Differential analyser (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Differential analyser" in English language version.

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archive.org

Thomson, James (1876). "An Integrating Machine having a new Kinematic Principle". Proceedings of the Royal Society. 24 (164–170): 262–5. doi:10.1098/rspl.1875.0033. Reprinted in Thomson, James (1912). Joseph Larmor & James Thomson (ed.). Collected Papers in Physics and Engineering by James Thomson. Cambridge University Press. pp. xvii, 452–7. ISBN 0-404-06422-1.

asahi.com

ajw.asahi.com

Hisatoshi Kabata (2014), "Early computer dating to 1944 solving complex equations again after long 'reboot'", The Asahi Shimbun/Technology, archived from the original on 2016-03-04

auckland.ac.nz

cs.auckland.ac.nz

Irwin, William (2009-07). Op. cit. "It is estimated by Garry Tee of Auckland University that about 15 Meccano model Differential Analysers were built for serious work by scientists and researchers around the world." For Garry Tee, see "Computing History Displays: The Displays" (php). University of Auckland. Retrieved 2010-07-22.

bnf.fr

visualiseur.bnf.fr

Coriolis, Gaspard-Gustave (1836). "Note sur un moyen de tracer des courbes données par des équations différentielles". Journal de Mathématiques Pures et Appliquées. series I 1 (in French): 5–9.

books.google.com

Karl L. Wildes and Nilo A. Lindgren, A Century of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at MIT, 1882-1982 (Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, 1985), pages 90-92.
Bush's differential analyser used mechanical integrators. The output of each integrator was intended to drive other parts of the machine; however, the output was too feeble to do so. Hazen recognized that a "torque amplifier", which had been invented in 1925 by Henry W. Nieman and which was intended to allow workers to control heavy machinery, could be used to provide the necessary power. See: Stuart Bennett, A History of Control Engineering 1930-1955 (London, England: Peter Peregrinus Ltd., 1993), page 103. See also Nieman's U.S. patents: (1) "Servo mechanism", U.S. patent no. 1,751,645 (filed: 28 January 1925; issued: 25 March 1930); (2) "Servo mechanism", U.S. patent no. 1,751,647 Archived 2018-08-07 at the Wayback Machine (filed: 8 January 1926; issued: 25 March 1930); (3) "Synchronous amplifying control mechanism", U.S. patent no. 1,751,652 Archived 2014-06-28 at the Wayback Machine (filed: 8 January 1926; issued: 25 March 1930).
Randell, Brian (ed.), The Origins of Digital Computers Selected Papers (3rd edition, 1982), Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: Springer-Verlag. p. 297. Google Books. Retrieved 25 July 2010.
Bunch, B. & Hellemans, A., The History of Science and Technology: A Browser's Guide to the Great Discoveries, Inventions, and the People who Made Them, from the Dawn of Time to Today (2004), New York: Houghton Mifflin, p. 535. Google Books. Retrieved 25 July 2010.

britannica.com

"Invention of the modern computer". Encyclopædia Britannica. www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2010-07-26.

doi.org

Thomson, James (1876). "An Integrating Machine having a new Kinematic Principle". Proceedings of the Royal Society. 24 (164–170): 262–5. doi:10.1098/rspl.1875.0033. Reprinted in Thomson, James (1912). Joseph Larmor & James Thomson (ed.). Collected Papers in Physics and Engineering by James Thomson. Cambridge University Press. pp. xvii, 452–7. ISBN 0-404-06422-1.
Hartree, D.R. (September 1940). "The Bush Differential Analyser and its Implications". Nature. 146 (3697): 319. Bibcode:1940Natur.146..319H. doi:10.1038/146319a0. S2CID 40727987.. Lord Kelvin's descriptions: Thomson, William (1876). "Mechanical Integration of Linear Differential Equations of the Second Order with Variable Coefficients". Proceedings of the Royal Society. 24 (164–170): 269–71. doi:10.1098/rspl.1875.0035. S2CID 62694536. Thomson, William (1876). "Mechanical Integration of the general Linear Differential Equation of any Order with Variable Coefficients". Proceedings of the Royal Society. 24 (164–170): 271–5. doi:10.1098/rspl.1875.0036.
Robinson, Tim (June 2005). "The Meccano Set Computers A history of differential analyzers made from children's toys". IEEE Control Systems Magazine. 25 (3): 74–83. doi:10.1109/MCS.2005.1432602. S2CID 10075776.. Hartree, D.R. (September 1940), op. cit.
Bush, V.; Gage, F.D.; Stewart, H.R. (January 1927). "A continuous integraph". Journal of the Franklin Institute. 203 (1): 63–84. doi:10.1016/S0016-0032(27)90097-0..
Bush, V. (October 1931). "The differential analyzer. A new machine for solving differential equations". Journal of the Franklin Institute. 212 (4): 447–488. doi:10.1016/S0016-0032(31)90616-9..
Holst, P.A. (Oct–Dec 1996). "Svein Rosseland and the Oslo analyzer". IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 18 (4): 16–26. doi:10.1109/85.539912.
Randell, Brian (Oct 1982). "From Analytical Engine to Electronic Digital Computer: The Contributions of Ludgate, Torres, and Bush" (PDF). IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 4 (4). IEEE Computer Society: 327–41. doi:10.1109/MAHC.1982.10042. S2CID 1737953. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-09-21. Retrieved 2010-07-25.
Campbell, Scott M. (October–December 2003). "Beatrice Helen Worsley: Canada's Female Computer Pioneer" (PDF). IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 25 (4). IEEE Computer Society: 53–4. doi:10.1109/MAHC.2003.1253890. S2CID 13499528. Retrieved 2010-07-24. [Worsley's] research was suggested by Samuel H. Caldwell, of MIT's electrical engineering department, who had helped Vannevar Bush design recent analyzers. … Over six weeks during summer 1948, Worsley constructed a differential analyzer using Meccano…, based on Douglas Hartree and Arthur Porter's 1935 article. Constructed from about CAD$75 worth of Meccano, the analyzer was minimally modified from the original design but offered slight improvements to the electrical power distribution system, the design of the torque amplifiers, and the output pen support. Unfortunately, there is no information regarding what use, if any, the analyzer was put to or why Worsley built it For more on Beatrice Worsley, see UTEC.

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Hartree, D.R. (September 1940). "The Bush Differential Analyser and its Implications". Nature. 146 (3697): 319. Bibcode:1940Natur.146..319H. doi:10.1038/146319a0. S2CID 40727987.. Lord Kelvin's descriptions: Thomson, William (1876). "Mechanical Integration of Linear Differential Equations of the Second Order with Variable Coefficients". Proceedings of the Royal Society. 24 (164–170): 269–71. doi:10.1098/rspl.1875.0035. S2CID 62694536. Thomson, William (1876). "Mechanical Integration of the general Linear Differential Equation of any Order with Variable Coefficients". Proceedings of the Royal Society. 24 (164–170): 271–5. doi:10.1098/rspl.1875.0036.

meccano.us

Robinson, Tim (2005-12-07). "Other Differential Analyzers". Tim Robinson's Meccano Computing Machinery web site. Retrieved 2010-07-24. Includes summaries of "Meccano Differential Analyzers" and "Full Scale Differential Analyzers".
Cairns, W. J., Crank, J., & Lloyd, E. C. Some Improvements in the Construction of a Small Scale Differential Analyser and a Review of Recent Applications, Armament Research Department Theoretical Research Memo. No. 27/44, 1944 (see Robinson, Tim (2008-06-07). "Bibliography". Tim Robinson's Meccano Computing Machinery web site. Retrieved 2010-07-26.). The memorandum is now in The National Archives, UK: "Piece reference DEFE 15/751". The National Archives. Retrieved 2010-07-26. For the "Armament Research Department", see Fort Halstead, and cf. the entry for 1944 in "MoD History of Innovation" (PDF). Ploughshare Innovations Ltd. Retrieved 2010-07-26.

nationalarchives.gov.uk

Cairns, W. J., Crank, J., & Lloyd, E. C. Some Improvements in the Construction of a Small Scale Differential Analyser and a Review of Recent Applications, Armament Research Department Theoretical Research Memo. No. 27/44, 1944 (see Robinson, Tim (2008-06-07). "Bibliography". Tim Robinson's Meccano Computing Machinery web site. Retrieved 2010-07-26.). The memorandum is now in The National Archives, UK: "Piece reference DEFE 15/751". The National Archives. Retrieved 2010-07-26. For the "Armament Research Department", see Fort Halstead, and cf. the entry for 1944 in "MoD History of Innovation" (PDF). Ploughshare Innovations Ltd. Retrieved 2010-07-26.

ncl.ac.uk

cs.ncl.ac.uk

Randell, Brian (Oct 1982). "From Analytical Engine to Electronic Digital Computer: The Contributions of Ludgate, Torres, and Bush" (PDF). IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 4 (4). IEEE Computer Society: 327–41. doi:10.1109/MAHC.1982.10042. S2CID 1737953. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-09-21. Retrieved 2010-07-25.

news.google.com

"UCLA's Bush Analyzer Retires to Smithsonian" (Google News). Computerworld. 1978-01-09. Retrieved 2010-07-22.

nzfmm.co.nz

amg.nzfmm.co.nz

(Hartree & Porter 1934–1935),"Differential Analyser". Auckland Meccano Guild. Retrieved 2010-07-21. Hartree, D. R.; Porter, Porter (1934–1935), "The construction and operation of a model differential analyser", Memoirs and Proceedings of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, 79: 51–73, reprinted as a pamphlet July 1935

nzmuseums.co.nz

Irwin, William (2009-07). Op. cit. "It is rumoured that a differential analyser was used in the development of the "bouncing bomb" by Barnes Wallis for the "Dam Busters" attack on the Ruhr valley hydroelectric dams in WW2. This was first mentioned in MOTAT [New Zealand] literature in 1973. However after extensive enquiries and literature searches over the last few years, no evidence can be found that the [differential analyser held by MOTAT Archived 2018-02-26 at the Wayback Machine, nor any other differential analyser, was used for this purpose. Considering the secrecy surrounding war time activities at the time it could still be possible, but most people from that era are now deceased. Two remaining personalities still alive from that era were consulted, namely Arthur Porter and Maurice Wilkes, but neither could substantiate the rumour."

ploughshareinnovations.com

Cairns, W. J., Crank, J., & Lloyd, E. C. Some Improvements in the Construction of a Small Scale Differential Analyser and a Review of Recent Applications, Armament Research Department Theoretical Research Memo. No. 27/44, 1944 (see Robinson, Tim (2008-06-07). "Bibliography". Tim Robinson's Meccano Computing Machinery web site. Retrieved 2010-07-26.). The memorandum is now in The National Archives, UK: "Piece reference DEFE 15/751". The National Archives. Retrieved 2010-07-26. For the "Armament Research Department", see Fort Halstead, and cf. the entry for 1944 in "MoD History of Innovation" (PDF). Ploughshare Innovations Ltd. Retrieved 2010-07-26.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

Hartree, D.R. (September 1940). "The Bush Differential Analyser and its Implications". Nature. 146 (3697): 319. Bibcode:1940Natur.146..319H. doi:10.1038/146319a0. S2CID 40727987.. Lord Kelvin's descriptions: Thomson, William (1876). "Mechanical Integration of Linear Differential Equations of the Second Order with Variable Coefficients". Proceedings of the Royal Society. 24 (164–170): 269–71. doi:10.1098/rspl.1875.0035. S2CID 62694536. Thomson, William (1876). "Mechanical Integration of the general Linear Differential Equation of any Order with Variable Coefficients". Proceedings of the Royal Society. 24 (164–170): 271–5. doi:10.1098/rspl.1875.0036.
Robinson, Tim (June 2005). "The Meccano Set Computers A history of differential analyzers made from children's toys". IEEE Control Systems Magazine. 25 (3): 74–83. doi:10.1109/MCS.2005.1432602. S2CID 10075776.. Hartree, D.R. (September 1940), op. cit.
Randell, Brian (Oct 1982). "From Analytical Engine to Electronic Digital Computer: The Contributions of Ludgate, Torres, and Bush" (PDF). IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 4 (4). IEEE Computer Society: 327–41. doi:10.1109/MAHC.1982.10042. S2CID 1737953. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-09-21. Retrieved 2010-07-25.
Campbell, Scott M. (October–December 2003). "Beatrice Helen Worsley: Canada's Female Computer Pioneer" (PDF). IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 25 (4). IEEE Computer Society: 53–4. doi:10.1109/MAHC.2003.1253890. S2CID 13499528. Retrieved 2010-07-24. [Worsley's] research was suggested by Samuel H. Caldwell, of MIT's electrical engineering department, who had helped Vannevar Bush design recent analyzers. … Over six weeks during summer 1948, Worsley constructed a differential analyzer using Meccano…, based on Douglas Hartree and Arthur Porter's 1935 article. Constructed from about CAD$75 worth of Meccano, the analyzer was minimally modified from the original design but offered slight improvements to the electrical power distribution system, the design of the torque amplifiers, and the output pen support. Unfortunately, there is no information regarding what use, if any, the analyzer was put to or why Worsley built it For more on Beatrice Worsley, see UTEC.

ucla.edu

engineer.ucla.edu

"The Thinking Machine". UCLA Engineering. Archived from the original on 2010-07-10. Retrieved 2010-07-22.

uspto.gov

patimg1.uspto.gov

Bush's differential analyser used mechanical integrators. The output of each integrator was intended to drive other parts of the machine; however, the output was too feeble to do so. Hazen recognized that a "torque amplifier", which had been invented in 1925 by Henry W. Nieman and which was intended to allow workers to control heavy machinery, could be used to provide the necessary power. See: Stuart Bennett, A History of Control Engineering 1930-1955 (London, England: Peter Peregrinus Ltd., 1993), page 103. See also Nieman's U.S. patents: (1) "Servo mechanism", U.S. patent no. 1,751,645 (filed: 28 January 1925; issued: 25 March 1930); (2) "Servo mechanism", U.S. patent no. 1,751,647 Archived 2018-08-07 at the Wayback Machine (filed: 8 January 1926; issued: 25 March 1930); (3) "Synchronous amplifying control mechanism", U.S. patent no. 1,751,652 Archived 2014-06-28 at the Wayback Machine (filed: 8 January 1926; issued: 25 March 1930).

patimg2.uspto.gov

Bush's differential analyser used mechanical integrators. The output of each integrator was intended to drive other parts of the machine; however, the output was too feeble to do so. Hazen recognized that a "torque amplifier", which had been invented in 1925 by Henry W. Nieman and which was intended to allow workers to control heavy machinery, could be used to provide the necessary power. See: Stuart Bennett, A History of Control Engineering 1930-1955 (London, England: Peter Peregrinus Ltd., 1993), page 103. See also Nieman's U.S. patents: (1) "Servo mechanism", U.S. patent no. 1,751,645 (filed: 28 January 1925; issued: 25 March 1930); (2) "Servo mechanism", U.S. patent no. 1,751,647 Archived 2018-08-07 at the Wayback Machine (filed: 8 January 1926; issued: 25 March 1930); (3) "Synchronous amplifying control mechanism", U.S. patent no. 1,751,652 Archived 2014-06-28 at the Wayback Machine (filed: 8 January 1926; issued: 25 March 1930).

utoronto.ca

individual.utoronto.ca

Campbell, Scott M. (October–December 2003). "Beatrice Helen Worsley: Canada's Female Computer Pioneer" (PDF). IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 25 (4). IEEE Computer Society: 53–4. doi:10.1109/MAHC.2003.1253890. S2CID 13499528. Retrieved 2010-07-24. [Worsley's] research was suggested by Samuel H. Caldwell, of MIT's electrical engineering department, who had helped Vannevar Bush design recent analyzers. … Over six weeks during summer 1948, Worsley constructed a differential analyzer using Meccano…, based on Douglas Hartree and Arthur Porter's 1935 article. Constructed from about CAD$75 worth of Meccano, the analyzer was minimally modified from the original design but offered slight improvements to the electrical power distribution system, the design of the torque amplifiers, and the output pen support. Unfortunately, there is no information regarding what use, if any, the analyzer was put to or why Worsley built it For more on Beatrice Worsley, see UTEC.

web.archive.org

Irwin, William (July 2009). "The Differential Analyser Explained". Auckland Meccano Guild. Archived from the original on 2018-11-24. Retrieved 2010-07-21.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) Archived
Bush's differential analyser used mechanical integrators. The output of each integrator was intended to drive other parts of the machine; however, the output was too feeble to do so. Hazen recognized that a "torque amplifier", which had been invented in 1925 by Henry W. Nieman and which was intended to allow workers to control heavy machinery, could be used to provide the necessary power. See: Stuart Bennett, A History of Control Engineering 1930-1955 (London, England: Peter Peregrinus Ltd., 1993), page 103. See also Nieman's U.S. patents: (1) "Servo mechanism", U.S. patent no. 1,751,645 (filed: 28 January 1925; issued: 25 March 1930); (2) "Servo mechanism", U.S. patent no. 1,751,647 Archived 2018-08-07 at the Wayback Machine (filed: 8 January 1926; issued: 25 March 1930); (3) "Synchronous amplifying control mechanism", U.S. patent no. 1,751,652 Archived 2014-06-28 at the Wayback Machine (filed: 8 January 1926; issued: 25 March 1930).
Randell, Brian (Oct 1982). "From Analytical Engine to Electronic Digital Computer: The Contributions of Ludgate, Torres, and Bush" (PDF). IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 4 (4). IEEE Computer Society: 327–41. doi:10.1109/MAHC.1982.10042. S2CID 1737953. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-09-21. Retrieved 2010-07-25.
"The Thinking Machine". UCLA Engineering. Archived from the original on 2010-07-10. Retrieved 2010-07-22.
Hisatoshi Kabata (2014), "Early computer dating to 1944 solving complex equations again after long 'reboot'", The Asahi Shimbun/Technology, archived from the original on 2016-03-04
Irwin, William (2009-07). Op. cit. "It is rumoured that a differential analyser was used in the development of the "bouncing bomb" by Barnes Wallis for the "Dam Busters" attack on the Ruhr valley hydroelectric dams in WW2. This was first mentioned in MOTAT [New Zealand] literature in 1973. However after extensive enquiries and literature searches over the last few years, no evidence can be found that the [differential analyser held by MOTAT Archived 2018-02-26 at the Wayback Machine, nor any other differential analyser, was used for this purpose. Considering the secrecy surrounding war time activities at the time it could still be possible, but most people from that era are now deceased. Two remaining personalities still alive from that era were consulted, namely Arthur Porter and Maurice Wilkes, but neither could substantiate the rumour."

zenodo.org

Thomson, James (1876). "An Integrating Machine having a new Kinematic Principle". Proceedings of the Royal Society. 24 (164–170): 262–5. doi:10.1098/rspl.1875.0033. Reprinted in Thomson, James (1912). Joseph Larmor & James Thomson (ed.). Collected Papers in Physics and Engineering by James Thomson. Cambridge University Press. pp. xvii, 452–7. ISBN 0-404-06422-1.
Robinson, Tim (June 2005). "The Meccano Set Computers A history of differential analyzers made from children's toys". IEEE Control Systems Magazine. 25 (3): 74–83. doi:10.1109/MCS.2005.1432602. S2CID 10075776.. Hartree, D.R. (September 1940), op. cit.