Devshirme (English Wikipedia)

http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/slavery_1.shtml#section_4; "...and point out that many Christian families were hostile and resentful about it—which is perhaps underlined by the use of force to impose the system.".

books.google.com

James L. Gelvin (2016). The Modern Middle East: A History. Oxford University Press. p. 80. ISBN 978-0-19-021886-7.
Hanson, Victor Davis (18 December 2007). Carnage and Culture: Landmark Battles in the Rise to Western Power. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-307-42518-8.
Charles Jelavich; Barbara Jelavich, eds. (1963). The Balkans in Transition. University of California Press. p. 68. Politically, it meant that the devshirme class, composed primarily of descendants of the Balkan noble and rayah classes
Kumar, Krishan (2019). Visions of Empire How Five Imperial Regimes Shaped the World. Princeton University Press. p. 68. ISBN 978-0-691-19280-2. Lowry shows that not only Christian peasants but large numbers of the Byzantine-Balkan aristocracy were recruited into the Ottoman ruling elite
William L. Cleveland (4 May 2018). A History of the Modern Middle East. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-429-97513-4.
Aksin Somel, Selcuk (2010). The A to Z of the Ottoman Empire. Scarecrow Press. p. 67. ISBN 978-0-8108-7579-1. The disappearance of this dynasty [ Çandarlı family ] was symptomatic with the rise of the class of slave administrators, who were much easier for the sultan to control than free administrators of noble origin.
William L Cleveland and Martin Bunt; William L. Cleveland (July 2010). A History of the Modern Middle East. ReadHowYouWant.com. p. 115. ISBN 978-1-4587-8155-0.
Duindam, Jeroen [in Dutch] (2016). Dynasties A Global History of Power, 1300–1800. Cambridge University Press. p. 196. ISBN 978-1-107-06068-5. Dikici, 'Making of Ottoman court eunuchs', makes clear that white eunuchs could be recruited among devshirme boys, with the pages and their eunuch supervisors coming from the same background. They were sometimes castrated in the palace, whereas the harem's black eunuchs were more often castrated in their region of origin.
John K. Cox (2002). The History of Serbia. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 29. ISBN 978-0-313-31290-8.
Clarence-Smith, W. (2020). Islam and the Abolition of Slavery. Hurst. p. 49. ISBN 978-1-78738-415-6.
Vryonis, Speros (1965). "Seljuk Gulams and Ottoman Devshirmes".
David Nicolle (22 July 2011). "Devshirme System". In Alexander Mikaberidze (ed.). Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia [2 volumes]: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. pp. 273–. ISBN 978-1-59884-337-8. This effectively enslaved some of the sultan's own non-Islamic subjects and was therefore illegal under Islamic law, which stipulated that conquered non-Muslims should be demilitarized and protected
Peter F. Sugar (1 July 2012). Southeastern Europe under Ottoman Rule, 1354–1804. University of Washington Press. p. 56. ISBN 978-0-295-80363-0.
Itzkowitz, Norman (2008). Ottoman Empire and Islamic Tradition. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-09801-2.
Clarence-Smith, W.G.; Clarence-Smith, W.G. (2006). Islam and the Abolition of Slavery. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-522151-0.
Mansel, P. (2011). Constantinople: City of the World's Desire, 1453–1924. John Murray Press. p. 26. ISBN 978-1-84854-647-9. Retrieved 24 June 2020.
Detrez, Raymond (18 December 2014). Historical Dictionary of Bulgaria. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-4422-4180-0.
Bostom, A.G. (2010). The Legacy of Jihad: Islamic Holy War and the Fate of Non-Muslims. Prometheus Books. ISBN 978-1-61592-017-4.
D.A. Zakythēnos (1976). The Making of Modern Greece: From Byzantium to Independence. Rowman and Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-87471-796-9.
Legrand, Emile (1885). "Bibliographie hellénique".
De Turcarum moribus epitome, Bartholomaeo Georgieviz, peregrino, autore. apud J. Tornaesium. 1558.
Vakalopoulos, Apostolos E. (1961). "Istoria tou neou ellenismou: Tourkokratia 1453-1669. Oi agones gia ten piste kai ten eleytheria".
Vakalopoulos, Apostolos E. (1974). "Istoria tou neou ellenismou".
Michałowicz, K.; Soucek, S.; Stolz, B.A. (2010). Memoirs of a Janissary. Markus Wiener Publishers. pp. 50–51. ISBN 978-1-55876-531-3.
Traian Stoianovich (May 2015). Balkan Worlds: The First and Last Europe. Routledge. p. 201. ISBN 978-1-317-47615-3.
Merry, B.; Greenwood Press (2004). Encyclopedia of Modern Greek Literature. Greenwood Press. p. 197. ISBN 978-0-313-30813-0. Retrieved 24 June 2020.
Bator, R.; Rothero, C. (2000). Daily Life in Ancient and Modern Istanbul. Cities through time. Runestone Press. p. 43. ISBN 978-0-8225-3217-0. Retrieved 24 June 2020.
The Legacy of Jihad: Islamic Holy War and the Fate of Non-Muslims. Prometheus Books. 29 December 2010. ISBN 9781615920174.
Monumenta spectantia ad unionem Ecclesiarum Graecae et Romanae, majorem partem e sanctioribus Vaticani tabulariis, edita ab Augustino Theiner et Francisco Miklosich. 1872.
The Crusades: A Reader: Second Edition. University of Toronto Press. January 2014. ISBN 9781442606234.
Mikaberidze, Alexander (2011). Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia [2 volumes]: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 273. ISBN 978-1-59884-337-8. This effectively enslaved some of the sultan's own non-Islamic subjects and was therefore illegal under Islamic law, which stipulated that conquered non-Muslims should be demilitarized and protected.
Hathaway, J. (2005). Beshir Agha: chief eunuch of the Ottoman imperial harem. Makers of the Muslim World Series. Oneworld Publications. p. 4. ISBN 978-1-85168-390-1.
Jefferson, John (17 August 2012). The Holy Wars of King Wladislas and Sultan Murad: The Ottoman-Christian Conflict from 1438–1444. BRILL. p. 13. ISBN 978-90-04-21904-5.
Orientalski otdel (2003). Inventory of Ottoman Turkish documents about Waqf preserved in the Oriental Department at the St. Cyril and Methodius National Library: Registers. Narodna biblioteka "Sv. sv. Kiril i Metodiĭ". p. 243. ISBN 9789545230721. Sehabeddin Pasa, devshirme conscript.
Murphey 2006, pp. 44–45. Murphey, Rhoads (2006) [1999]. Ottoman Warfare, 1500–1700. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-36591-2.
Murphey 2006, p. 46. Murphey, Rhoads (2006) [1999]. Ottoman Warfare, 1500–1700. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-36591-2.
Murphey 2006, p. 223. Murphey, Rhoads (2006) [1999]. Ottoman Warfare, 1500–1700. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-36591-2.

brill.com

referenceworks.brill.com

Ménage, V. L. (2012). Bearman, P. (ed.). "Devs̲h̲irme". Encyclopaedia of Islam New Edition Online (EI-2 English). Brill. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_1807.

doi.org

Vryonis, Speros (1956). "Isidore Glabas and the Turkish Devshirme". Speculum. 31 (3): 433–443. doi:10.2307/2853347. JSTOR 2853347. S2CID 164148319.
Ágoston, Gábor (2014). "Firearms and Military Adaptation: The Ottomans and the European Military Revolution, 1450–1800". Journal of World History. 25: 118. doi:10.1353/jwh.2014.0005. S2CID 143042353.
- Kunt, Metin İ. (1983). The Sultan's Servants: The Transformation of Ottoman Provincial Government, 1550–1650. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 76. ISBN 0-231-05578-1.
- Kunt, I. (2000). "The Rise of the Ottomans". In Jones, Michael (ed.). The New Cambridge Medieval History, Volume 6, c.1300–c.1415. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 860. ISBN 978-1-13905574-1.
- Ménage, V. L. (2012). Bearman, P. (ed.). "Devs̲h̲irme". Encyclopaedia of Islam New Edition Online (EI-2 English). Brill. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_1807.

fusunakarsu.com

Akarsu, F. (n.d.) "Enderun: Ustun yetenekliler icin saray okulu". Retrieved from http://fusunakarsu.com/articles/ENDERUN_ustun_yetenekliler_icin.html^{[permanent dead link‍]}

jstor.org

Vryonis, Speros (1956). "Isidore Glabas and the Turkish Devshirme". Speculum. 31 (3): 433–443. doi:10.2307/2853347. JSTOR 2853347. S2CID 164148319.

lsparnas.gr

Zoras Th. Georgios, "Some accounts on Paedomazoma", Parnassos, vol. 4, 2 (1962), pp. 217 – (Ζώρας Θ. Γεώργιος, "Μαρτυρίαι τινές περί το Παιδομάζωμα" Archived 23 January 2021 at the Wayback Machine (in Greek). On the Axayioli poem, pp 217–221. On the letter of bishop of Chios, pp 221–223. Original letter in Italian.

mcgill.ca

digitool.library.mcgill.ca

Van Duinkerken, W. (1998). Educational reform in the tanzimat era (1839–1876): Secular reforms in tanzimat (Unpublished masters thesis, McGiIl University). Retrieved from http://digitool.library.mcgill.ca:1801/webclient/StreamGate?folder_id Archived 28 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine =0&dvs=1248070802480~852

netau.net

warfare.netau.net

Nasuh, Matrakci (1588). "Janissary Recruitment in the Balkans". Süleymanname, Topkapi Sarai Museum, Ms Hazine 1517. Archived from the original on 3 December 2018. Retrieved 20 November 2016.

savvidis-store.gr

"The History of Turkish-Occupied Greece (Four volumes)".

sci.am

arar.sci.am

Zulalyan, Manvel (1959). «Դևշիրմե»-ն (մանկահավաքը) Օսմանյան կայսրության մեջ ըստ թուրքական և հայկական աղբյուրների [Devshirme (child-gathering) in the Ottoman Empire according to Turkish and Armenian sources]. Patma-Banasirakan Handes (in Armenian). 2–3: 247–256.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

Vryonis, Speros (1956). "Isidore Glabas and the Turkish Devshirme". Speculum. 31 (3): 433–443. doi:10.2307/2853347. JSTOR 2853347. S2CID 164148319.
Ágoston, Gábor (2014). "Firearms and Military Adaptation: The Ottomans and the European Military Revolution, 1450–1800". Journal of World History. 25: 118. doi:10.1353/jwh.2014.0005. S2CID 143042353.
- Kunt, Metin İ. (1983). The Sultan's Servants: The Transformation of Ottoman Provincial Government, 1550–1650. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 76. ISBN 0-231-05578-1.

uoc.gr

anemi.lib.uoc.gr

"Anemi - Digital Library of Modern Greek Studies - Tagebuch der vonzween Glorwurdigsten Romischen Kaysern Maximiliano und Rudolpho ... / Stephan Gerlachs".

utah.edu

epubs.utah.edu

Hain, Kathryn. "Devshirme is a Contested Practice". utah.edu. University of Utah. Retrieved 13 June 2020.

utahhistoricalreview.com

Katheryn Hain, Devshirme is a Contested Practice(2012)^{[permanent dead link‍]}, Historia: the Alpha Rho Papers, vol. 2, p. 167, 168.

web.archive.org

Nasuh, Matrakci (1588). "Janissary Recruitment in the Balkans". Süleymanname, Topkapi Sarai Museum, Ms Hazine 1517. Archived from the original on 3 December 2018. Retrieved 20 November 2016.
Zoras Th. Georgios, "Some accounts on Paedomazoma", Parnassos, vol. 4, 2 (1962), pp. 217 – (Ζώρας Θ. Γεώργιος, "Μαρτυρίαι τινές περί το Παιδομάζωμα" Archived 23 January 2021 at the Wayback Machine (in Greek). On the Axayioli poem, pp 217–221. On the letter of bishop of Chios, pp 221–223. Original letter in Italian.
Van Duinkerken, W. (1998). Educational reform in the tanzimat era (1839–1876): Secular reforms in tanzimat (Unpublished masters thesis, McGiIl University). Retrieved from http://digitool.library.mcgill.ca:1801/webclient/StreamGate?folder_id Archived 28 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine =0&dvs=1248070802480~852

wikipedia.org

nl.wikipedia.org

Duindam, Jeroen [in Dutch] (2016). Dynasties A Global History of Power, 1300–1800. Cambridge University Press. p. 196. ISBN 978-1-107-06068-5. Dikici, 'Making of Ottoman court eunuchs', makes clear that white eunuchs could be recruited among devshirme boys, with the pages and their eunuch supervisors coming from the same background. They were sometimes castrated in the palace, whereas the harem's black eunuchs were more often castrated in their region of origin.

wikisource.org

en.wikisource.org

Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Janissaries" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 151–152.

worldcat.org

search.worldcat.org

İnalcık, Halil; Renda, Günsel (2004). Ottoman Civilization (2nd ed.). Ankara: Republic of Turkey, Ministry of Culture. p. 138. OCLC 62151678.

zvab.com

"Polis und Nationalstaat. Eine vergleichende Überbauanalyse im Anschluß an Aristoteles (= Sammlung Luchterhand, Band 93). Mit Widmung des Autors an den Philosophen Prof. Michael Theunissen von Tomberg, Friedrich: (1973) | Graphem. Kunst- und Buchantiquariat".