Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Diethylstilbestrol" in English language version.
Piperazine estrone sulfate and micronized estradiol were equipotent with respect to increases in SHBG, whereas [...] DES was 28.4-fold more potent [...]. With respect to decreased FSH, [...] DES was 3.8-fold, and ethinyl estradiol was 80 to 200-fold more potent than was piperazine estrone sulfate. The dose equivalents for ethinyl estradiol (50 μg) and DES (1 mg) reflect these relative potencies.220 [...] DES, a potent synthetic estrogen (Fig. 6-12), is absorbed well after an oral dosage. Patients given 1 mg of DES daily had plasma concentrations at 20 hours ranging from 0.9 to 1.9 ng per mL. The initial half-life of DES is 80 minutes, with a secondary half-life of 24 hours.223 The principal pathways of metabolism are conversion to the glucuronide and oxidation. The oxidative pathways include aromatic hydroxylation of the ethyl side chains and dehydrogenation to (Z,Z)-dienestrol, producing transient quinone-like intermediates that react with cellular macromolecules and cause genetic damage in eukaryotic cells.223 Metabolic activation of DES may explain its well-established carcinogenic properties.224
From the early 1940's until 1970's, DES was given to pregnant women to prevent miscarriage, which is often proceeded by a decline in estrogen levels. It later became apparent that DES treatment was mostly ineffective in preventing miscarriage [66], but nevertheless physicians continued prescribing DES to pregnant women. A recent article summarizes the effects of maternal exposure to DES during pregnancy and its adverse effects on pregnancy and fetal development in women [67], and show that this exposure increased 2nd trimester miscarriage by 3.8 -fold.
Several decades ago, diethylstilbestrol (DES) was considered efficacious in improving pregnancy outcome. Later data did not support this, and the exposed mothers and offspring have suffered from a variety of problems attributed to the drug.
[Diethylstilbestrol] suffers from the serious drawback that in doses above 1 mg. a day it is likely to produce nausea, vomiting, abdominal discomfort, headache, and bloating in a proportion of patients varyingly estimated from 15 to 50%.
[Diethylstilbestrol], differing distinctly in chemical structure from the previously known estrogens, has been shown to produce all the biologic effects attributed to them, such as suppression of the antuitary (2), inhibition of body growth (2), proliferation of the ductile system of the breast (3), suppression of engorgement incident to lactation (4), hyperemia, edema, and distention of the uterus (5), proliferation of the endometrium (6), vaginal cornification (7), and swelling of the sexual skin (8). It likewise presumably has the supposed carcinogenic propensities of the true estrogens (9).
After it was shown by Dodds, Goldberg, Lawson, and Robinson that stilboestrol (4.4' dioxy-α-β-diethylstilbene had the same effects as the natural oestrones on the vaginal mucosa of castrated female rats, a great number of works have appeared, which show that this substance, despite its very great chemical difference from the natural female sexual hormones has practically the same effect as these in all respects. The most important of these investigations have been made by Dodds, Lawson and Noble, by Noble, by Bishop, Boycott and Zuckermann, by Erik Guldberg, by Engelhardt, by Winterton and MacGregor, by Erik Jacobsen and most recently by Kreitmair and Sickman, by Buschbeck and Hausknecht, by Cobet, Ratschow and Stechner. The previous experiments have been made on hens, mice, rats, guineapigs, rabbits, monkeys, and human subjects.
There is no doubt that the conversion of the endometrium with injections of both synthetic and native estrogenic hormone preparations succeeds, but the opinion whether native, orally administered preparations can produce a proliferation mucosa changes with different authors. PEDERSEN-BJERGAARD (1939) was able to show that 90% of the folliculin taken up in the blood of the vena portae is inactivated in the liver. Neither KAUFMANN (1933, 1935), RAUSCHER (1939, 1942) nor HERRNBERGER (1941) succeeded in bringing a castration endometrium into proliferation using large doses of orally administered preparations of estrone or estradiol. Other results are reported by NEUSTAEDTER (1939), LAUTERWEIN (1940) and FERIN (1941); they succeeded in converting an atrophic castration endometrium into an unambiguous proliferation mucosa with 120–300 oestradiol or with 380 oestrone.
From the early 1940's until 1970's, DES was given to pregnant women to prevent miscarriage, which is often proceeded by a decline in estrogen levels. It later became apparent that DES treatment was mostly ineffective in preventing miscarriage [66], but nevertheless physicians continued prescribing DES to pregnant women. A recent article summarizes the effects of maternal exposure to DES during pregnancy and its adverse effects on pregnancy and fetal development in women [67], and show that this exposure increased 2nd trimester miscarriage by 3.8 -fold.
Several decades ago, diethylstilbestrol (DES) was considered efficacious in improving pregnancy outcome. Later data did not support this, and the exposed mothers and offspring have suffered from a variety of problems attributed to the drug.
[Diethylstilbestrol] suffers from the serious drawback that in doses above 1 mg. a day it is likely to produce nausea, vomiting, abdominal discomfort, headache, and bloating in a proportion of patients varyingly estimated from 15 to 50%.
From the early 1940's until 1970's, DES was given to pregnant women to prevent miscarriage, which is often proceeded by a decline in estrogen levels. It later became apparent that DES treatment was mostly ineffective in preventing miscarriage [66], but nevertheless physicians continued prescribing DES to pregnant women. A recent article summarizes the effects of maternal exposure to DES during pregnancy and its adverse effects on pregnancy and fetal development in women [67], and show that this exposure increased 2nd trimester miscarriage by 3.8 -fold.
[Diethylstilbestrol] suffers from the serious drawback that in doses above 1 mg. a day it is likely to produce nausea, vomiting, abdominal discomfort, headache, and bloating in a proportion of patients varyingly estimated from 15 to 50%.
Several decades ago, diethylstilbestrol (DES) was considered efficacious in improving pregnancy outcome. Later data did not support this, and the exposed mothers and offspring have suffered from a variety of problems attributed to the drug.
Piperazine estrone sulfate and micronized estradiol were equipotent with respect to increases in SHBG, whereas [...] DES was 28.4-fold more potent [...]. With respect to decreased FSH, [...] DES was 3.8-fold, and ethinyl estradiol was 80 to 200-fold more potent than was piperazine estrone sulfate. The dose equivalents for ethinyl estradiol (50 μg) and DES (1 mg) reflect these relative potencies.220 [...] DES, a potent synthetic estrogen (Fig. 6-12), is absorbed well after an oral dosage. Patients given 1 mg of DES daily had plasma concentrations at 20 hours ranging from 0.9 to 1.9 ng per mL. The initial half-life of DES is 80 minutes, with a secondary half-life of 24 hours.223 The principal pathways of metabolism are conversion to the glucuronide and oxidation. The oxidative pathways include aromatic hydroxylation of the ethyl side chains and dehydrogenation to (Z,Z)-dienestrol, producing transient quinone-like intermediates that react with cellular macromolecules and cause genetic damage in eukaryotic cells.223 Metabolic activation of DES may explain its well-established carcinogenic properties.224
[Diethylstilbestrol], differing distinctly in chemical structure from the previously known estrogens, has been shown to produce all the biologic effects attributed to them, such as suppression of the antuitary (2), inhibition of body growth (2), proliferation of the ductile system of the breast (3), suppression of engorgement incident to lactation (4), hyperemia, edema, and distention of the uterus (5), proliferation of the endometrium (6), vaginal cornification (7), and swelling of the sexual skin (8). It likewise presumably has the supposed carcinogenic propensities of the true estrogens (9).
After it was shown by Dodds, Goldberg, Lawson, and Robinson that stilboestrol (4.4' dioxy-α-β-diethylstilbene had the same effects as the natural oestrones on the vaginal mucosa of castrated female rats, a great number of works have appeared, which show that this substance, despite its very great chemical difference from the natural female sexual hormones has practically the same effect as these in all respects. The most important of these investigations have been made by Dodds, Lawson and Noble, by Noble, by Bishop, Boycott and Zuckermann, by Erik Guldberg, by Engelhardt, by Winterton and MacGregor, by Erik Jacobsen and most recently by Kreitmair and Sickman, by Buschbeck and Hausknecht, by Cobet, Ratschow and Stechner. The previous experiments have been made on hens, mice, rats, guineapigs, rabbits, monkeys, and human subjects.
There is no doubt that the conversion of the endometrium with injections of both synthetic and native estrogenic hormone preparations succeeds, but the opinion whether native, orally administered preparations can produce a proliferation mucosa changes with different authors. PEDERSEN-BJERGAARD (1939) was able to show that 90% of the folliculin taken up in the blood of the vena portae is inactivated in the liver. Neither KAUFMANN (1933, 1935), RAUSCHER (1939, 1942) nor HERRNBERGER (1941) succeeded in bringing a castration endometrium into proliferation using large doses of orally administered preparations of estrone or estradiol. Other results are reported by NEUSTAEDTER (1939), LAUTERWEIN (1940) and FERIN (1941); they succeeded in converting an atrophic castration endometrium into an unambiguous proliferation mucosa with 120–300 oestradiol or with 380 oestrone.
