Diabetes management (English Wikipedia)

"Blood Sugar and Exercise". American Diabetes Association. 2025. Retrieved 20 November 2022.
"Losing Weight & Diabetes | ADA". diabetes.org. Retrieved 6 November 2024.

professional.diabetes.org

"Practice Guidelines Resources". American Diabetes Association. Retrieved 12 July 2023.

diabetes.org.uk

"I have Type 1 diabetes – what can I eat?". Diabetes UK. Retrieved 14 June 2019.

diabetesjournals.org

Kushner PR, Cavender MA, Mende CW (14 October 2022). "Role of Primary Care Clinicians in the Management of Patients With Type 2 Diabetes and Cardiorenal Diseases". Clinical Diabetes. 40 (4): 401–412. doi:10.2337/cd21-0119. ISSN 0891-8929. PMC 9606551. PMID 36381309.
Miller EM (1 December 2020). "Using Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Clinical Practice". Clinical Diabetes. 38 (5): 429–438. doi:10.2337/cd20-0043. ISSN 0891-8929. PMC 7755046.
Zhang X, Gregg EW, Williamson DF, et al. (1 July 2010). "A1C Level and Future Risk of Diabetes: A Systematic Review". Diabetes Care. 33 (7): 1665–1673. doi:10.2337/dc09-1939. hdl:10044/1/71801. ISSN 0149-5992.
Rietz M, Lehr A, Mino E, et al. (1 December 2022). "Physical Activity and Risk of Major Diabetes-Related Complications in Individuals With Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies". Diabetes Care. 45 (12): 3101–3111. doi:10.2337/dc22-0886. ISSN 0149-5992.
Boulton A, Armstrong D, Krisner R, et al. (October 2018). "Diagnosis and Management of Diabetic Foot Complications". ADA Clinical Compendia. 2018 (2): 1–20. doi:10.2337/db20182-1.
Cooper B (July 2022). "Ten Key Elements of a Diabetes-Related Eye Examination". ADA Clinical Compendia. 2022 (3): 4–7. doi:10.2337/db20223-4.
American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee (1 January 2022). "12. Retinopathy, Neuropathy, and Foot Care: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2022". Diabetes Care. 45 (Supplement_1): S185 – S194. doi:10.2337/dc22-S012. ISSN 0149-5992.

diabetesresearch.org

"Managing Diabetes". Diabetes Research Institute Foundation. 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2022.

doi.org

Simó R, Hernández C (August 2002). "[Treatment of diabetes mellitus: general goals, and clinical practice management]". Revista Espanola de Cardiologia. 55 (8): 845–860. doi:10.1016/s0300-8932(02)76714-6. PMID 12199981.
Kushner PR, Cavender MA, Mende CW (14 October 2022). "Role of Primary Care Clinicians in the Management of Patients With Type 2 Diabetes and Cardiorenal Diseases". Clinical Diabetes. 40 (4): 401–412. doi:10.2337/cd21-0119. ISSN 0891-8929. PMC 9606551. PMID 36381309.
Tonyushkina K, Nichols JH (July 2009). "Glucose Meters: A Review of Technical Challenges to Obtaining Accurate Results". Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology. 3 (4): 971–980. doi:10.1177/193229680900300446. ISSN 1932-2968. PMC 2769957. PMID 20144348.
Wood A, O'Neal D, Furler J, et al. (May 2018). "Continuous glucose monitoring: a review of the evidence, opportunities for future use and ongoing challenges". Internal Medicine Journal. 48 (5): 499–508. doi:10.1111/imj.13770. ISSN 1444-0903. PMID 29464891.
Rodbard D (February 2016). "Continuous Glucose Monitoring: A Review of Successes, Challenges, and Opportunities". Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics. 18 (S2): S2–3–S2-13. doi:10.1089/dia.2015.0417. ISSN 1520-9156. PMC 4717493. PMID 26784127.
Miller EM (1 December 2020). "Using Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Clinical Practice". Clinical Diabetes. 38 (5): 429–438. doi:10.2337/cd20-0043. ISSN 0891-8929. PMC 7755046.
Park C, Le QA (September 2018). "The Effectiveness of Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review of Literature and Meta-analysis". Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics. 20 (9): 613–621. doi:10.1089/dia.2018.0177. ISSN 1520-9156. PMID 30095980.
Sherwani SI, Khan HA, Ekhzaimy A, et al. (January 2016). "Significance of HbA1c Test in Diagnosis and Prognosis of Diabetic Patients". Biomarker Insights. 11: BMI.S38440. doi:10.4137/BMI.S38440. ISSN 1177-2719. PMC 4933534.
Zhang X, Gregg EW, Williamson DF, et al. (1 July 2010). "A1C Level and Future Risk of Diabetes: A Systematic Review". Diabetes Care. 33 (7): 1665–1673. doi:10.2337/dc09-1939. hdl:10044/1/71801. ISSN 0149-5992.
"Use of glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) in the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus". Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice. 93 (3): 299–309. September 2011. doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2011.03.012. ISSN 0168-8227.
Zhu H, Zhu Y, Leung Sw (September 2016). "Is self-monitoring of blood glucose effective in improving glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes without insulin treatment: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials". BMJ Open. 6 (9): e010524. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010524. ISSN 2044-6055. PMC 5020874. PMID 27591016.
Nanayakkara N, Curtis AJ, Heritier S, et al. (February 2021). "Impact of age at type 2 diabetes mellitus diagnosis on mortality and vascular complications: systematic review and meta-analyses". Diabetologia. 64 (2): 275–287. doi:10.1007/s00125-020-05319-w. ISSN 0012-186X. PMC 7801294. PMID 33313987.
Hur KY, Moon MK, Park JS, et al. (31 July 2021). "2021 Clinical Practice Guidelines for Diabetes Mellitus of the Korean Diabetes Association". Diabetes & Metabolism Journal. 45 (4). Korean Diabetes Association: 461–481. doi:10.4093/dmj.2021.0156. ISSN 2233-6079. PMC 8369224. PMID 34352984.
American Diabetes Association (January 2019). "6. Glycemic Targets: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2019". Diabetes Care. 42 (Suppl 1): S61 – S70. doi:10.2337/dc19-S006. PMID 30559232.
Qaseem A, Vijan S, Snow V, et al. (September 2007). "Glycemic control and type 2 diabetes mellitus: the optimal hemoglobin A1c targets. A guidance statement from the American College of Physicians". Annals of Internal Medicine. 147 (6): 417–422. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-147-6-200709180-00012. PMID 17876024.
Brown AF, Mangione CM, Saliba D, et al. (May 2003). "Guidelines for improving the care of the older person with diabetes mellitus". Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 51 (5 Suppl Guidelines): S265 – S280. doi:10.1046/j.1532-5415.51.5s.1.x. PMID 12694461. S2CID 9149226.
Buehler AM, Cavalcanti AB, Berwanger O, et al. (June 2013). "Effect of tight blood glucose control versus conventional control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review with meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials". Cardiovascular Therapeutics. 31 (3): 147–160. doi:10.1111/j.1755-5922.2011.00308.x. PMID 22212499.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: overridden setting (link)
Jannasch F, Kröger J, Schulze MB (1 June 2017). "Dietary Patterns and Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies". The Journal of Nutrition. 147 (6): 1174–1182. doi:10.3945/jn.116.242552. PMID 28424256.
Seckold R, Fisher E, de Bock M, et al. (March 2019). "The ups and downs of low-carbohydrate diets in the management of Type 1 diabetes: a review of clinical outcomes". Diabetic Medicine (Review). 36 (3): 326–334. doi:10.1111/dme.13845. PMID 30362180. S2CID 53102654. Low‐carbohydrate diets are of interest for improving glycaemic outcomes in the management of Type 1 diabetes. There is limited evidence to support their routine use in the management of Type 1 diabetes.
Kirwan JP, Sacks J, Nieuwoud S (July 2017). "The essential role of exercise in the management of type 2 diabetes". Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine. 84 (7 Suppl 1): S15 – S21. doi:10.3949/ccjm.84.s1.03. ISSN 0891-1150. PMC 5846677. PMID 28708479.
Rietz M, Lehr A, Mino E, et al. (1 December 2022). "Physical Activity and Risk of Major Diabetes-Related Complications in Individuals With Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies". Diabetes Care. 45 (12): 3101–3111. doi:10.2337/dc22-0886. ISSN 0149-5992.
García-Hermoso A, Ezzatvar Y, Huerta-Uribe N, et al. (June 2023). "Effects of exercise training on glycaemic control in youths with type 1 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials". European Journal of Sport Science. 23 (6): 1056–1067. doi:10.1080/17461391.2022.2086489. hdl:2454/43706. ISSN 1746-1391. PMID 35659492.
Lumb A (1 December 2014). "Diabetes and exercise". Clinical Medicine. 14 (6): 673–676. doi:10.7861/clinmedicine.14-6-673. ISSN 1470-2118. PMC 4954144. PMID 25468857.
Maula A, Kai J, Woolley AK, et al. (April 2020). "Educational weight loss interventions in obese and overweight adults with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials". Diabetic Medicine. 37 (4): 623–635. doi:10.1111/dme.14193. ISSN 0742-3071. PMC 7154644.
Mannucci E, Giaccari A, Gallo M, et al. (February 2022). "Self-management in patients with type 2 diabetes: Group-based versus individual education. A systematic review with meta-analysis of randomized trails". Nutrition, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Diseases. 32 (2): 330–336. doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2021.10.005. PMID 34893413. S2CID 244580173.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: overridden setting (link)
Kalra S, Pathan F, Kshanti IA, et al. (November 2023). "Optimising Insulin Injection Techniques to Improve Diabetes Outcomes". Diabetes Therapy. 14 (11): 1785–1799. doi:10.1007/s13300-023-01460-y. ISSN 1869-6953. PMC 10570228.
Kerr D, Edelman S, Vespasiani G, et al. (August 2022). "New Digital Health Technologies for Insulin Initiation and Optimization for People With Type 2 Diabetes". Endocrine Practice. 28 (8): 811–821. doi:10.1016/j.eprac.2022.04.006.
Nauck MA, Meier JJ (February 2018). "Incretin hormones: Their role in health and disease". Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism. 20 (S1): 5–21. doi:10.1111/dom.13129. ISSN 1462-8902. PMID 29364588.
McCombie L, Leslie W, Taylor R, et al. (13 September 2017). "Beating type 2 diabetes into remission". BMJ. 358: j4030. doi:10.1136/bmj.j4030. ISSN 0959-8138. PMID 28903916. S2CID 28182743.
Arterburn D, Wellman R, Emiliano A, et al. (4 December 2018). "Comparative Effectiveness and Safety of Bariatric Procedures for Weight Loss: A PCORnet Cohort Study". Annals of Internal Medicine. 169 (11): 741–750. doi:10.7326/M17-2786. ISSN 0003-4819. PMC 6652193. PMID 30383139.
Anau J, Arterburn D, Coleman KJ, et al. (2 November 2020). "Comparing Three Types of Weight Loss Surgery—The PCORnet Bariatric Study". Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute. doi:10.25302/11.2020.obs.150530683. S2CID 228814682.
Boulton A, Armstrong D, Krisner R, et al. (October 2018). "Diagnosis and Management of Diabetic Foot Complications". ADA Clinical Compendia. 2018 (2): 1–20. doi:10.2337/db20182-1.
"Simple tool identifies the people with diabetes most likely to develop foot ulcers". NIHR Evidence. National Institute for Health and Care Research. 21 June 2022. doi:10.3310/nihrevidence_51316. S2CID 251787297.
Golledge J, Fernando ME, Alahakoon C, et al. (23 May 2022). "Efficacy of at home monitoring of foot temperature for risk reduction of diabetes-related foot ulcer: A meta-analysis". Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews. 38 (6): e3549. doi:10.1002/dmrr.3549. ISSN 1520-7552. PMC 9541448. PMID 35605998. S2CID 251981184.
Chappell FM, Crawford F, Horne M, et al. (25 May 2021). "Development and validation of a clinical prediction rule for development of diabetic foot ulceration: an analysis of data from five cohort studies". BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care. 9 (1): e002150. doi:10.1136/bmjdrc-2021-002150. ISSN 2052-4897. PMC 8154962. PMID 34035053.
Koh GC, Peacock SJ, van der Poll T, et al. (April 2012). "The impact of diabetes on the pathogenesis of sepsis". European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases. 31 (4): 379–388. doi:10.1007/s10096-011-1337-4. PMC 3303037. PMID 21805196.
Cooper B (July 2022). "Ten Key Elements of a Diabetes-Related Eye Examination". ADA Clinical Compendia. 2022 (3): 4–7. doi:10.2337/db20223-4.
American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee (1 January 2022). "12. Retinopathy, Neuropathy, and Foot Care: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2022". Diabetes Care. 45 (Supplement_1): S185 – S194. doi:10.2337/dc22-S012. ISSN 0149-5992.
Neves AL, Freise L, Laranjo L, et al. (December 2020). "Impact of providing patients access to electronic health records on quality and safety of care: a systematic review and meta-analysis". BMJ Quality & Safety. 29 (12): 1019–1032. doi:10.1136/bmjqs-2019-010581. PMC 7785164. PMID 32532814.
"Sharing electronic records with patients led to improved control of type two diabetes". NIHR Evidence (Plain English summary). 21 October 2020. doi:10.3310/alert_42103. S2CID 242149388.
Jeong JW, Kim NH, In HP (July 2020). "Detecting usability problems in mobile applications on the basis of dissimilarity in user behavior". International Journal of Human-Computer Studies. 139: 102364. doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2019.10.001. S2CID 208105117.
Hood M, Wilson R, Corsica J, et al. (December 2016). "What do we know about mobile applications for diabetes self-management? A review of reviews". Journal of Behavioral Medicine. 39 (6): 981–994. doi:10.1007/s10865-016-9765-3. PMID 27412774. S2CID 29465893.
Briscoe VJ, Davis SN (2006). "Hypoglycemia in Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes: Physiology, Pathophysiology, and Management". Clinical Diabetes. 24 (3): 115–21. doi:10.2337/diaclin.24.3.115.
Perlmuter LC, Flanagan BP, Shah PH, et al. (October 2008). "Glycemic control and hypoglycemia: is the loser the winner?". Diabetes Care. 31 (10): 2072–2076. doi:10.2337/dc08-1441. PMC 2551657. PMID 18820231.
Cox DJ, Gonder-Frederick L, Clarke W (February 1993). "Driving decrements in type I diabetes during moderate hypoglycemia". Diabetes. 42 (2): 239–243. doi:10.2337/diabetes.42.2.239. PMID 8425660.
Clarke WL, Cox DJ, Gonder-Frederick LA, et al. (August 1999). "Hypoglycemia and the decision to drive a motor vehicle by persons with diabetes". JAMA. 282 (8): 750–754. doi:10.1001/jama.282.8.750. PMID 10463710.
Cox DJ, Kovatchev BP, Anderson SM, et al. (November 2010). "Type 1 diabetic drivers with and without a history of recurrent hypoglycemia-related driving mishaps: physiological and performance differences during euglycemia and the induction of hypoglycemia". Diabetes Care. 33 (11): 2430–2435. doi:10.2337/dc09-2130. PMC 2963507. PMID 20699432.
Cox DJ, Gonder-Frederick LA, Kovatchev BP, et al. (2002). "The metabolic demands of driving for drivers with type 1 diabetes mellitus". Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews. 18 (5): 381–385. doi:10.1002/dmrr.306. PMID 12397580. S2CID 25094659.
Cui M, Wu X, Mao J, et al. (2016). "T2DM Self-Management via Smartphone Applications: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis". PLOS ONE. 11 (11): e0166718. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1166718C. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0166718. PMC 5115794. PMID 27861583.
Safren SA, Gonzalez JS, Wexler DJ, et al. (2013). "A randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy for adherence and depression (CBT-AD) in patients with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes". Diabetes Care. 37 (3): 625–633. doi:10.2337/dc13-0816. PMC 3931377. PMID 24170758.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: overridden setting (link)
Gonzalez JS, Tanenbaum ML, Commissariat PV (October 2016). "Psychosocial factors in medication adherence and diabetes self-management: Implications for research and practice". The American Psychologist. 71 (7): 539–551. doi:10.1037/a0040388. PMC 5792162. PMID 27690483.
Chew BH, Vos RC, Metzendorf MI, et al. (September 2017). Chew BH (ed.). "Psychological interventions for diabetes-related distress in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 9 (9): CD011469. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD011469. PMC 6483710. PMID 28954185.
Lustman PJ, Anderson RJ, Freedland KE, et al. (July 2000). "Depression and poor glycemic control: a meta-analytic review of the literature". Diabetes Care. 23 (7): 934–942. doi:10.2337/diacare.23.7.934. PMID 10895843.
Hussain S, Habib A, Singh A, et al. (December 2018). "Prevalence of depression among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in India: A meta-analysis". Psychiatry Research. 270: 264–273. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2018.09.037. PMID 30273857. S2CID 52919905.
Ali S, Stone MA, Peters JL, et al. (November 2006). "The prevalence of co-morbid depression in adults with Type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Diabetic Medicine. 23 (11): 1165–1173. doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.2006.01943.x. PMID 17054590. S2CID 25685073.
Gonzalez JS, Peyrot M, McCarl LA, et al. (December 2008). "Depression and diabetes treatment nonadherence: a meta-analysis". Diabetes Care. 31 (12): 2398–2403. doi:10.2337/dc08-1341. PMC 2584202. PMID 19033420.
"Why don't children and young people engage with diabetes services?". NIHR Evidence (Plain English summary). National Institute for Health and Care Research. 15 March 2022. doi:10.3310/alert_49448. S2CID 247483863.
Sharpe D, Rajabi M, Harden A, et al. (October 2021). "Supporting disengaged children and young people living with diabetes to self-care: a qualitative study in a socially disadvantaged and ethnically diverse urban area". BMJ Open. 11 (10): e046989. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-046989. PMC 8515452. PMID 34645656.

elsevier.com

linkinghub.elsevier.com

Jannasch F, Kröger J, Schulze MB (1 June 2017). "Dietary Patterns and Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies". The Journal of Nutrition. 147 (6): 1174–1182. doi:10.3945/jn.116.242552. PMID 28424256.
Kerr D, Edelman S, Vespasiani G, et al. (August 2022). "New Digital Health Technologies for Insulin Initiation and Optimization for People With Type 2 Diabetes". Endocrine Practice. 28 (8): 811–821. doi:10.1016/j.eprac.2022.04.006.

handle.net

hdl.handle.net

Zhang X, Gregg EW, Williamson DF, et al. (1 July 2010). "A1C Level and Future Risk of Diabetes: A Systematic Review". Diabetes Care. 33 (7): 1665–1673. doi:10.2337/dc09-1939. hdl:10044/1/71801. ISSN 0149-5992.
García-Hermoso A, Ezzatvar Y, Huerta-Uribe N, et al. (June 2023). "Effects of exercise training on glycaemic control in youths with type 1 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials". European Journal of Sport Science. 23 (6): 1056–1067. doi:10.1080/17461391.2022.2086489. hdl:2454/43706. ISSN 1746-1391. PMID 35659492.

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Cui M, Wu X, Mao J, et al. (2016). "T2DM Self-Management via Smartphone Applications: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis". PLOS ONE. 11 (11): e0166718. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1166718C. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0166718. PMC 5115794. PMID 27861583.

liebertpub.com

Park C, Le QA (September 2018). "The Effectiveness of Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review of Literature and Meta-analysis". Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics. 20 (9): 613–621. doi:10.1089/dia.2018.0177. ISSN 1520-9156. PMID 30095980.

literatumonline.com

dom-pubs.pericles-prod.literatumonline.com

Nauck MA, Meier JJ (February 2018). "Incretin hormones: Their role in health and disease". Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism. 20 (S1): 5–21. doi:10.1111/dom.13129. ISSN 1462-8902. PMID 29364588.

mayoclinic.org

"GLP-1 agonists: Diabetes drugs and weight loss - Mayo Clinic". www.mayoclinic.org. Retrieved 7 November 2024.

medlineplus.gov

"Monitoring blood glucose - Series—Record your reading: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia". medlineplus.gov. Retrieved 31 October 2024.
"Basic Metabolic Panel (BMP): MedlinePlus Medical Test". medlineplus.gov. Retrieved 31 October 2024.
"A1C". medlineplus.gov. Retrieved 31 October 2024.
"Metformin: MedlinePlus Drug Information". medlineplus.gov. Retrieved 5 November 2024.
"Semaglutide Injection: MedlinePlus Drug Information". medlineplus.gov. Retrieved 7 November 2024.
"Diabetes eye exams: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia". medlineplus.gov. Retrieved 5 November 2024.

nice.org.uk

"Diabetic foot problems: prevention and management". National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). 26 August 2015. Retrieved 6 September 2022.

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Simó R, Hernández C (August 2002). "[Treatment of diabetes mellitus: general goals, and clinical practice management]". Revista Espanola de Cardiologia. 55 (8): 845–860. doi:10.1016/s0300-8932(02)76714-6. PMID 12199981.
Sapra A, Bhandari P (2025), "Diabetes", StatPearls, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, PMID 31855345, retrieved 7 April 2025
Kushner PR, Cavender MA, Mende CW (14 October 2022). "Role of Primary Care Clinicians in the Management of Patients With Type 2 Diabetes and Cardiorenal Diseases". Clinical Diabetes. 40 (4): 401–412. doi:10.2337/cd21-0119. ISSN 0891-8929. PMC 9606551. PMID 36381309.
Tonyushkina K, Nichols JH (July 2009). "Glucose Meters: A Review of Technical Challenges to Obtaining Accurate Results". Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology. 3 (4): 971–980. doi:10.1177/193229680900300446. ISSN 1932-2968. PMC 2769957. PMID 20144348.
Wood A, O'Neal D, Furler J, et al. (May 2018). "Continuous glucose monitoring: a review of the evidence, opportunities for future use and ongoing challenges". Internal Medicine Journal. 48 (5): 499–508. doi:10.1111/imj.13770. ISSN 1444-0903. PMID 29464891.
Rodbard D (February 2016). "Continuous Glucose Monitoring: A Review of Successes, Challenges, and Opportunities". Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics. 18 (S2): S2–3–S2-13. doi:10.1089/dia.2015.0417. ISSN 1520-9156. PMC 4717493. PMID 26784127.
Park C, Le QA (September 2018). "The Effectiveness of Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review of Literature and Meta-analysis". Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics. 20 (9): 613–621. doi:10.1089/dia.2018.0177. ISSN 1520-9156. PMID 30095980.
Zhu H, Zhu Y, Leung Sw (September 2016). "Is self-monitoring of blood glucose effective in improving glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes without insulin treatment: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials". BMJ Open. 6 (9): e010524. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010524. ISSN 2044-6055. PMC 5020874. PMID 27591016.
Nanayakkara N, Curtis AJ, Heritier S, et al. (February 2021). "Impact of age at type 2 diabetes mellitus diagnosis on mortality and vascular complications: systematic review and meta-analyses". Diabetologia. 64 (2): 275–287. doi:10.1007/s00125-020-05319-w. ISSN 0012-186X. PMC 7801294. PMID 33313987.
Hur KY, Moon MK, Park JS, et al. (31 July 2021). "2021 Clinical Practice Guidelines for Diabetes Mellitus of the Korean Diabetes Association". Diabetes & Metabolism Journal. 45 (4). Korean Diabetes Association: 461–481. doi:10.4093/dmj.2021.0156. ISSN 2233-6079. PMC 8369224. PMID 34352984.
American Diabetes Association (January 2019). "6. Glycemic Targets: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2019". Diabetes Care. 42 (Suppl 1): S61 – S70. doi:10.2337/dc19-S006. PMID 30559232.
Qaseem A, Vijan S, Snow V, et al. (September 2007). "Glycemic control and type 2 diabetes mellitus: the optimal hemoglobin A1c targets. A guidance statement from the American College of Physicians". Annals of Internal Medicine. 147 (6): 417–422. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-147-6-200709180-00012. PMID 17876024.
Brown AF, Mangione CM, Saliba D, et al. (May 2003). "Guidelines for improving the care of the older person with diabetes mellitus". Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 51 (5 Suppl Guidelines): S265 – S280. doi:10.1046/j.1532-5415.51.5s.1.x. PMID 12694461. S2CID 9149226.
Buehler AM, Cavalcanti AB, Berwanger O, et al. (June 2013). "Effect of tight blood glucose control versus conventional control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review with meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials". Cardiovascular Therapeutics. 31 (3): 147–160. doi:10.1111/j.1755-5922.2011.00308.x. PMID 22212499.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: overridden setting (link)
Patel R, Sina RE, Keyes D (2025), "Lifestyle Modification for Diabetes and Heart Disease Prevention", StatPearls, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, PMID 36251831, retrieved 7 April 2025
Jannasch F, Kröger J, Schulze MB (1 June 2017). "Dietary Patterns and Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies". The Journal of Nutrition. 147 (6): 1174–1182. doi:10.3945/jn.116.242552. PMID 28424256.
Seckold R, Fisher E, de Bock M, et al. (March 2019). "The ups and downs of low-carbohydrate diets in the management of Type 1 diabetes: a review of clinical outcomes". Diabetic Medicine (Review). 36 (3): 326–334. doi:10.1111/dme.13845. PMID 30362180. S2CID 53102654. Low‐carbohydrate diets are of interest for improving glycaemic outcomes in the management of Type 1 diabetes. There is limited evidence to support their routine use in the management of Type 1 diabetes.
Kirwan JP, Sacks J, Nieuwoud S (July 2017). "The essential role of exercise in the management of type 2 diabetes". Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine. 84 (7 Suppl 1): S15 – S21. doi:10.3949/ccjm.84.s1.03. ISSN 0891-1150. PMC 5846677. PMID 28708479.
García-Hermoso A, Ezzatvar Y, Huerta-Uribe N, et al. (June 2023). "Effects of exercise training on glycaemic control in youths with type 1 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials". European Journal of Sport Science. 23 (6): 1056–1067. doi:10.1080/17461391.2022.2086489. hdl:2454/43706. ISSN 1746-1391. PMID 35659492.
Lumb A (1 December 2014). "Diabetes and exercise". Clinical Medicine. 14 (6): 673–676. doi:10.7861/clinmedicine.14-6-673. ISSN 1470-2118. PMC 4954144. PMID 25468857.
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