census Figures". Journal of Roman Studies. 84: 23–40. doi:10.2307/300868. JSTOR 300868. S2CID 161237859.
Hanson 2016; Hanson & Ortman 2017. Hanson, J. W. (2016). An Urban Geography of the Roman World, 100 BC to AD 300. Oxford: Archaeopress. ISBN 978-1-7849-1472-1. Hanson, J. W.; Ortman, S. G. (2017). "A Systematic Method for Estimating the Populations of Greek and Roman Settlements". Journal of Roman Archaeology. 30: 301–324. doi:10.1017/S1047759400074134. S2CID 165770409.

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cmuntz.hosted.uark.edu

Malloch 2020. The Tabula Lugdunensis: A Critical Edition with Translation and Commentary. Translated by Malloch, Simon. 2020. pp. 51–61. For the Lyon speech, see "Claudius: Lyon Speech". Retrieved 31 December 2023 – via University of Arkansas's The Bibliotheke.

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Frank 1923, p. 567. Frank, Tenney (1923). "The Causes of Rome's Decline". A History of Rome. New York: Henry Holt and Company. Retrieved 31 December 2023 – via University of Chicago's LacusCurtius.

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Aneli et al. 2019; Aikens et al. 2019. Aneli, S.; Angius, A.; Athanasiadis, G.; Barlera, S.; Birolo, G.; Boncoraglio, G.; Di Blasio, A. M.; Di Gaetano, C.; Montinaro, F.; Pagani, L.; Parolo, S.; Paschou, P.; Piazza, A.; Raveane, A.; Stamatoyannopoulos, G. (September 2019). "Population Structure of Modern-Day Italians Reveals Patterns of Ancient and Archaic Ancestries in Southern Europe". Science Advances. 5 (9): eaaw3492. Bibcode:2019SciA....5.3492R. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aaw3492. ISSN 2375-2548. PMC 6726452. PMID 31517044. Aikens, Rachael C.; Aneli, Serena; Antonio, Margaret L.; Bartoli, Fulvio; Bedini, Alessandro; Calderon, Diego; Candilio, Francesca; Cheronet, Olivia; Cotter, Daniel J.; Devitofranceschi, Katharina; Gao, Ziyue; Lucci, Michaela; Moots, Hannah M.; Oberreiter, Victoria; Sawyer, Susanna (8 November 2019). "Ancient Rome: A Genetic Crossroads of Europe and the Mediterranean". Science. 366 (6466). New York: 708–714. Bibcode:2019Sci...366..708A. doi:10.1126/science.aay6826. ISSN 0036-8075. PMC 7093155. PMID 31699931.
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