Diclofenac (English Wikipedia)

"Naclof, oogdruppels 1 mg/ml" (PDF). Laboratoires THEA. Netherlands: Netherlands Medicines Authority MEB. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016 – via Medicines Information Bank.

clincalc.com (Global: 3,912^th place; English: 2,496^th place)

"Top 300 of 2023". ClinCalc. Archived from the original on 12 August 2025. Retrieved 12 August 2025.
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doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

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Tai FW, McAlindon ME (March 2021). "Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and the gastrointestinal tract". Clinical Medicine. 21 (2): 131–134. doi:10.7861/clinmed.2021-0039. PMC 8002800. PMID 33762373.
Dutta NK, Mazumdar K, Dastidar SG, Park JH (2007). "Activity of diclofenac used alone and in combination with streptomycin against Mycobacterium tuberculosis in mice". International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 30 (4): 336–340. doi:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2007.04.016. PMID 17644321.
Wakai A, Lawrenson JG, Lawrenson AL, Wang Y, Brown MD, Quirke M, et al. (May 2017). "Topical non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for analgesia in traumatic corneal abrasions". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2017 (5) CD009781. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009781.pub2. PMC 6481688. PMID 28516471.
Bhala N, Emberson J, Merhi A, Abramson S, Arber N, Baron JA, et al. (August 2013). "Vascular and upper gastrointestinal effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: meta-analyses of individual participant data from randomised trials". Lancet. 382 (9894): 769–779. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60900-9. PMC 3778977. PMID 23726390.
Kearney PM, Baigent C, Godwin J, Halls H, Emberson JR, Patrono C (June 2006). "Do selective cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitors and traditional non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs increase the risk of atherothrombosis? Meta-analysis of randomised trials". BMJ. 332 (7553): 1302–1308. doi:10.1136/bmj.332.7553.1302. PMC 1473048. PMID 16740558.
Solomon DH, Avorn J, Stürmer T, Glynn RJ, Mogun H, Schneeweiss S (May 2006). "Cardiovascular outcomes in new users of coxibs and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs: high-risk subgroups and time course of risk". Arthritis and Rheumatism. 54 (5): 1378–1389. doi:10.1002/art.21887. PMID 16645966. S2CID 2082359.
Fosbøl EL, Folke F, Jacobsen S, Rasmussen JN, Sørensen R, Schramm TK, et al. (July 2010). "Cause-specific cardiovascular risk associated with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs among healthy individuals". Circulation: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes. 3 (4): 395–405. doi:10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.109.861104. PMID 20530789.
FitzGerald GA, Patrono C (August 2001). "The coxibs, selective inhibitors of cyclooxygenase-2". The New England Journal of Medicine. 345 (6): 433–442. doi:10.1056/NEJM200108093450607. PMID 11496855.
Brater DC (April 2002). "Renal effects of cyclooxygyenase-2-selective inhibitors". Journal of Pain and Symptom Management. 23 (4 Suppl). pp. S15–20; discussion pp. S21–23. doi:10.1016/S0885-3924(02)00370-6. PMID 11992745.
Patrono C, Patrignani P, García Rodríguez LA (July 2001). "Cyclooxygenase-selective inhibition of prostanoid formation: transducing biochemical selectivity into clinical read-outs". The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 108 (1): 7–13. doi:10.1172/JCI13418. PMC 209347. PMID 11435450.
Warner TD, Giuliano F, Vojnovic I, Bukasa A, Mitchell JA, Vane JR (June 1999). "Nonsteroid drug selectivities for cyclo-oxygenase-1 rather than cyclo-oxygenase-2 are associated with human gastrointestinal toxicity: a full in vitro analysis". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 96 (13): 7563–7568. Bibcode:1999PNAS...96.7563W. doi:10.1073/pnas.96.13.7563. PMC 22126. PMID 10377455.
Mitchell JA, Akarasereenont P, Thiemermann C, Flower RJ, Vane JR (December 1993). "Selectivity of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs as inhibitors of constitutive and inducible cyclooxygenase". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 90 (24): 11693–11697. Bibcode:1993PNAS...9011693M. doi:10.1073/pnas.90.24.11693. PMC 48050. PMID 8265610.
Dastidar SG, Ganguly K, Chaudhuri K, Chakrabarty AN (April 2000). "The anti-bacterial action of diclofenac shown by inhibition of DNA synthesis". International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 14 (3): 249–251. doi:10.1016/S0924-8579(99)00159-4. PMID 10773497.
Gan TJ (July 2010). "Diclofenac: an update on its mechanism of action and safety profile". Current Medical Research and Opinion. 26 (7): 1715–1731. doi:10.1185/03007995.2010.486301. PMID 20470236.
Ku EC, Lee W, Kothari HV, Scholer DW (April 1986). "Effect of diclofenac sodium on the arachidonic acid cascade". The American Journal of Medicine. 80 (4B): 18–23. doi:10.1016/0002-9343(86)90074-4. PMID 3085488.
Scholer DW, Ku EC, Boettcher I, Schweizer A (April 1986). "Pharmacology of diclofenac sodium". The American Journal of Medicine. 80 (4B): 34–38. doi:10.1016/0002-9343(86)90077-x. PMID 3085490.
Cryer B, Feldman M (May 1998). "Cyclooxygenase-1 and cyclooxygenase-2 selectivity of widely used nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs". The American Journal of Medicine. 104 (5): 413–421. doi:10.1016/S0002-9343(98)00091-6. PMID 9626023.
Fei XW, Liu LY, Xu JG, Zhang ZH, Mei YA (August 2006). "The non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, diclofenac, inhibits Na(+) current in rat myoblasts". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 346 (4): 1275–1283. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.06.034. PMID 16806078.
Gwanyanya A, Macianskiene R, Mubagwa K (October 2012). "Insights into the effects of diclofenac and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents on ion channels". The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 64 (10): 1359–1375. doi:10.1111/j.2042-7158.2012.01479.x. PMID 22943167.
Voilley N, de Weille J, Mamet J, Lazdunski M (October 2001). "Nonsteroid anti-inflammatory drugs inhibit both the activity and the inflammation-induced expression of acid-sensing ion channels in nociceptors". The Journal of Neuroscience. 21 (20): 8026–8033. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.21-20-08026.2001. PMC 6763876. PMID 11588175.
Ortiz MI, Torres-López JE, Castañeda-Hernández G, Rosas R, Vidal-Cantú GC, Granados-Soto V (March 2002). "Pharmacological evidence for the activation of K(+) channels by diclofenac". European Journal of Pharmacology. 438 (1–2): 85–91. doi:10.1016/S0014-2999(02)01288-8. PMID 11906715.
Fowler PD, Shadforth MF, Crook PR, John VA (1983). "Plasma and synovial fluid concentrations of diclofenac sodium and its major hydroxylated metabolites during long-term treatment of rheumatoid arthritis". European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 25 (3): 389–394. doi:10.1007/BF01037953. PMID 6628528. S2CID 9803699.
Altman R, Bosch B, Brune K, Patrignani P, Young C (May 2015). "Advances in NSAID development: evolution of diclofenac products using pharmaceutical technology". Drugs. 75 (8): 859–877. doi:10.1007/s40265-015-0392-z. PMC 4445819. PMID 25963327.
Hasan MK, Akhter S, Fatema K, Hossain MR, Sultana T, Uzzaman M (January 2023). "Selective modification of diclofenac to reduce the adverse effects; A computer-aided drug design approach". Informatics in Medicine Unlocked. 36 101159. doi:10.1016/j.imu.2023.101159. ISSN 2352-9148.
Cuthbert RJ, Taggart MA, Prakash V, Chakraborty SS, Deori P, Galligan T, et al. (November 2014). "Avian scavengers and the threat from veterinary pharmaceuticals". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 369 (1656) 20130574. doi:10.1098/rstb.2013.0574. PMC 4213586. PMID 25405963.
Moreno-Opo R, Carapeto R, Casimiro R, Rubio C, Muñoz B, Moreno I, et al. (November 2021). "The veterinary use of diclofenac and vulture conservation in Spain: Updated evidence and socio-ecological implications". The Science of the Total Environment. 796 148851. Bibcode:2021ScTEn.79648851M. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148851. PMID 34271379.
Schwaiger J, Ferling H, Mallow U, Wintermayr H, Negele RD (2004). "Toxic effects of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac. Part I: histopathological alterations and bioaccumulation in rainbow trout". Aquatic Toxicology. 68 (2): 141–150. Bibcode:2004AqTox..68..141S. doi:10.1016/j.aquatox.2004.03.014. PMID 15145224.
Triebskorn R, Casper H, Heyd A, Eikemper R, Köhler HR, Schwaiger J (2004). "Toxic effects of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac. Part II: cytological effects in liver, kidney, gills and intestine of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)". Aquatic Toxicology. 68 (2): 151–166. Bibcode:2004AqTox..68..151T. doi:10.1016/j.aquatox.2004.03.015. PMID 15145225.
Triebskorn R, Casper H, Scheil V, Schwaiger J (2007). "Ultrastructural effects of pharmaceuticals (carbamazepine, clofibric acid, metoprolol, diclofenac) in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and common carp (Cyprinus carpio)". Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry. 387 (4): 1405–1416. doi:10.1007/s00216-006-1033-x. PMID 17216161. S2CID 21170569.
Swan G, Naidoo V, Cuthbert R, Green RE, Pain DJ, Swarup D, et al. (March 2006). "Removing the threat of diclofenac to critically endangered Asian vultures". PLOS Biology. 4 (3) e66. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0040066. PMC 1351921. PMID 16435886.
Adawaren EO, Mukandiwa L, Chipangura J, Wolter K, Naidoo V (January 2019). "Percentage of faecal excretion of meloxicam in the Cape vultures (Gyps corprotheres)". Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Toxicology & Pharmacology. 215: 41–46. doi:10.1016/j.cbpc.2018.10.001. hdl:2263/67172. PMID 30336288.
Oaks JL, Gilbert M, Virani MZ, Watson RT, Meteyer CU, Rideout BA, et al. (February 2004). "Diclofenac residues as the cause of vulture population decline in Pakistan". Nature. 427 (6975): 630–633. Bibcode:2004Natur.427..630O. doi:10.1038/nature02317. PMID 14745453. S2CID 16146840.
Swan GE, Cuthbert R, Quevedo M, Green RE, Pain DJ, Bartels P, et al. (2006). "Toxicity of diclofenac to Gyps vultures". Biology Letters. 2 (2): 279–282. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2005.0425. PMC 1618889. PMID 17148382.
Naidoo V, Swan GE (2009). "Diclofenac toxicity in Gyps vulture is associated with decreased uric acid excretion and not renal portal vasoconstriction". Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Toxicology & Pharmacology. 149 (3): 269–274. doi:10.1016/j.cbpc.2008.07.014. hdl:2263/13907. PMID 18727958.
Rattner BA, Whitehead MA, Gasper G, Meteyer CU, Link WA, Taggart MA, et al. (2008). "Apparent tolerance of turkey vultures (Cathartes aura) to the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac". Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 27 (11): 2341–2345. Bibcode:2008EnvTC..27.2341R. doi:10.1897/08-123.1. PMID 18476752. S2CID 207267290. Archived from the original on 28 August 2021. Retrieved 15 July 2019.
Becker R (2016). "Cattle drug threatens thousands of vultures". Nature. doi:10.1038/nature.2016.19839. S2CID 75173071.
Hussain I, Khan MZ, Khan A, Javed I, Saleemi MK (2008). "Toxicological effects of diclofenac in four avian species". Avian Pathology. 37 (3): 315–321. doi:10.1080/03079450802056439. PMID 18568659. S2CID 12985124.

drugs.com (Global: 399^th place; English: 333^rd place)

"Diclofenac". Drugs.com. Archived from the original on 22 December 2018. Retrieved 22 December 2018.
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"Diclofenac epolamine Monograph for Professionals". Drugs.com. Retrieved 18 February 2024.
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"Diclofenac Side Effects". Drugs.com. Archived from the original on 5 February 2013. Retrieved 21 January 2013.

europa.eu (Global: 68^th place; English: 117^th place)

ema.europa.eu

European Medicines Agency, Committee for Medicinal Products for Veterinary Use, Opinion of the Committee pursuant to Article 30(3) of Regulation (EC) No 726/2004 on the risk to vultures and other necrophagous bird populations in the European Union in connection with the use of veterinary medicinal products containing the substance diclofenac (PDF), EMA/CVMP/761582/2014, archived (PDF) from the original on 7 July 2022, retrieved 16 April 2022

europarl.europa.eu

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fda.gov (Global: 447^th place; English: 338^th place)

"FDA Approves Three Drugs for Nonprescription Use Through Rx-to-OTC Switch Process". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 14 February 2020. Archived from the original on 15 February 2020. Retrieved 18 February 2024. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
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gov.uk (Global: 432^nd place; English: 278^th place)

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handle.net (Global: 102^nd place; English: 76^th place)

hdl.handle.net

Adawaren EO, Mukandiwa L, Chipangura J, Wolter K, Naidoo V (January 2019). "Percentage of faecal excretion of meloxicam in the Cape vultures (Gyps corprotheres)". Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Toxicology & Pharmacology. 215: 41–46. doi:10.1016/j.cbpc.2018.10.001. hdl:2263/67172. PMID 30336288.
Naidoo V, Swan GE (2009). "Diclofenac toxicity in Gyps vulture is associated with decreased uric acid excretion and not renal portal vasoconstriction". Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Toxicology & Pharmacology. 149 (3): 269–274. doi:10.1016/j.cbpc.2008.07.014. hdl:2263/13907. PMID 18727958.

harvard.edu (Global: 18^th place; English: 17^th place)

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Warner TD, Giuliano F, Vojnovic I, Bukasa A, Mitchell JA, Vane JR (June 1999). "Nonsteroid drug selectivities for cyclo-oxygenase-1 rather than cyclo-oxygenase-2 are associated with human gastrointestinal toxicity: a full in vitro analysis". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 96 (13): 7563–7568. Bibcode:1999PNAS...96.7563W. doi:10.1073/pnas.96.13.7563. PMC 22126. PMID 10377455.
Mitchell JA, Akarasereenont P, Thiemermann C, Flower RJ, Vane JR (December 1993). "Selectivity of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs as inhibitors of constitutive and inducible cyclooxygenase". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 90 (24): 11693–11697. Bibcode:1993PNAS...9011693M. doi:10.1073/pnas.90.24.11693. PMC 48050. PMID 8265610.
Moreno-Opo R, Carapeto R, Casimiro R, Rubio C, Muñoz B, Moreno I, et al. (November 2021). "The veterinary use of diclofenac and vulture conservation in Spain: Updated evidence and socio-ecological implications". The Science of the Total Environment. 796 148851. Bibcode:2021ScTEn.79648851M. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148851. PMID 34271379.
Schwaiger J, Ferling H, Mallow U, Wintermayr H, Negele RD (2004). "Toxic effects of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac. Part I: histopathological alterations and bioaccumulation in rainbow trout". Aquatic Toxicology. 68 (2): 141–150. Bibcode:2004AqTox..68..141S. doi:10.1016/j.aquatox.2004.03.014. PMID 15145224.
Triebskorn R, Casper H, Heyd A, Eikemper R, Köhler HR, Schwaiger J (2004). "Toxic effects of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac. Part II: cytological effects in liver, kidney, gills and intestine of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)". Aquatic Toxicology. 68 (2): 151–166. Bibcode:2004AqTox..68..151T. doi:10.1016/j.aquatox.2004.03.015. PMID 15145225.
Oaks JL, Gilbert M, Virani MZ, Watson RT, Meteyer CU, Rideout BA, et al. (February 2004). "Diclofenac residues as the cause of vulture population decline in Pakistan". Nature. 427 (6975): 630–633. Bibcode:2004Natur.427..630O. doi:10.1038/nature02317. PMID 14745453. S2CID 16146840.
Rattner BA, Whitehead MA, Gasper G, Meteyer CU, Link WA, Taggart MA, et al. (2008). "Apparent tolerance of turkey vultures (Cathartes aura) to the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac". Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 27 (11): 2341–2345. Bibcode:2008EnvTC..27.2341R. doi:10.1897/08-123.1. PMID 18476752. S2CID 207267290. Archived from the original on 28 August 2021. Retrieved 15 July 2019.

indianexpress.com (Global: 60^th place; English: 43^rd place)

Choudhary S (29 August 2016). "'Decline in vulture population has given rise to diseases': Dr. Vibhu Prakash". The Indian Express. Archived from the original on 15 December 2018. Retrieved 12 December 2018.

lakemedelsvarlden.se (Global: low place; English: low place)

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mayoclinic.com (Global: 3,634^th place; English: 2,869^th place)

"Diclofenac (Topical Application Route) Description and Brand Names". MayoClinic.com. Mayo Clinic. Archived from the original on 23 November 2013.

medicinereviews.ooo (Global: low place; English: low place)

Sayyed M (23 August 2018). "Diclofenac Oral Uses, Dosage, Side Effects And Composition". Medicine Reviews Agency. Archived from the original on 24 August 2018. Retrieved 18 February 2024.

medlineplus.gov (Global: 1,581^st place; English: 1,299^th place)

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mhra.gov.uk (Global: low place; English: low place)

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minervamedica.it (Global: low place; English: low place)

Sandri A (August 2014). "Diclofenac: update on tolerableness and spinal anti-inflammatory action". Minerva Medica. 105 (4): 313–318. PMID 25078485. Archived from the original on 23 April 2023. Retrieved 23 April 2023.
Sandri A (June 2016). "Spinal antinflammatory action of Diclofenac". Minerva Medica. 107 (3): 167–172. PMID 27014880. Archived from the original on 23 April 2023. Retrieved 23 April 2023.

nih.gov (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Tai FW, McAlindon ME (March 2021). "Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and the gastrointestinal tract". Clinical Medicine. 21 (2): 131–134. doi:10.7861/clinmed.2021-0039. PMC 8002800. PMID 33762373.
Dutta NK, Mazumdar K, Dastidar SG, Park JH (2007). "Activity of diclofenac used alone and in combination with streptomycin against Mycobacterium tuberculosis in mice". International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 30 (4): 336–340. doi:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2007.04.016. PMID 17644321.
Wakai A, Lawrenson JG, Lawrenson AL, Wang Y, Brown MD, Quirke M, et al. (May 2017). "Topical non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for analgesia in traumatic corneal abrasions". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2017 (5) CD009781. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009781.pub2. PMC 6481688. PMID 28516471.
Bhala N, Emberson J, Merhi A, Abramson S, Arber N, Baron JA, et al. (August 2013). "Vascular and upper gastrointestinal effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: meta-analyses of individual participant data from randomised trials". Lancet. 382 (9894): 769–779. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60900-9. PMC 3778977. PMID 23726390.
Kearney PM, Baigent C, Godwin J, Halls H, Emberson JR, Patrono C (June 2006). "Do selective cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitors and traditional non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs increase the risk of atherothrombosis? Meta-analysis of randomised trials". BMJ. 332 (7553): 1302–1308. doi:10.1136/bmj.332.7553.1302. PMC 1473048. PMID 16740558.
Solomon DH, Avorn J, Stürmer T, Glynn RJ, Mogun H, Schneeweiss S (May 2006). "Cardiovascular outcomes in new users of coxibs and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs: high-risk subgroups and time course of risk". Arthritis and Rheumatism. 54 (5): 1378–1389. doi:10.1002/art.21887. PMID 16645966. S2CID 2082359.
Fosbøl EL, Folke F, Jacobsen S, Rasmussen JN, Sørensen R, Schramm TK, et al. (July 2010). "Cause-specific cardiovascular risk associated with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs among healthy individuals". Circulation: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes. 3 (4): 395–405. doi:10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.109.861104. PMID 20530789.
FitzGerald GA, Patrono C (August 2001). "The coxibs, selective inhibitors of cyclooxygenase-2". The New England Journal of Medicine. 345 (6): 433–442. doi:10.1056/NEJM200108093450607. PMID 11496855.
Brater DC (April 2002). "Renal effects of cyclooxygyenase-2-selective inhibitors". Journal of Pain and Symptom Management. 23 (4 Suppl). pp. S15–20; discussion pp. S21–23. doi:10.1016/S0885-3924(02)00370-6. PMID 11992745.
Alfaro RA, Davis DD (15 January 2024). "Diclofenac". National Library of Medicine (published 22 May 2023). PMID 32491802. Retrieved 15 January 2024.
Patrono C, Patrignani P, García Rodríguez LA (July 2001). "Cyclooxygenase-selective inhibition of prostanoid formation: transducing biochemical selectivity into clinical read-outs". The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 108 (1): 7–13. doi:10.1172/JCI13418. PMC 209347. PMID 11435450.
Warner TD, Giuliano F, Vojnovic I, Bukasa A, Mitchell JA, Vane JR (June 1999). "Nonsteroid drug selectivities for cyclo-oxygenase-1 rather than cyclo-oxygenase-2 are associated with human gastrointestinal toxicity: a full in vitro analysis". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 96 (13): 7563–7568. Bibcode:1999PNAS...96.7563W. doi:10.1073/pnas.96.13.7563. PMC 22126. PMID 10377455.
Mitchell JA, Akarasereenont P, Thiemermann C, Flower RJ, Vane JR (December 1993). "Selectivity of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs as inhibitors of constitutive and inducible cyclooxygenase". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 90 (24): 11693–11697. Bibcode:1993PNAS...9011693M. doi:10.1073/pnas.90.24.11693. PMC 48050. PMID 8265610.
Dastidar SG, Ganguly K, Chaudhuri K, Chakrabarty AN (April 2000). "The anti-bacterial action of diclofenac shown by inhibition of DNA synthesis". International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 14 (3): 249–251. doi:10.1016/S0924-8579(99)00159-4. PMID 10773497.
Sandri A (August 2014). "Diclofenac: update on tolerableness and spinal anti-inflammatory action". Minerva Medica. 105 (4): 313–318. PMID 25078485. Archived from the original on 23 April 2023. Retrieved 23 April 2023.
Sandri A (June 2016). "Spinal antinflammatory action of Diclofenac". Minerva Medica. 107 (3): 167–172. PMID 27014880. Archived from the original on 23 April 2023. Retrieved 23 April 2023.
Gan TJ (July 2010). "Diclofenac: an update on its mechanism of action and safety profile". Current Medical Research and Opinion. 26 (7): 1715–1731. doi:10.1185/03007995.2010.486301. PMID 20470236.
Ku EC, Lee W, Kothari HV, Scholer DW (April 1986). "Effect of diclofenac sodium on the arachidonic acid cascade". The American Journal of Medicine. 80 (4B): 18–23. doi:10.1016/0002-9343(86)90074-4. PMID 3085488.
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yle.fi (Global: 380th place; English: 933rd place)

bbc.co.uk (Global: 8^th place; English: 10^th place)

birdlife.org (Global: 2,179^th place; English: 1,991^st place)

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

cambridge.org (Global: 305^th place; English: 264^th place)

canada.ca (Global: 1,712^th place; English: 1,063^rd place)

clincalc.com (Global: 3,912^th place; English: 2,496^th place)

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

drugs.com (Global: 399^th place; English: 333^rd place)

europa.eu (Global: 68^th place; English: 117^th place)

fda.gov (Global: 447^th place; English: 338^th place)

gov.uk (Global: 432^nd place; English: 278^th place)

handle.net (Global: 102^nd place; English: 76^th place)

harvard.edu (Global: 18^th place; English: 17^th place)

indianexpress.com (Global: 60^th place; English: 43^rd place)

mayoclinic.com (Global: 3,634^th place; English: 2,869^th place)

medlineplus.gov (Global: 1,581^st place; English: 1,299^th place)

nih.gov (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)

patents.google.com (Global: 1,182^nd place; English: 725^th place)

pib.nic.in (Global: 1,184^th place; English: 835^th place)

punemirror.in (Global: low place; English: 7,036^th place)

sciencedirect.com (Global: 149^th place; English: 178^th place)

semanticscholar.org (Global: 11^th place; English: 8^th place)

theguardian.com (Global: 12^th place; English: 11^th place)

umweltbundesamt.de (Global: 8,161^st place; English: low place)

unl.edu (Global: 1,708^th place; English: 1,051^st place)

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

who.int (Global: 195^th place; English: 302^nd place)

worldcat.org (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

yle.fi (Global: 380^th place; English: 933^rd place)