Diamond (gemstone) (English Wikipedia)

Pliny in Book XXXVII, (15).61, mentioned Germany as the best location of adamas. E. Caley and J. Richards also discuss Pliny's reference in Book XXXVI, (10).54, of the stone of Naxos as being adamas, and which had long been used for cutting and polishing. A chief product of Naxos has long been a high grade of amorphous corundum which was used as an abrasive. ("Theophrastus, On Stones", E Caley, J. Richards, Ohio State University, 1956, page 91). They further discuss his referral to the adamas coming from the "east" through Armenian traders, but they show this was actually based on an erroneous interpretation of Theophrastus. Williams (Gardner F. Williams, Diamond Mines of South Africa, New York, BF Buck Company, 1905) argues that the stone named adamas by the Greek and further referred to by Pliny was most likely a sapphire, since this was a much more abundant stone, even among traders in Asia, than diamond (especially when used in the context of adamas being an ornamental stone and not used in an "industrial" context of engraving gems). Streeter argues similarly in his book (Edwin Streeter, Precious Stones and gems, London, Bell and Sons, 1898). There seems to be a consensus over a large period of time that in fact the "adamas" was not a diamond, but mostly any type of corundum, several other minerals such as spinel were probably confused with diamonds as well; particularly because of a similarity in hardness and their availability in the Mediterranean area. (see discussion in Theophrastus).

awdc.be

"The history of the Antwerp Diamond Center". Antwerp World Diamond Center. 16 August 2012.

bernardine.com

Barbara Mitchell (April 20, 2022). "The Big Hole: The Rise And Fall Of Kimberley The City Of Diamonds". Bernardine. Retrieved April 24, 2022.

bl.uk

"Diamond Sutra". Archived from the original on 2007-07-02. Retrieved 2007-07-11.

books.google.com

John Hays Hammond (1974). The Autobiography of John Hays Hammond. Ayer Publishing. p. 205. ISBN 0-405-05913-2.
Antoinette Matlins, Antonio C. Bonanno (April 2009). Jewelry & Gems, the Buying Guide: How to Buy Diamonds, Pearls, Colored ... Gemstone Press. p. 37. ISBN 978-0-943763-71-2.
Harlow, G.E. (1998). The nature of diamonds. Cambridge University Press. p. 223;230–249. ISBN 0-521-62935-7.
James, Duncan S (1998). Antique jewellery: its manufacture, materials and design. Osprey Publishing. pp. 82–102. ISBN 0-7478-0385-4.^{[permanent dead link]}
Pierson, Hugh O (1993). Handbook of carbon, graphite, diamond, and fullerenes: properties, processing, and applications. William Andrew. p. 280. ISBN 0-8155-1339-9.

canadiandiamondcodeofconduct.ca

"Voluntary Code of Conduct For Authenticating Canadian Diamond Claims" (PDF). The Canadian Diamond Code Committee. 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-11-29. Retrieved 2007-10-30.

cdpeacock.com

"THE HISTORY OF C.D.PEACOCK". Archived from the original on 2018-06-12.

cnet.com

news.cnet.com

"Synthetic diamonds still a rough cut". CNET. Retrieved 2017-11-01.

debeers.com

"THE 4CS". De Beers. Retrieved June 11, 2024.

diamdb.com

"Analysis of a relationship between carat weight and face-up size". Diamond Database.

diamond-lovers.com

"Black Diamonds & different types of black Diamonds". 2018-06-03. Retrieved 2019-02-14.

diamondrensu.com

Gary Simpson (September 2, 2023). "How are Diamonds Graded: A Concise Guide to the 4Cs". Diamondrensu. Retrieved June 11, 2024.

doi.org

Gwinnett, A. John; Gorelick, Leonard (1991). "Bead Manufacture at Hajar Ar-Rayhani, Yemen". The Biblical Archaeologist. 54 (4): 187–196. doi:10.2307/3210280. ISSN 0006-0895. JSTOR 3210280. S2CID 134287655.
Gwinnett, A. John; Gorelick, L. (1993). "Beads, Scarabs, and Amulets: Methods of Manufacture in Ancient Egypt". Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt. 30: 125–132. doi:10.2307/40000232. ISSN 0065-9991. JSTOR 40000232.
Kenoyer, Vidale, J.M, Massimo (May 1992). "A new look at stone drills of the Indus Valley Tradition" (PDF). MRS Proceedings. 267: 495–518. doi:10.1557/PROC-267-495.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Walker, J. (1979). "Optical absorption and luminescence in diamond" (PDF). Rep. Prog. Phys. 42 (10): 1605. Bibcode:1979RPPh...42.1605W. doi:10.1088/0034-4885/42/10/001. S2CID 250857323.

europa.eu

ec.europa.eu

Mische, Harald and Višnar, Blaž (2010) The European Court of Justice confirms approach in De Beers commitment decision. Competition Policy Newsletter. europa.eu

farlang.com

Boyle, Robert (1672). An Essay about the Origin and Virtue of Gems. London, William Godbid.

folds.net

Tolkowsky, Marcel. Diamond Design. A Study of the Reflection and Refraction of Light in a Diamond.

forbes.com

"This Diamond Startup Wants To Change the Way You Buy An Engagement Ring". Forbes. October 4, 2016.

gia.edu

"GIA History". Retrieved 2007-04-18.
"A Contribution to Understanding the Effect of Blue Fluorescence on the Appearance of Diamonds". www.gia/edu. Archived from the original on 2014-10-23.
"How can I be sure a diamond is conflict-free?".

haloengagement.com

"A contribution to the understanding of blue fluorescence on the appearance of diamonds" (PDF). GIA. Gemological Institute of America. Winter 1997. Retrieved 1 March 2007.

harappa.com

Kenoyer, Vidale, J.M, Massimo (May 1992). "A new look at stone drills of the Indus Valley Tradition" (PDF). MRS Proceedings. 267: 495–518. doi:10.1557/PROC-267-495.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Walker, J. (1979). "Optical absorption and luminescence in diamond" (PDF). Rep. Prog. Phys. 42 (10): 1605. Bibcode:1979RPPh...42.1605W. doi:10.1088/0034-4885/42/10/001. S2CID 250857323.

hoganlovells.com

Media Briefing Note: Judgment in Case C 441/07 P Commission v Alrosa Company Ltd - News Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine. Hogan Lovells. Retrieved on 2015-10-22.

hrd.be

Antwerp World Diamond Center. Hrd.be. Retrieved on 2015-10-22.

jckonline.com

Lawsuit settlement places new restrictions on De Beers' behavior | JCK Archived 2014-05-08 at the Wayback Machine. Jckonline.com. Retrieved on 2015-10-22.

jstor.org

Gwinnett, A. John; Gorelick, Leonard (1991). "Bead Manufacture at Hajar Ar-Rayhani, Yemen". The Biblical Archaeologist. 54 (4): 187–196. doi:10.2307/3210280. ISSN 0006-0895. JSTOR 3210280. S2CID 134287655.
Gwinnett, A. John; Gorelick, L. (1993). "Beads, Scarabs, and Amulets: Methods of Manufacture in Ancient Egypt". Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt. 30: 125–132. doi:10.2307/40000232. ISSN 0065-9991. JSTOR 40000232.

kitco.com

"How High Quality Synthetic Diamonds Will Impact the Market". Kitco. July 12, 2013. Archived from the original on 2013-11-03. Retrieved 2013-08-01.

mining.com

"Alrosa steps up efforts to brighten fluorescent diamond sales". www.mining.com. 2 March 2020. Archived from the original on 2020-03-04.

msn.com

encarta.msn.com

"Diamond Archived 2009-10-28 at the Wayback Machine," Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia. 2007. Microsoft Corporation. 2009-11-01.

osu.edu

kb.osu.edu

Pliny in Book XXXVII, (15).61, mentioned Germany as the best location of adamas. E. Caley and J. Richards also discuss Pliny's reference in Book XXXVI, (10).54, of the stone of Naxos as being adamas, and which had long been used for cutting and polishing. A chief product of Naxos has long been a high grade of amorphous corundum which was used as an abrasive. ("Theophrastus, On Stones", E Caley, J. Richards, Ohio State University, 1956, page 91). They further discuss his referral to the adamas coming from the "east" through Armenian traders, but they show this was actually based on an erroneous interpretation of Theophrastus. Williams (Gardner F. Williams, Diamond Mines of South Africa, New York, BF Buck Company, 1905) argues that the stone named adamas by the Greek and further referred to by Pliny was most likely a sapphire, since this was a much more abundant stone, even among traders in Asia, than diamond (especially when used in the context of adamas being an ornamental stone and not used in an "industrial" context of engraving gems). Streeter argues similarly in his book (Edwin Streeter, Precious Stones and gems, London, Bell and Sons, 1898). There seems to be a consensus over a large period of time that in fact the "adamas" was not a diamond, but mostly any type of corundum, several other minerals such as spinel were probably confused with diamonds as well; particularly because of a similarity in hardness and their availability in the Mediterranean area. (see discussion in Theophrastus).

photius.com

"History Of Diamonds".

rapaportdiamondreport.com

"Rapaport Diamond Report". March 2007. Archived from the original on 2007-03-18. Retrieved 2007-03-20.

researchgate.net

"The elaboration of political models in maritime Southeast Asia and of pan-regional culture: Contribution from Khao Sek stone ornament craft system study". ResearchGate. Retrieved 2020-05-11.

resourceinvestor.com

"The state of 2013 global rough diamond supply". Resource Investor. January 22, 2013. Archived from the original on January 28, 2013. Retrieved 2013-02-04.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

Gwinnett, A. John; Gorelick, Leonard (1991). "Bead Manufacture at Hajar Ar-Rayhani, Yemen". The Biblical Archaeologist. 54 (4): 187–196. doi:10.2307/3210280. ISSN 0006-0895. JSTOR 3210280. S2CID 134287655.
Walker, J. (1979). "Optical absorption and luminescence in diamond" (PDF). Rep. Prog. Phys. 42 (10): 1605. Bibcode:1979RPPh...42.1605W. doi:10.1088/0034-4885/42/10/001. S2CID 250857323.

theatlantic.com

Epstein, E. J.: Have you ever tried to sell a diamond?, The Atlantic, February 1982

usgs.gov

minerals.usgs.gov

"Industrial Diamonds Statistics and Information". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 2009-05-05.

web.archive.org

"The state of 2013 global rough diamond supply". Resource Investor. January 22, 2013. Archived from the original on January 28, 2013. Retrieved 2013-02-04.
"Diamond Archived 2009-10-28 at the Wayback Machine," Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia. 2007. Microsoft Corporation. 2009-11-01.
Lawsuit settlement places new restrictions on De Beers' behavior | JCK Archived 2014-05-08 at the Wayback Machine. Jckonline.com. Retrieved on 2015-10-22.
Media Briefing Note: Judgment in Case C 441/07 P Commission v Alrosa Company Ltd - News Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine. Hogan Lovells. Retrieved on 2015-10-22.
Adiga, Aravind. (2004-04-12) Uncommon Brilliance. Time.com. Retrieved on 2015-10-22.
"How High Quality Synthetic Diamonds Will Impact the Market". Kitco. July 12, 2013. Archived from the original on 2013-11-03. Retrieved 2013-08-01.
"Rapaport Diamond Report". March 2007. Archived from the original on 2007-03-18. Retrieved 2007-03-20.
"THE HISTORY OF C.D.PEACOCK". Archived from the original on 2018-06-12.
"A Contribution to Understanding the Effect of Blue Fluorescence on the Appearance of Diamonds". www.gia/edu. Archived from the original on 2014-10-23.
"Alrosa steps up efforts to brighten fluorescent diamond sales". www.mining.com. 2 March 2020. Archived from the original on 2020-03-04.
"Diamond Sutra". Archived from the original on 2007-07-02. Retrieved 2007-07-11.
"Joint Resolution - World Federation of Diamond Bourses (WFDB) and International Diamond Manufacturers Association". World Diamond Council. 2000-07-19. Archived from the original on 2006-08-20. Retrieved 2006-11-05.
"Voluntary Code of Conduct For Authenticating Canadian Diamond Claims" (PDF). The Canadian Diamond Code Committee. 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-11-29. Retrieved 2007-10-30.

worldcat.org

search.worldcat.org

Gwinnett, A. John; Gorelick, Leonard (1991). "Bead Manufacture at Hajar Ar-Rayhani, Yemen". The Biblical Archaeologist. 54 (4): 187–196. doi:10.2307/3210280. ISSN 0006-0895. JSTOR 3210280. S2CID 134287655.
Gwinnett, A. John; Gorelick, L. (1993). "Beads, Scarabs, and Amulets: Methods of Manufacture in Ancient Egypt". Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt. 30: 125–132. doi:10.2307/40000232. ISSN 0065-9991. JSTOR 40000232.

worlddiamondcouncil.com

"Joint Resolution - World Federation of Diamond Bourses (WFDB) and International Diamond Manufacturers Association". World Diamond Council. 2000-07-19. Archived from the original on 2006-08-20. Retrieved 2006-11-05.