Dhimmi (English Wikipedia)

لما نقول أهل الذمة يعني أهل ذمة الله يعني هم في عهد الله وعهد رسوله وعهد جماعة المسلمين وضمانهم، الجميع عليه أن يحميهم، فهذا هو المقصود من الكلمة. الآن يتأذى منها الكثير من أخواننا كلمة أهل الذمة، وأنا ذكرت فيما كتبت في كتبي أنني أنا لا أرى أي مانع أمام الاجتهاد الإسلامي المعاصر أن يحذف كلمة أهل الذمة هذه ونسميهم المواطنون من غير المسلمين Transcript of the 5-6-2008 "Sharia and Life" episode, Aljazeera.net

almizan.org

Muhammad Husayn Tabataba'i. "Surah Al-Baqarah, verses 83–88". almizan.org (in Arabic and English). Retrieved 1 January 2016. as-Sadiq (a.s) said: "Verily Allah sent Muhammad (s.a.w.) with five swords: So (there is) a sword against a dhimmi (free non-Muslim subject of an Islamic country). Allah said: and speak to men good (words); it was revealed about the dhimmis, then it was abrogated by another verse, Fight those who do not believe in Allah... (9:29) (al-'Ayyashi) The author says: In this tradition the Imam has taken the "speech" to mean behavior. We say: Do not speak to him but good; what we mean is: Do not deal with him but in a good and decent manner. This meaning will apply only if we take the word, "abrogated" in its terminological sense. But it may also be taken in its literal sense (as we shall explain under the verse: Whatever signs We abrogate or cause to be forgotten ...2:106); and in that case this verse will not be in conflict with that of the fighting. It should be pointed out that such uses of words in their literal meanings (as against their terminological ones) are not infrequent in the traditions of the Imams.

almodarresi.com

Mohammad Taqi al-Modarresi (2016). The Laws of Islam (PDF). Enlight Press. ISBN 978-0994240989. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 August 2019. Retrieved 22 December 2017.

archive.org

Annemarie Schimmel (2004). The Empire of the Great Mughals: History, Art and Culture. University of Chicago Press. p. 107. ISBN 978-1861891853. The conqueror Muhammad Ibn Al Qasem gave both Hindus and Buddhists the same status as the Christians, Jews and Sabaeans of the Middle East. They were all "dhimmi" ('protected people')
Sachedina, Abdulaziz Abdulhussein (2001). The Islamic Roots of Democratic Pluralism. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-513991-4.
Balakian, Peter (2003). The Burning Tigris: The Armenian Genocide and America's Response. New York: HarperCollins. pp. 25, 445. ISBN 978-0-06-019840-4.
Sachedina, Abdulaziz Abdulhussein (2001). The Islamic Roots of Democratic Pluralism. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-513991-4.

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"Iraqi Christians flee after Isis issue Mosul ultimatum". BBC. 18 July 2014. Archived from the original on 24 July 2014. Retrieved 30 December 2014.

books.google.com

Juan Eduardo Campo, ed. (2010). "dhimmi". Encyclopedia of Islam. Infobase Publishing. pp. 194–195. ISBN 978-1-4381-2696-8. Dhimmis are non-Muslims who live within Islamdom and have a regulated and protected status. ... In the modern period, this term has generally has occasionally been resuscitated, but it is generally obsolete.
Michael Bonner (2008). Jihad in Islamic History. Princeton University Press. pp. 89–90. ISBN 978-1400827381. To begin with, there was no forced conversion, no choice between "Islam and the Sword". Islamic law, following a clear Quranic principle (2:256), prohibited any such things [...] although there have been instances of forced conversion in Islamic history, these have been exceptional.
The Torah itself set forth rules for dress that set Jews apart from the communities in which they lived.Eric Silverman, A Cultural History of Jewish Dress, A&C Black, 2013 ISBN 978-0-857-85209-0 pp. 47, xv, 24:'At 2 Maccabees 4:12 it is recorded that the Maccabees slaughtered Jewish youths guilty of Hellenizing in wearing caps typical of Greek youths. The first of the other Abrahamic religions to impose a distinctive mode of dress on Jews was Islam, beginning with decrees set forth by the Abbasid caliph Al-Mutawakkil obliging non-Muslims (dhimmis) to wear distinctive marks, – buttons on their caps, patches on their sleeves, and generally honey-coloured garbs, – on their clothing in order to mark them off from members of the Muslim communities.'; ‘a twelfth century [Christian] synod decreed the first of many edicts which required Jews to don peculiar garb. These outfits marked Jews as Otherly-to be shunned, despised, …and sometimes murdered… . But Jews also dressed differently in premodern Europe because their rabbis understood any emulation of non-Jews as a violation of the divine law as revealed by God to Moses atop Mount Sinai. The Five Books of Moses, after all, together called the Torah, clearly specify that Jews must adhere to a particular dress code-modesty, for example, and fringes. The very structure of the cosmos demanded nothing less. Clothing, too, served as a "fence" that protected Jews from the profanities and pollutions of the non-Jewish societies in which they dwelled. From this angle, Jews dressed distinctively as God's elect.'
Cohen, Mark R. (1995). Under Crescent and Cross: The Jews in the Middle Ages. Princeton University Press. p. 74. ISBN 978-0-691-01082-3. Retrieved 10 April 2010.
Jackson, Sherman A. (2005). p. 144 (via Google Books). Retrieved 19 September 2011.
Jackson, Sherman A. (2005). p. 145 (via Google Books). Retrieved 19 September 2011.
Lewis, Bernard (1984). The Jews of Islam. Princeton University Press. p. 184. ISBN 978-0-691-00807-3.
Lewis, Bernard (1984). The Jews of Islam. Princeton University Press. p. 62. ISBN 978-0-691-00807-3.
Lewis, Bernard (1984). The Jews of Islam. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-00807-3. summary of pp. 62–66. See p. 62 (2nd paragraph), p. 65 (3rd paragraph)
Gilbert Achcar (2013). The People Want: A Radical Exploration of the Arab Uprising. University of California Press. p. 112. ISBN 978-0520956544.
Mark R. Cohen (1995). Under Crescent and Cross: The Jews in the Middle Ages. Princeton University Press. p. 74. ISBN 978-0-691-01082-3. Retrieved 10 April 2010.
Marshall G.S. Hodgson (1977). The Venture of Islam: The classical age of Islam. University of Chicago Press. p. 448. ISBN 978-0226346830. Retrieved 7 July 2012.
Sherman A. Jackson (2005). Islam and the Blackamerican: Looking Toward the Third Resurrection. Oxford University Press. p. 145. ISBN 978-0-19-518081-7. Retrieved 10 April 2010.
A ́goston, Ga ́bor; Alan Masters, Bruce (2010). Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire. Infobase Publishing. pp. 185–186. ISBN 978-1-4381-1025-7. Retrieved 15 April 2016.
Hodgson, Marshall G. S. (15 May 2009). The Venture of Islam: Conscience and History in a World Civilization. 3 vols. University of Chicago Press. p. 1:268. ISBN 9780226346861.
Lapidus, Ira M. (2014). A History of Islamic societies. Cambridge University Press. pp. 155–156. ISBN 978-0521514309.
Ibrahim Oweiss (2003). The Book of Revenue: Kitab Al-Amwal. Garnet & Ithaca Press. p. xix. ISBN 978-1859641590.
Mark R. Cohen (1995). Under Crescent and Cross: The Jews in the Middle Ages. Princeton University Press. p. 74. ISBN 978-0-691-01082-3. Retrieved 10 April 2010.
Werner Ende; Udo Steinbach (2010). Islam in the World Today. Cornell University Press. p. 738. ISBN 978-0801445712.
Matthew Long (jizya entry author) (2012). The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought. Princeton University Press. pp. 283–284. ISBN 978-0691134840. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)

dergipark.org.tr

Hamidullah, Muhammad (1986). "Relations of Muslims with non-Muslims". Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs. 7 (1): 9. doi:10.1080/13602008608715960. ISSN 0266-6952.

doi.org

Berend, Nora; Hameau-Masset, Youna; Nemo-Pekelman, Capucine; Tolan, John, eds. (2017). Religious Minorities in Christian, Jewish, and Muslim Law (5th–15th Centuries). Brepols Publishers. pp. 58–59. doi:10.1484/M.RELMIN-EB.5.109274. ISBN 978-2-503-56571-2.
Berend, Nora; Hameau-Masset, Youna; Nemo-Pekelman, Capucine; Tolan, John, eds. (2017). Religious Minorities in Christian, Jewish, and Muslim Law (5th–15th Centuries). Brepols Publishers. pp. 58–59. doi:10.1484/M.RELMIN-EB.5.109274. ISBN 978-2-503-56571-2.
Wael B. Hallaq (2009). Sharī'a: Theory, Practice, Transformations. Cambridge University Press. p. 327. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511815300. ISBN 978-0511815300.
al-Qattan, Najwa (1999). "Dhimmis in the Muslim Court: Legal Autonomy and Religious Discrimination". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 31 (3): 429–444. doi:10.1017/S0020743800055501. ISSN 0020-7438. S2CID 159763960.
Abdel-Haleem 2012, p. 73. Abdel-Haleem, Muhammad (2012). "The jizya Verse (Q. 9:29): Tax Enforcement on Non-Muslims in the First Muslim State". Journal of Qur'anic Studies. 14 (2): 72–89. doi:10.3366/jqs.2012.0056. ISSN 1465-3591.
Hamidullah, Muhammad (1986). "Relations of Muslims with non-Muslims". Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs. 7 (1): 9. doi:10.1080/13602008608715960. ISSN 0266-6952.
Young, H. E. Wilkie (1971). "Mosul in 1909". Middle Eastern Studies. 7 (2): 229–235. doi:10.1080/00263207108700177. JSTOR 4282373.
Muhammad Muslih; Michaelle Browers (2009). "Democracy". In John L. Esposito (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001. ISBN 978-0195305135.
Alshech, Eli (2003). "Islamic Law, Practice, and Legal Doctrine: Exempting the Poor from the Jizya under the Ayyubids (1171–1250)". Islamic Law and Society. 10 (3): 348–375. doi:10.1163/156851903770227584. ...jurists divided the dhimma community into two major groups. The first group consists of all adult, free, sane males among the dhimma community, while the second includes all other dhimmas (i.e., women, slaves, minors, and the insane). Jurists generally agree that members of the second group are to be granted a "blanket" exemption from jizya payment.

encyclopedia.com

"Dhimmi". Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 16 December 2021.

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jstor.org

Michael Bonner (2008). Jihad in Islamic History: Doctrines and Practice. Princeton University Press. p. 89. ISBN 978-0691138381. JSTOR j.ctt7sg8f.
Young, H. E. Wilkie (1971). "Mosul in 1909". Middle Eastern Studies. 7 (2): 229–235. doi:10.1080/00263207108700177. JSTOR 4282373.

merriam-webster.com

"Definition of DHIMMI". www.merriam-webster.com.

oxfordreference.com

Muhammad Muslih; Michaelle Browers (2009). "Democracy". In John L. Esposito (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001. ISBN 978-0195305135.

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Ghazi, Kalin & Kamali 2013, pp. 240–241. Ghazi Muhammad; Ibrahim, Kalin; Kamali, Mohammad Hashim (2013). War and Peace in Islam: The Uses and Abuses of Jihad (PDF). The Islamic Texts Society Cambridge. ISBN 978-1-903682-83-8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 July 2017. Retrieved 21 May 2016.

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al-Qattan, Najwa (1999). "Dhimmis in the Muslim Court: Legal Autonomy and Religious Discrimination". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 31 (3): 429–444. doi:10.1017/S0020743800055501. ISSN 0020-7438. S2CID 159763960.

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Mohammad Taqi al-Modarresi (2016). The Laws of Islam (PDF). Enlight Press. ISBN 978-0994240989. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 August 2019. Retrieved 22 December 2017.
Ghazi, Kalin & Kamali 2013, pp. 240–241. Ghazi Muhammad; Ibrahim, Kalin; Kamali, Mohammad Hashim (2013). War and Peace in Islam: The Uses and Abuses of Jihad (PDF). The Islamic Texts Society Cambridge. ISBN 978-1-903682-83-8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 July 2017. Retrieved 21 May 2016.
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"Misplaced Directives", Renaissance Archived 13 August 2006 at the Wayback Machine, Al-Mawrid Institute, Vol. 12, No. 3, March 2002."March_Content2002". Archived from the original on 15 November 2006. Retrieved 5 October 2006.
Selection of Tafsir Nemooneh, Grand Ayatollah Makarim Shirazi, p. 10, vol. 2, on verse 9:29 Archived 18 November 2006 at the Wayback Machine
"The Ornament of the World by María Rosa Menocal". Archived from the original on 9 November 2005.
"Iraqi Christians flee after Isis issue Mosul ultimatum". BBC. 18 July 2014. Archived from the original on 24 July 2014. Retrieved 30 December 2014.

worldcat.org

search.worldcat.org

al-Qattan, Najwa (1999). "Dhimmis in the Muslim Court: Legal Autonomy and Religious Discrimination". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 31 (3): 429–444. doi:10.1017/S0020743800055501. ISSN 0020-7438. S2CID 159763960.
Abdel-Haleem 2012, p. 73. Abdel-Haleem, Muhammad (2012). "The jizya Verse (Q. 9:29): Tax Enforcement on Non-Muslims in the First Muslim State". Journal of Qur'anic Studies. 14 (2): 72–89. doi:10.3366/jqs.2012.0056. ISSN 1465-3591.
Hamidullah, Muhammad (1986). "Relations of Muslims with non-Muslims". Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs. 7 (1): 9. doi:10.1080/13602008608715960. ISSN 0266-6952.

worldcat.org

Javed Ahmed Ghamidi, Mizan, Chapter: The Islamic Law of Jihad, Dar ul-Ishraq, 2001. OCLC 52901690 [1]

yahoo.com

uk.news.yahoo.com

AFP (news agency) (11 May 2014). "Qatar-based cleric calls for Egypt vote boycott". Yahoo News. Archived from the original on 16 June 2014.