Diesel exhaust (English Wikipedia)

Song, Chunsham (2000). Chemistry of Diesel Fuels. Boca Raton, FL, US: CRC Press. p. 4. Retrieved 24 October 2015.
Gajendra Babu, M.K.; Subramanian, K.A. (18 June 2013). Alternative Transportation Fuels: Utilisation in Combustion Engines. CRC Press. p. 230. ISBN 9781439872819. Retrieved 24 October 2015. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)

ca.gov

arb.ca.gov

Board, California Air Resources. "The Report on Diesel Exhaust". www.arb.ca.gov. Retrieved 2016-10-11. Diesel exhaust includes ... acetaldehyde; antimony compounds; arsenic; benzene; beryllium compounds; bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate; dioxins and dibenzofurans; formaldehyde; inorganic lead; mercury compounds; nickel; POM (including PAHs); and styrene.

cdc.gov

"CDC: Phthalates Overview". 7 September 2021. High doses of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), and benzylbutyl phthalate (BzBP) during the fetal period produced lowered testosterone levels, testicular atrophy, and Sertoli cell abnormalities in the male animals and, at higher doses, ovarian abnormalities in the female animals (Jarfelt et al., 2005; Lovekamp-Swan and Davis, 2003; McKee et al., 2004; NTP-CERHR, 2003a, 2003b, 2006).

creativecommons.org

Reşitoğlu, İbrahim Aslan; Altinişik, Kemal; Keskin, Ali (2015-01-01). "The pollutant emissions from diesel-engine vehicles and exhaust aftertreatment systems". Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy. 17 (1): 15–27. Bibcode:2015CTEP...17...15R. doi:10.1007/s10098-014-0793-9. ISSN 1618-9558. This article incorporates text from this source, which is available under the CC BY 4.0 license.

deere.com

"Technology to Reduce Emissions in Large Engines" (PDF). Deere.com. Retrieved 2015-10-22.

dieselforum.org

"What is SCR? | Diesel Technology Forum". Dieselforum.org. 2010-01-01. Archived from the original on 2015-10-08. Retrieved 2015-10-22.

dieselnet.com

Majewski, W. Addy (2012). "What Are Diesel Emissions". Ecopoint Inc. Retrieved 5 June 2015.^{[independent source needed]}
"Gaseous Emissions". DieselNet. Retrieved 21 November 2018.
"Effects of Biodiesel on Emissions". dieselnet.com. Retrieved 25 July 2023.

doi.org

Lippmann, Morton, ed. (2009). Environmental Toxicants (PDF). pp. 553, 555, 556, 562. doi:10.1002/9780470442890. ISBN 9780470442890. composition can vary markedly with fuel composition, engine type, operating conditions ... combustion of petroleum fuel produces primarily carbon dioxide, water, and nitrogen ... The health risks lie in the small, invisible or poorly visible particles ... carbon (EC) core of diesel soot ... serves as a nucleus for condensation of organic compounds from unburned or incompletely burned fuel ... it still appears that nitrated PAHs are the most predominant bacterial mutagens
Sassano, M.; Collatuzzo, G.; Teglia, F.; Boffetta, P. (2024). "Occupational exposure to diesel exhausts and liver and pancreatic cancers: a systematic review and meta-analysis". European Journal of Epidemiology. 39 (3): 241–255. doi:10.1007/s10654-024-01099-4. PMC 10995068. PMID 38289519.
Scheepers, P. T.; Bos, R. P. (1992-01-01). "Combustion of diesel fuel from a toxicological perspective. I. Origin of incomplete combustion products". International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health. 64 (3): 149–161. Bibcode:1992IAOEH..64..149S. doi:10.1007/bf00380904. ISSN 0340-0131. PMID 1383162. S2CID 4721619.
Krivoshto, Irina N.; Richards, John R.; Albertson, Timothy E. & Derlet, Robert W. (January 2008). "The Toxicity of Diesel Exhaust: Implications for Primary Care". The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine. 21 (1): 55–62. doi:10.3122/jabfm.2008.01.070139. PMID 18178703.
Omidvarbornaa, Hamid; Kumara, Ashok; Kim, Dong-Shik (2015). "Recent Studies on Soot Modeling for Diesel Combustion". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 48: 635–647. Bibcode:2015RSERv..48..635O. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2015.04.019.
Resitoglu, Ibrahim Aslan; Altinisik, Kemal; Keskin, Ali (2015). "The pollutant emissions from diesel-engine vehicles and exhaust aftertreatment systems" (PDF). Clean Techn Environ Policy. 17 (1): 17. Bibcode:2015CTEP...17...15R. doi:10.1007/s10098-014-0793-9. S2CID 109912053. Retrieved 20 July 2017.
Tschanz, Frédéric; Amstutz, Alois; Onder, Christopher H.; Guzzella, Lino (2010). "A Real-Time Soot Model for Emission Control of a Diesel Engine". IFAC Proceedings Volumes. 43 (7): 226. doi:10.3182/20100712-3-DE-2013.00107.
Gebel, T. (1997-11-28). "Arsenic and antimony: comparative approach on mechanistic toxicology". Chemico-Biological Interactions. 107 (3): 131–144. Bibcode:1997CBI...107..131G. doi:10.1016/s0009-2797(97)00087-2. ISSN 0009-2797. PMID 9448748.
Huang, Li-Ping; Lee, Ching-Chang; Hsu, Ping-Chi; Shih, Tung-Sheng (Jul 2011). "The association between semen quality in workers and the concentration of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in polyvinyl chloride pellet plant air". Fertility and Sterility. 96 (1): 90–94. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2011.04.093. PMID 21621774.
Jarfelt, Kirsten; Dalgaard, Majken; Hass, Ulla; Borch, Julie; Jacobsen, Helene; Ladefoged, Ole (2016-10-11). "Antiandrogenic effects in male rats perinatally exposed to a mixture of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and di(2-ethylhexyl) adipate". Reproductive Toxicology (Elmsford, N.Y.). 19 (4): 505–515. doi:10.1016/j.reprotox.2004.11.005. ISSN 0890-6238. PMID 15749265.
Lovekamp-Swan, Tara; Davis, Barbara J. (2003-02-01). "Mechanisms of phthalate ester toxicity in the female reproductive system". Environmental Health Perspectives. 111 (2): 139–145. Bibcode:2003EnvHP.111..139L. doi:10.1289/ehp.5658. ISSN 0091-6765. PMC 1241340. PMID 12573895.
Rossberg, Manfred; Lendle, Wilhelm; Pfleiderer, Gerhard; Tögel, Adolf; Dreher, Eberhard-Ludwig; Langer, Ernst; Rassaerts, Heinz; Kleinschmidt, Peter; Strack, Heinz (2000-01-01). Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. doi:10.1002/14356007.a06_233.pub2. ISBN 9783527306732.
Enya, Takeji; Suzuki, Hitomi; Watanabe, Tetsushi; Hirayama, Teruhisa; Hisamatsu, Yoshiharu (1997-10-01). "3-Nitrobenzanthrone, a Powerful Bacterial Mutagen and Suspected Human Carcinogen Found in Diesel Exhaust and Airborne Particulates". Environmental Science & Technology. 31 (10): 2772–2776. Bibcode:1997EnST...31.2772E. doi:10.1021/es961067i. ISSN 0013-936X.
Volker M. Arlt (2005). "3-Nitrobenzanthrone, a potential human cancer hazard in diesel exhaust and urban air pollution: a review of the evidence". Mutagenesis. 20 (6): 399–410. doi:10.1093/mutage/gei057. PMID 16199526.
Arlt, Volker M.; Glatt, Hansruedi; Muckel, Eva; Pabel, Ulrike; Sorg, Bernd L.; Seidel, Albrecht; Frank, Heinz; Schmeiser, Heinz H.; Phillips, David H. (2003-07-10). "Activation of 3-nitrobenzanthrone and its metabolites by human acetyltransferases, sulfotransferases and cytochrome P450 expressed in Chinese hamster V79 cells". International Journal of Cancer. 105 (5): 583–592. doi:10.1002/ijc.11143. ISSN 1097-0215. PMID 12740904. S2CID 45714816.
Campbell, Robert M.; Lee, Milton L. (1984-05-01). "Capillary column gas chromatographic determination of nitro polycyclic aromatic compounds in particulate extracts". Analytical Chemistry. 56 (6): 1026–1030. doi:10.1021/ac00270a035. ISSN 0003-2700.
Tong, H. Y.; Karasek, F. W. (1984-10-01). "Quantitation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in diesel exhaust particulate matter by high-performance liquid chromatography fractionation and high-resolution gas chromatography". Analytical Chemistry. 56 (12): 2129–2134. doi:10.1021/ac00276a034. ISSN 0003-2700. PMID 6209996.
Nawrot, TS; Perez, L; Künzli, N; Munters, E; Nemery, B (2011). "Public health importance of triggers of myocardial infarction: comparative risk assessment". The Lancet. 377 (9767): 732–740. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62296-9. PMID 21353301. S2CID 20168936.: "Taking into account the OR and the prevalences of exposure, the highest PAF was estimated for traffic exposure (7.4%)... "
"... [O]dds ratios and frequencies of each trigger were used to compute population-attributable fractions (PAFs), which estimate the proportion of cases that could be avoided if a risk factor were removed. PAFs depend not only on the risk factor strength at the individual level but also on its frequency in the community. ... [T]he exposure prevalence for triggers in the relevant control time window ranged from 0.04% for cocaine use to 100% for air pollution. ... Taking into account the OR and the prevalences of exposure, the highest PAF was estimated for traffic exposure (7.4%) ...
Power; Weisskopf; Alexeeff; Coull; Spiro; Schwartz (May 2011). "Traffic-related air pollution and cognitive function in a cohort of older men". Environmental Health Perspectives. 119 (5): 682–7. Bibcode:2011EnvHP.119..682P. doi:10.1289/ehp.1002767. PMC 3094421. PMID 21172758. Archived from the original on 2014-11-21.
Silverman, Debra T.; Samanic, Claudine M.; Lubin, Jay H.; Blair, Aaron E.; Stewart, Patricia A.; Vermeulen, Roel; Coble, Joseph B.; Rothman, Nathaniel; Schleiff, Patricia L. (2012-06-06). "The Diesel Exhaust in Miners study: a nested case-control study of lung cancer and diesel exhaust". Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 104 (11): 855–868. doi:10.1093/jnci/djs034. ISSN 1460-2105. PMC 3369553. PMID 22393209.
Attfield, Michael D.; Schleiff, Patricia L.; Lubin, Jay H.; Blair, Aaron; Stewart, Patricia A.; Vermeulen, Roel; Coble, Joseph B.; Silverman, Debra T. (2012-06-06). "The Diesel Exhaust in Miners study: a cohort mortality study with emphasis on lung cancer". Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 104 (11): 869–883. doi:10.1093/jnci/djs035. ISSN 1460-2105. PMC 3373218. PMID 22393207.
Attfield, M. D.; Schleiff, P. L.; Lubin, J. H.; Blair, A.; Stewart, P. A.; Vermeulen, R.; Coble, J. B.; Silverman, D. T. (5 March 2012). "The Diesel Exhaust in Miners Study: A Cohort Mortality Study With Emphasis on Lung Cancer". JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 104 (11): 869–883. doi:10.1093/jnci/djs035. PMC 3373218. PMID 22393207.
Silverman, D. T.; Samanic, C. M.; Lubin, J. H.; Blair, A. E.; Stewart, P. A.; Vermeulen, R.; Coble, J. B.; Rothman, N.; Schleiff, P. L.; Travis, W. D.; Ziegler, R. G.; Wacholder, S.; Attfield, M. D. (5 March 2012). "The Diesel Exhaust in Miners Study: A Nested Case-Control Study of Lung Cancer and Diesel Exhaust". JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 104 (11): 855–868. doi:10.1093/jnci/djs034. PMC 3369553. PMID 22393209.
Omidvarbornaa, Hamid; Kumara, Ashok; Kim, Dong-Shik (2014). "Characterization of Particulate Matter Emitted from Transit Buses Fueled with B20 in Idle Modes". Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering. 2 (4, December): 2335–2342. doi:10.1016/j.jece.2014.09.020.
Ole Raaschou-Nielsen; et al. (July 10, 2013). "Air pollution and lung cancer incidence in 17 European cohorts: prospective analyses from the European Study of Cohorts for Air Pollution Effects (ESCAPE)". The Lancet Oncology. 14 (9): 813–22. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(13)70279-1. PMID 23849838. Archived from the original on July 15, 2013. Retrieved July 10, 2013. Particulate matter air pollution contributes to lung cancer incidence in Europe.
Bernstein, David I. (Jul 2012). "Diesel Exhaust Exposure, Wheezing and Sneezing". Allergy Asthma Immunol Res. 4 (4): 178–183. doi:10.4168/aair.2012.4.4.178. PMC 3378923. PMID 22754710.
Sakurai, Hiromu; Tobias, Herbert J.; Park, Kihong; Zarling, Darrick; Docherty, Kenneth S.; Kittelson, David B.; McMurry, Peter H.; Ziemann, Paul J. (2003). "On-line measurements of diesel nanoparticle composition and volatility". Atmospheric Environment. 37 (9–10): 1199–1210. Bibcode:2003AtmEn..37.1199S. doi:10.1016/S1352-2310(02)01017-8.
Poppy, Guy M.; Newman, Tracey A.; Farthing, Emily; Lusebrink, Inka; Girling, Robbie D. (2013-10-03). "Diesel exhaust rapidly degrades floral odours used by honeybees : Scientific Reports". Scientific Reports. 3: 2779. doi:10.1038/srep02779. PMC 3789406. PMID 24091789.
Reşitoğlu, İbrahim Aslan; Altinişik, Kemal; Keskin, Ali (2015-01-01). "The pollutant emissions from diesel-engine vehicles and exhaust aftertreatment systems". Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy. 17 (1): 15–27. Bibcode:2015CTEP...17...15R. doi:10.1007/s10098-014-0793-9. ISSN 1618-9558. This article incorporates text from this source, which is available under the CC BY 4.0 license.
Guan, B; Zhan, R; Lin, H; Huang, Z. (2014). "Review of state of the art technologies of selective catalytic reduction of NOx from diesel engine exhaust". Applied Thermal Engineering. 66 (1–2): 395–414. doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2014.02.021. (subscription required)
Talibi, Midhat; Hellier, Paul; Balachandran, Ramanarayanan; Ladommatos, Nicos (12 September 2014). "Effect of hydrogen-diesel fuel co-combustion on exhaust emissions with verification using an in–cylinder gas sampling technique". International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 39 (27): 15088–15102. Bibcode:2014IJHE...3915088T. doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2014.07.039.
Goswami, Angshuman; Barman, Jyotirmoy; Rajput, Karan; Lakhlani, Hardik N. (2013). "Behaviour Study of Particulate Matter and Chemical Composition with Different Combustion Strategies". SAE Technical Paper Series. Vol. 1. doi:10.4271/2013-01-2741. Retrieved 2016-06-17.
Barros, Sam; Atkinson, William; Piduru, Naag (2015). "Extraction of Liquid Water from the Exhaust of a Diesel Engine". SAE Technical Paper Series. Vol. 1. doi:10.4271/2015-01-2806.

dtic.mil

apps.dtic.mil

"Article title" (PDF). Retrieved 25 July 2023.

edeninnovations.com

"Innovations | Eden Innovations". 28 June 2016. Retrieved 25 July 2023.

energy.gov

afdc.energy.gov

"Alternative Fuels Data Center: Dimethyl Ether". afdc.energy.gov. Retrieved 25 July 2023.

science.energy.gov

"Newsroom | Department of Energy".

energyandcleanair.org

"Heavy-duty harm". Centre for Research on Energy and Clean Air. 2025-03-25. Retrieved 2025-04-04.

epa.gov

"EPA Report on diesel emissions" (PDF). EPA. 2002. p. 113. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-09-10. Retrieved 19 August 2013.
"Clean School Bus". EPA.gov. United States Government. Retrieved 19 October 2013.

cfpub.epa.gov

"Diesel engine exhaust; CASRN N.A." (PDF). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2003-02-28. Using U.S. EPA's revised draft 1999 Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1999), diesel exhaust (DE) is likely to be carcinogenic to humans by inhalation from environmental exposures.

fuelflowpro.com

"Understanding Diesel Engine Cold Start: Causes, Effects, And Solutions | FuelFlowPro". fuelflowpro.com. 2023-04-12. Retrieved 2024-04-12.

globalactionplan.org.uk

"The health costs of air pollution from cars and vans". Global Action Plan. Retrieved 2024-09-29. the health damage associated with diesel vehicle emissions are …… at least 5 times greater than those associated with petrol vehicles.

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Scheepers, P. T.; Bos, R. P. (1992-01-01). "Combustion of diesel fuel from a toxicological perspective. I. Origin of incomplete combustion products". International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health. 64 (3): 149–161. Bibcode:1992IAOEH..64..149S. doi:10.1007/bf00380904. ISSN 0340-0131. PMID 1383162. S2CID 4721619.
Omidvarbornaa, Hamid; Kumara, Ashok; Kim, Dong-Shik (2015). "Recent Studies on Soot Modeling for Diesel Combustion". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 48: 635–647. Bibcode:2015RSERv..48..635O. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2015.04.019.
Resitoglu, Ibrahim Aslan; Altinisik, Kemal; Keskin, Ali (2015). "The pollutant emissions from diesel-engine vehicles and exhaust aftertreatment systems" (PDF). Clean Techn Environ Policy. 17 (1): 17. Bibcode:2015CTEP...17...15R. doi:10.1007/s10098-014-0793-9. S2CID 109912053. Retrieved 20 July 2017.
Gebel, T. (1997-11-28). "Arsenic and antimony: comparative approach on mechanistic toxicology". Chemico-Biological Interactions. 107 (3): 131–144. Bibcode:1997CBI...107..131G. doi:10.1016/s0009-2797(97)00087-2. ISSN 0009-2797. PMID 9448748.
Lovekamp-Swan, Tara; Davis, Barbara J. (2003-02-01). "Mechanisms of phthalate ester toxicity in the female reproductive system". Environmental Health Perspectives. 111 (2): 139–145. Bibcode:2003EnvHP.111..139L. doi:10.1289/ehp.5658. ISSN 0091-6765. PMC 1241340. PMID 12573895.
Enya, Takeji; Suzuki, Hitomi; Watanabe, Tetsushi; Hirayama, Teruhisa; Hisamatsu, Yoshiharu (1997-10-01). "3-Nitrobenzanthrone, a Powerful Bacterial Mutagen and Suspected Human Carcinogen Found in Diesel Exhaust and Airborne Particulates". Environmental Science & Technology. 31 (10): 2772–2776. Bibcode:1997EnST...31.2772E. doi:10.1021/es961067i. ISSN 0013-936X.
Power; Weisskopf; Alexeeff; Coull; Spiro; Schwartz (May 2011). "Traffic-related air pollution and cognitive function in a cohort of older men". Environmental Health Perspectives. 119 (5): 682–7. Bibcode:2011EnvHP.119..682P. doi:10.1289/ehp.1002767. PMC 3094421. PMID 21172758. Archived from the original on 2014-11-21.
Sakurai, Hiromu; Tobias, Herbert J.; Park, Kihong; Zarling, Darrick; Docherty, Kenneth S.; Kittelson, David B.; McMurry, Peter H.; Ziemann, Paul J. (2003). "On-line measurements of diesel nanoparticle composition and volatility". Atmospheric Environment. 37 (9–10): 1199–1210. Bibcode:2003AtmEn..37.1199S. doi:10.1016/S1352-2310(02)01017-8.
Reşitoğlu, İbrahim Aslan; Altinişik, Kemal; Keskin, Ali (2015-01-01). "The pollutant emissions from diesel-engine vehicles and exhaust aftertreatment systems". Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy. 17 (1): 15–27. Bibcode:2015CTEP...17...15R. doi:10.1007/s10098-014-0793-9. ISSN 1618-9558. This article incorporates text from this source, which is available under the CC BY 4.0 license.
Talibi, Midhat; Hellier, Paul; Balachandran, Ramanarayanan; Ladommatos, Nicos (12 September 2014). "Effect of hydrogen-diesel fuel co-combustion on exhaust emissions with verification using an in–cylinder gas sampling technique". International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 39 (27): 15088–15102. Bibcode:2014IJHE...3915088T. doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2014.07.039.

healthpolicy-watch.news

"Vehicular Pollution: New Roadmap To Avoid Millions Of Early Deaths And Cases Of Childhood Asthma - Health Policy Watch". 2024-04-01. Retrieved 2024-11-19.

iarc.fr

IARC. "Diesel Engine Exhaust Carcinogenic" (Press release). International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Retrieved June 12, 2012. After a week-long meeting of international experts, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), which is part of the World Health Organization (WHO), today classified diesel exhaust as probably carcinogenic to humans (Group 1), based on enough evidence that exposure is associated with an increased risk of lung cancer.
"IARC: DIESEL ENGINE EXHAUST CARCINOGENIC" (Press release). International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). June 12, 2012. Retrieved August 14, 2016. The scientific evidence was reviewed thoroughly by the Working Group and overall it was concluded that there was sufficient evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of diesel exhaust. The Working Group found that diesel exhaust is a cause of lung cancer (sufficient evidence) and also noted a positive association (limited evidence) with an increased risk of bladder cancer

iflscience.com

"These Pens Use Ink Made Out Of Recycled Air Pollution". IFL Science. 17 August 2016.

irsst.qc.ca

Grenier, Michael (2005). "Measurement of Carbon Monoxide in Diesel Engine Exhaust" (PDF). IRSST Report (R-436): 11. Retrieved 20 July 2017.

medpagetoday.com

"WHO: Diesel Exhaust Causes Lung Cancer". Medpage Today. 2012-06-12. Retrieved 2015-10-22.

mit.edu

lae.mit.edu

"2,700 premature deaths attributed to excess emissions of Diesel cars – MIT LAE". lae.mit.edu. Retrieved 2024-11-19.

newscientist.com

Pearce, Fred. "Devil in the diesel – Lorries belch out what may be the most". New Scientist. Retrieved 2016-10-11.

newsweek.com

Dewan, Pandora (2024-02-23). "Breathing in diesel fumes is crippling our immune systems". Newsweek. Retrieved 2024-09-29.

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Sassano, M.; Collatuzzo, G.; Teglia, F.; Boffetta, P. (2024). "Occupational exposure to diesel exhausts and liver and pancreatic cancers: a systematic review and meta-analysis". European Journal of Epidemiology. 39 (3): 241–255. doi:10.1007/s10654-024-01099-4. PMC 10995068. PMID 38289519.
Scheepers, P. T.; Bos, R. P. (1992-01-01). "Combustion of diesel fuel from a toxicological perspective. I. Origin of incomplete combustion products". International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health. 64 (3): 149–161. Bibcode:1992IAOEH..64..149S. doi:10.1007/bf00380904. ISSN 0340-0131. PMID 1383162. S2CID 4721619.
Krivoshto, Irina N.; Richards, John R.; Albertson, Timothy E. & Derlet, Robert W. (January 2008). "The Toxicity of Diesel Exhaust: Implications for Primary Care". The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine. 21 (1): 55–62. doi:10.3122/jabfm.2008.01.070139. PMID 18178703.
Gebel, T. (1997-11-28). "Arsenic and antimony: comparative approach on mechanistic toxicology". Chemico-Biological Interactions. 107 (3): 131–144. Bibcode:1997CBI...107..131G. doi:10.1016/s0009-2797(97)00087-2. ISSN 0009-2797. PMID 9448748.
Huang, Li-Ping; Lee, Ching-Chang; Hsu, Ping-Chi; Shih, Tung-Sheng (Jul 2011). "The association between semen quality in workers and the concentration of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in polyvinyl chloride pellet plant air". Fertility and Sterility. 96 (1): 90–94. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2011.04.093. PMID 21621774.
Jarfelt, Kirsten; Dalgaard, Majken; Hass, Ulla; Borch, Julie; Jacobsen, Helene; Ladefoged, Ole (2016-10-11). "Antiandrogenic effects in male rats perinatally exposed to a mixture of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and di(2-ethylhexyl) adipate". Reproductive Toxicology (Elmsford, N.Y.). 19 (4): 505–515. doi:10.1016/j.reprotox.2004.11.005. ISSN 0890-6238. PMID 15749265.
Lovekamp-Swan, Tara; Davis, Barbara J. (2003-02-01). "Mechanisms of phthalate ester toxicity in the female reproductive system". Environmental Health Perspectives. 111 (2): 139–145. Bibcode:2003EnvHP.111..139L. doi:10.1289/ehp.5658. ISSN 0091-6765. PMC 1241340. PMID 12573895.
Volker M. Arlt (2005). "3-Nitrobenzanthrone, a potential human cancer hazard in diesel exhaust and urban air pollution: a review of the evidence". Mutagenesis. 20 (6): 399–410. doi:10.1093/mutage/gei057. PMID 16199526.
Arlt, Volker M.; Glatt, Hansruedi; Muckel, Eva; Pabel, Ulrike; Sorg, Bernd L.; Seidel, Albrecht; Frank, Heinz; Schmeiser, Heinz H.; Phillips, David H. (2003-07-10). "Activation of 3-nitrobenzanthrone and its metabolites by human acetyltransferases, sulfotransferases and cytochrome P450 expressed in Chinese hamster V79 cells". International Journal of Cancer. 105 (5): 583–592. doi:10.1002/ijc.11143. ISSN 1097-0215. PMID 12740904. S2CID 45714816.
Tong, H. Y.; Karasek, F. W. (1984-10-01). "Quantitation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in diesel exhaust particulate matter by high-performance liquid chromatography fractionation and high-resolution gas chromatography". Analytical Chemistry. 56 (12): 2129–2134. doi:10.1021/ac00276a034. ISSN 0003-2700. PMID 6209996.
Nawrot, TS; Perez, L; Künzli, N; Munters, E; Nemery, B (2011). "Public health importance of triggers of myocardial infarction: comparative risk assessment". The Lancet. 377 (9767): 732–740. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62296-9. PMID 21353301. S2CID 20168936.: "Taking into account the OR and the prevalences of exposure, the highest PAF was estimated for traffic exposure (7.4%)... "
"... [O]dds ratios and frequencies of each trigger were used to compute population-attributable fractions (PAFs), which estimate the proportion of cases that could be avoided if a risk factor were removed. PAFs depend not only on the risk factor strength at the individual level but also on its frequency in the community. ... [T]he exposure prevalence for triggers in the relevant control time window ranged from 0.04% for cocaine use to 100% for air pollution. ... Taking into account the OR and the prevalences of exposure, the highest PAF was estimated for traffic exposure (7.4%) ...
Power; Weisskopf; Alexeeff; Coull; Spiro; Schwartz (May 2011). "Traffic-related air pollution and cognitive function in a cohort of older men". Environmental Health Perspectives. 119 (5): 682–7. Bibcode:2011EnvHP.119..682P. doi:10.1289/ehp.1002767. PMC 3094421. PMID 21172758. Archived from the original on 2014-11-21.
Silverman, Debra T.; Samanic, Claudine M.; Lubin, Jay H.; Blair, Aaron E.; Stewart, Patricia A.; Vermeulen, Roel; Coble, Joseph B.; Rothman, Nathaniel; Schleiff, Patricia L. (2012-06-06). "The Diesel Exhaust in Miners study: a nested case-control study of lung cancer and diesel exhaust". Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 104 (11): 855–868. doi:10.1093/jnci/djs034. ISSN 1460-2105. PMC 3369553. PMID 22393209.
Attfield, Michael D.; Schleiff, Patricia L.; Lubin, Jay H.; Blair, Aaron; Stewart, Patricia A.; Vermeulen, Roel; Coble, Joseph B.; Silverman, Debra T. (2012-06-06). "The Diesel Exhaust in Miners study: a cohort mortality study with emphasis on lung cancer". Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 104 (11): 869–883. doi:10.1093/jnci/djs035. ISSN 1460-2105. PMC 3373218. PMID 22393207.
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