Diocletian (English Wikipedia)

Bleckmann 2006; Corcoran 2006, p. 40; Potter 2005, pp. 280–281; Williams 1985, p. 43–45. Bleckmann, Bruno (2006). "Diocletianus". Brill's New Pauly: Encyclopedia of the Ancient World. Brill. ISBN 90-04-12259-1. Archived from the original on 20 December 2022. Retrieved 20 December 2022. Corcoran, Simon (2006). "Before Constantine". In Lenski, Noel Emmanuel (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Constantine. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 35–58. ISBN 0-521-52157-2. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2022. Potter, David S. (2005). The Roman Empire at Bay: AD 180–395. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-10057-7. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2022. Williams, Stephen (1985). Diocletian and the Roman Recovery. London: B.T. Batsford. doi:10.4324/9780203461037. ISBN 0-7134-4605-6. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2022.
Barnes 1981, p. 7; Bleckmann 2006; Corcoran 2006, p. 40; Potter 2005, p. 282; Southern 2001, pp. 141–142; Williams 1985, p. 48. Barnes, Timothy D. (1981). Constantine and Eusebius. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-16531-1. Bleckmann, Bruno (2006). "Diocletianus". Brill's New Pauly: Encyclopedia of the Ancient World. Brill. ISBN 90-04-12259-1. Archived from the original on 20 December 2022. Retrieved 20 December 2022. Corcoran, Simon (2006). "Before Constantine". In Lenski, Noel Emmanuel (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Constantine. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 35–58. ISBN 0-521-52157-2. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2022. Potter, David S. (2005). The Roman Empire at Bay: AD 180–395. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-10057-7. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2022. Southern, Patricia (2001). The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-23944-3. Williams, Stephen (1985). Diocletian and the Roman Recovery. London: B.T. Batsford. doi:10.4324/9780203461037. ISBN 0-7134-4605-6. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2022.

britannica.com

Britannica 2015. "Palace of Diocletian | building, Split, Croatia". Encyclopædia Britannica. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 20 August 2015. Archived from the original on 13 March 2023. Retrieved 13 March 2023.

doi.org

Barnes 1982, p. 4. Barnes, Timothy D. (1982). The New Empire of Diocletian and Constantine. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. doi:10.4159/harvard.9780674280670. ISBN 0-674-28066-0. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 10 May 2024.
Barnes 1982, pp. 30, 46; CAH, p. 68. Barnes, Timothy D. (1982). The New Empire of Diocletian and Constantine. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. doi:10.4159/harvard.9780674280670. ISBN 0-674-28066-0. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 10 May 2024. Bowman, Alan, ed. (2005). The Cambridge Ancient History XII: The Crisis of the Empire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-30200-5. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2022.
Barnes 1982, p. 31; Williams 1985, pp. 22, 237. Barnes, Timothy D. (1982). The New Empire of Diocletian and Constantine. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. doi:10.4159/harvard.9780674280670. ISBN 0-674-28066-0. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 10 May 2024. Williams, Stephen (1985). Diocletian and the Roman Recovery. London: B.T. Batsford. doi:10.4324/9780203461037. ISBN 0-7134-4605-6. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2022.
Barnes 1982, pp. 30–31; Williams 1985, pp. 22, 238. Barnes, Timothy D. (1982). The New Empire of Diocletian and Constantine. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. doi:10.4159/harvard.9780674280670. ISBN 0-674-28066-0. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 10 May 2024. Williams, Stephen (1985). Diocletian and the Roman Recovery. London: B.T. Batsford. doi:10.4324/9780203461037. ISBN 0-7134-4605-6. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2022.
Zonaras, 12.31; Southern 2001; Williams 1985, p. 26. Southern, Patricia (2001). The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-23944-3. Williams, Stephen (1985). Diocletian and the Roman Recovery. London: B.T. Batsford. doi:10.4324/9780203461037. ISBN 0-7134-4605-6. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2022.
Mathisen 1997; Williams 1985, p. 26. Mathisen, Ralph W. (1997). "Diocletian (284–305 A.D.)". De Imperatoribus Romanis. Archived from the original on 26 March 2022. Williams, Stephen (1985). Diocletian and the Roman Recovery. London: B.T. Batsford. doi:10.4324/9780203461037. ISBN 0-7134-4605-6. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2022.
Historia Augusta, "Vita Carini" 14–15; Williams 1985, p. 26. Williams, Stephen (1985). Diocletian and the Roman Recovery. London: B.T. Batsford. doi:10.4324/9780203461037. ISBN 0-7134-4605-6. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2022.
Williams 1985, p. 33. Williams, Stephen (1985). Diocletian and the Roman Recovery. London: B.T. Batsford. doi:10.4324/9780203461037. ISBN 0-7134-4605-6. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2022.
Williams 1985, p. 36. Williams, Stephen (1985). Diocletian and the Roman Recovery. London: B.T. Batsford. doi:10.4324/9780203461037. ISBN 0-7134-4605-6. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2022.
Williams 1985, p. 34. Williams, Stephen (1985). Diocletian and the Roman Recovery. London: B.T. Batsford. doi:10.4324/9780203461037. ISBN 0-7134-4605-6. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2022.
Leadbetter 2001a; Odahl 2004, p. 39; Williams 1985, p. 35. Leadbetter, William (2001a). "Numerianus (283–284 A.D.)". De Imperatoribus Romanis. Archived from the original on 26 March 2022. Odahl, Charles Matson (2004). Constantine and the Christian Empire. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-68631-5. Archived from the original on 20 December 2022. Retrieved 20 December 2022. Williams, Stephen (1985). Diocletian and the Roman Recovery. London: B.T. Batsford. doi:10.4324/9780203461037. ISBN 0-7134-4605-6. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2022.
CAH, p. 68; Williams 1985, pp. 435–436. Bowman, Alan, ed. (2005). The Cambridge Ancient History XII: The Crisis of the Empire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-30200-5. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2022. Williams, Stephen (1985). Diocletian and the Roman Recovery. London: B.T. Batsford. doi:10.4324/9780203461037. ISBN 0-7134-4605-6. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2022.
Barnes 1981, pp. 4–5; Odahl 2004, pp. 39–40; Williams 1985, pp. 36–37. Barnes, Timothy D. (1981). Constantine and Eusebius. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-16531-1. Odahl, Charles Matson (2004). Constantine and the Christian Empire. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-68631-5. Archived from the original on 20 December 2022. Retrieved 20 December 2022. Williams, Stephen (1985). Diocletian and the Roman Recovery. London: B.T. Batsford. doi:10.4324/9780203461037. ISBN 0-7134-4605-6. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2022.
Barnes 1981, pp. 4–5; Leadbetter 2001a; Odahl 2004, pp. 39–40; Williams 1985, p. 37. Barnes, Timothy D. (1981). Constantine and Eusebius. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-16531-1. Leadbetter, William (2001a). "Numerianus (283–284 A.D.)". De Imperatoribus Romanis. Archived from the original on 26 March 2022. Odahl, Charles Matson (2004). Constantine and the Christian Empire. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-68631-5. Archived from the original on 20 December 2022. Retrieved 20 December 2022. Williams, Stephen (1985). Diocletian and the Roman Recovery. London: B.T. Batsford. doi:10.4324/9780203461037. ISBN 0-7134-4605-6. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2022.
Southern 2001, pp. 134–135; Williams 1985, p. 38; Banchich 1997. Southern, Patricia (2001). The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-23944-3. Williams, Stephen (1985). Diocletian and the Roman Recovery. London: B.T. Batsford. doi:10.4324/9780203461037. ISBN 0-7134-4605-6. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2022. Banchich, Thomas M. (1997). "Iulianus (ca. 286–293 A.D.)". De Imperatoribus Romanis. Archived from the original on 26 March 2022.
Southern 2001, pp. 134–135; Williams 1985, p. 38. Southern, Patricia (2001). The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-23944-3. Williams, Stephen (1985). Diocletian and the Roman Recovery. London: B.T. Batsford. doi:10.4324/9780203461037. ISBN 0-7134-4605-6. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2022.
Barnes 1981, p. 5; Williams 1985, pp. 37–38. Barnes, Timothy D. (1981). Constantine and Eusebius. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-16531-1. Williams, Stephen (1985). Diocletian and the Roman Recovery. London: B.T. Batsford. doi:10.4324/9780203461037. ISBN 0-7134-4605-6. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2022.
Potter 2005, p. 280; Williams 1985, p. 37. Potter, David S. (2005). The Roman Empire at Bay: AD 180–395. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-10057-7. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2022. Williams, Stephen (1985). Diocletian and the Roman Recovery. London: B.T. Batsford. doi:10.4324/9780203461037. ISBN 0-7134-4605-6. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2022.
Barnes 1981, p. 5; CAH, p. 69; Odahl 2004, p. 40; Williams 1985, p. 38. Barnes, Timothy D. (1981). Constantine and Eusebius. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-16531-1. Bowman, Alan, ed. (2005). The Cambridge Ancient History XII: The Crisis of the Empire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-30200-5. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2022. Odahl, Charles Matson (2004). Constantine and the Christian Empire. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-68631-5. Archived from the original on 20 December 2022. Retrieved 20 December 2022. Williams, Stephen (1985). Diocletian and the Roman Recovery. London: B.T. Batsford. doi:10.4324/9780203461037. ISBN 0-7134-4605-6. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2022.
Southern 2001, p. 135; Williams 1985, p. 38. Southern, Patricia (2001). The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-23944-3. Williams, Stephen (1985). Diocletian and the Roman Recovery. London: B.T. Batsford. doi:10.4324/9780203461037. ISBN 0-7134-4605-6. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2022.
Barnes 1981, p. 5; Barnes 1982, p. 50. Barnes, Timothy D. (1981). Constantine and Eusebius. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-16531-1. Barnes, Timothy D. (1982). The New Empire of Diocletian and Constantine. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. doi:10.4159/harvard.9780674280670. ISBN 0-674-28066-0. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 10 May 2024.
Williams 1985, p. 41. Williams, Stephen (1985). Diocletian and the Roman Recovery. London: B.T. Batsford. doi:10.4324/9780203461037. ISBN 0-7134-4605-6. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2022.
Barnes 1981, pp. 5–6; CAH, p. 69; Barnes 1982, p. 113; Williams 1985, pp. 41–42. Barnes, Timothy D. (1981). Constantine and Eusebius. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-16531-1. Bowman, Alan, ed. (2005). The Cambridge Ancient History XII: The Crisis of the Empire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-30200-5. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2022. Barnes, Timothy D. (1982). The New Empire of Diocletian and Constantine. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. doi:10.4159/harvard.9780674280670. ISBN 0-674-28066-0. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 10 May 2024. Williams, Stephen (1985). Diocletian and the Roman Recovery. London: B.T. Batsford. doi:10.4324/9780203461037. ISBN 0-7134-4605-6. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2022.
Barnes 1975, p. 46; Barnes 1981, pp. 5–6; Leadbetter 2001b; Williams 1985, p. 41. Barnes, Timothy D. (1975). "Two Senators under Constantine". The Journal of Roman Studies. 65: 40–49. doi:10.2307/370062. JSTOR 370062. S2CID 163755638. Barnes, Timothy D. (1981). Constantine and Eusebius. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-16531-1. Leadbetter, William (2001b). "Carinus (283–285 A.D.)". De Imperatoribus Romanis. Archived from the original on 26 March 2022. Williams, Stephen (1985). Diocletian and the Roman Recovery. London: B.T. Batsford. doi:10.4324/9780203461037. ISBN 0-7134-4605-6. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2022.
Barnes 1975, p. 46; Barnes 1981, pp. 5–6; Leadbetter 2001b. Barnes, Timothy D. (1975). "Two Senators under Constantine". The Journal of Roman Studies. 65: 40–49. doi:10.2307/370062. JSTOR 370062. S2CID 163755638. Barnes, Timothy D. (1981). Constantine and Eusebius. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-16531-1. Leadbetter, William (2001b). "Carinus (283–285 A.D.)". De Imperatoribus Romanis. Archived from the original on 26 March 2022.
Barnes 1981, p. 6; Barnes 1982, p. 4; CAH, p. 69. Barnes, Timothy D. (1981). Constantine and Eusebius. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-16531-1. Barnes, Timothy D. (1982). The New Empire of Diocletian and Constantine. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. doi:10.4159/harvard.9780674280670. ISBN 0-674-28066-0. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 10 May 2024. Bowman, Alan, ed. (2005). The Cambridge Ancient History XII: The Crisis of the Empire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-30200-5. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2022.
Bleckmann 2006; Corcoran 2006, p. 40; Potter 2005, pp. 280–281; Williams 1985, p. 43–45. Bleckmann, Bruno (2006). "Diocletianus". Brill's New Pauly: Encyclopedia of the Ancient World. Brill. ISBN 90-04-12259-1. Archived from the original on 20 December 2022. Retrieved 20 December 2022. Corcoran, Simon (2006). "Before Constantine". In Lenski, Noel Emmanuel (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Constantine. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 35–58. ISBN 0-521-52157-2. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2022. Potter, David S. (2005). The Roman Empire at Bay: AD 180–395. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-10057-7. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2022. Williams, Stephen (1985). Diocletian and the Roman Recovery. London: B.T. Batsford. doi:10.4324/9780203461037. ISBN 0-7134-4605-6. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2022.
Corcoran 2006, p. 40; Williams 1985. Corcoran, Simon (2006). "Before Constantine". In Lenski, Noel Emmanuel (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Constantine. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 35–58. ISBN 0-521-52157-2. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2022. Williams, Stephen (1985). Diocletian and the Roman Recovery. London: B.T. Batsford. doi:10.4324/9780203461037. ISBN 0-7134-4605-6. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2022.
Potter 2005, p. 280; Southern 2001, p. 135; Williams 1985, p. 38. Potter, David S. (2005). The Roman Empire at Bay: AD 180–395. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-10057-7. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2022. Southern, Patricia (2001). The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-23944-3. Williams, Stephen (1985). Diocletian and the Roman Recovery. London: B.T. Batsford. doi:10.4324/9780203461037. ISBN 0-7134-4605-6. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2022.
Odahl 2004, pp. 42–43; Williams 1985, p. 45. Odahl, Charles Matson (2004). Constantine and the Christian Empire. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-68631-5. Archived from the original on 20 December 2022. Retrieved 20 December 2022. Williams, Stephen (1985). Diocletian and the Roman Recovery. London: B.T. Batsford. doi:10.4324/9780203461037. ISBN 0-7134-4605-6. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2022.
CAH, pp. 70–71; Corcoran 2006, p. 40; Liebeschuetz 1979, pp. 235–252; Odahl 2004, pp. 43–44; Williams 1985, pp. 58–59. Bowman, Alan, ed. (2005). The Cambridge Ancient History XII: The Crisis of the Empire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-30200-5. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2022. Corcoran, Simon (2006). "Before Constantine". In Lenski, Noel Emmanuel (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Constantine. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 35–58. ISBN 0-521-52157-2. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2022. Liebeschuetz, J. H. W. G. (1979). Continuity and Change in Roman Religion. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 247. ISBN 0-19-814822-4. Odahl, Charles Matson (2004). Constantine and the Christian Empire. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-68631-5. Archived from the original on 20 December 2022. Retrieved 20 December 2022. Williams, Stephen (1985). Diocletian and the Roman Recovery. London: B.T. Batsford. doi:10.4324/9780203461037. ISBN 0-7134-4605-6. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2022.
Barnes 1981, pp. 11–12; CAH, pp. 70–71; Corcoran 2006, p. 40; Odahl 2004, p. 43; Southern 2001, pp. 136–137; Williams 1985, p. 58. Barnes, Timothy D. (1981). Constantine and Eusebius. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-16531-1. Bowman, Alan, ed. (2005). The Cambridge Ancient History XII: The Crisis of the Empire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-30200-5. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2022. Corcoran, Simon (2006). "Before Constantine". In Lenski, Noel Emmanuel (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Constantine. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 35–58. ISBN 0-521-52157-2. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2022. Odahl, Charles Matson (2004). Constantine and the Christian Empire. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-68631-5. Archived from the original on 20 December 2022. Retrieved 20 December 2022. Southern, Patricia (2001). The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-23944-3. Williams, Stephen (1985). Diocletian and the Roman Recovery. London: B.T. Batsford. doi:10.4324/9780203461037. ISBN 0-7134-4605-6. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2022.
Williams 1985; CAH, p. 171. Williams, Stephen (1985). Diocletian and the Roman Recovery. London: B.T. Batsford. doi:10.4324/9780203461037. ISBN 0-7134-4605-6. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2022. Bowman, Alan, ed. (2005). The Cambridge Ancient History XII: The Crisis of the Empire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-30200-5. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2022.
Barnes 1981, p. 6; Barnes 1982, p. 50; Potter 2005, p. 281. Barnes, Timothy D. (1981). Constantine and Eusebius. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-16531-1. Barnes, Timothy D. (1982). The New Empire of Diocletian and Constantine. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. doi:10.4159/harvard.9780674280670. ISBN 0-674-28066-0. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 10 May 2024. Potter, David S. (2005). The Roman Empire at Bay: AD 180–395. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-10057-7. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2022.
Southern 2001, p. 143; Williams 1985, p. 52. Southern, Patricia (2001). The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-23944-3. Williams, Stephen (1985). Diocletian and the Roman Recovery. London: B.T. Batsford. doi:10.4324/9780203461037. ISBN 0-7134-4605-6. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2022.
Barnes 1981, p. 6; Barnes 1982, pp. 50–51; Potter 2005, pp. 281, 649. Barnes, Timothy D. (1981). Constantine and Eusebius. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-16531-1. Barnes, Timothy D. (1982). The New Empire of Diocletian and Constantine. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. doi:10.4159/harvard.9780674280670. ISBN 0-674-28066-0. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 10 May 2024. Potter, David S. (2005). The Roman Empire at Bay: AD 180–395. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-10057-7. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2022.
Barnes 1982, p. 51; CAH, p. 73. Barnes, Timothy D. (1982). The New Empire of Diocletian and Constantine. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. doi:10.4159/harvard.9780674280670. ISBN 0-674-28066-0. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 10 May 2024. Bowman, Alan, ed. (2005). The Cambridge Ancient History XII: The Crisis of the Empire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-30200-5. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2022.
Barnes 1981, p. 6; CAH, p. 73; Potter 2005, pp. 292, 651; Southern 2001, p. 143; Williams 1985, p. 52. Barnes, Timothy D. (1981). Constantine and Eusebius. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-16531-1. Bowman, Alan, ed. (2005). The Cambridge Ancient History XII: The Crisis of the Empire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-30200-5. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2022. Potter, David S. (2005). The Roman Empire at Bay: AD 180–395. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-10057-7. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2022. Southern, Patricia (2001). The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-23944-3. Williams, Stephen (1985). Diocletian and the Roman Recovery. London: B.T. Batsford. doi:10.4324/9780203461037. ISBN 0-7134-4605-6. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2022.
CAH, p. 73; Millar 1993, pp. 180–181; Southern 2001, p. 143; Williams 1985, p. 52. Bowman, Alan, ed. (2005). The Cambridge Ancient History XII: The Crisis of the Empire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-30200-5. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2022. Millar, Fergus (1993). The Roman Near East, 31 B.C.–A.D. 337. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-77886-3. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2022. Southern, Patricia (2001). The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-23944-3. Williams, Stephen (1985). Diocletian and the Roman Recovery. London: B.T. Batsford. doi:10.4324/9780203461037. ISBN 0-7134-4605-6. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2022.
Barnes 1981, pp. 6–7; CAH, pp. 70–71; Potter 2005, pp. 283–284; Southern 2001, pp. 137–141; Williams 1985, pp. 45–47. Barnes, Timothy D. (1981). Constantine and Eusebius. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-16531-1. Bowman, Alan, ed. (2005). The Cambridge Ancient History XII: The Crisis of the Empire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-30200-5. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2022. Potter, David S. (2005). The Roman Empire at Bay: AD 180–395. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-10057-7. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2022. Southern, Patricia (2001). The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-23944-3. Williams, Stephen (1985). Diocletian and the Roman Recovery. London: B.T. Batsford. doi:10.4324/9780203461037. ISBN 0-7134-4605-6. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2022.
Williams 1985, pp. 61–62. Williams, Stephen (1985). Diocletian and the Roman Recovery. London: B.T. Batsford. doi:10.4324/9780203461037. ISBN 0-7134-4605-6. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2022.
Barnes 1981, pp. 6–7; CAH, p. 69; Potter 2005, p. 282; Southern 2001, pp. 141–142; Williams 1985, pp. 47–48. Barnes, Timothy D. (1981). Constantine and Eusebius. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-16531-1. Bowman, Alan, ed. (2005). The Cambridge Ancient History XII: The Crisis of the Empire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-30200-5. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2022. Potter, David S. (2005). The Roman Empire at Bay: AD 180–395. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-10057-7. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2022. Southern, Patricia (2001). The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-23944-3. Williams, Stephen (1985). Diocletian and the Roman Recovery. London: B.T. Batsford. doi:10.4324/9780203461037. ISBN 0-7134-4605-6. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2022.
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Barnes 1981, pp. 7, 288; Potter 2005, pp. 284–285, 650; Southern 2001, p. 143; Williams 1985, p. 55. Barnes, Timothy D. (1981). Constantine and Eusebius. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-16531-1. Potter, David S. (2005). The Roman Empire at Bay: AD 180–395. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-10057-7. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2022. Southern, Patricia (2001). The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-23944-3. Williams, Stephen (1985). Diocletian and the Roman Recovery. London: B.T. Batsford. doi:10.4324/9780203461037. ISBN 0-7134-4605-6. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2022.
Southern 2001, p. 143; Williams 1985, p. 55. Southern, Patricia (2001). The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-23944-3. Williams, Stephen (1985). Diocletian and the Roman Recovery. London: B.T. Batsford. doi:10.4324/9780203461037. ISBN 0-7134-4605-6. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2022.
Barnes 1982, p. 51; Potter 2005, pp. 285, 650. Barnes, Timothy D. (1982). The New Empire of Diocletian and Constantine. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. doi:10.4159/harvard.9780674280670. ISBN 0-674-28066-0. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 10 May 2024. Potter, David S. (2005). The Roman Empire at Bay: AD 180–395. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-10057-7. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2022.
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Barnes 1981, p. 8; Barnes 1982, p. 52; Potter 2005, p. 285. Barnes, Timothy D. (1981). Constantine and Eusebius. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-16531-1. Barnes, Timothy D. (1982). The New Empire of Diocletian and Constantine. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. doi:10.4159/harvard.9780674280670. ISBN 0-674-28066-0. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 10 May 2024. Potter, David S. (2005). The Roman Empire at Bay: AD 180–395. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-10057-7. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2022.
Barnes 1981, pp. 8, 288; Potter 2005, pp. 285, 650; Williams 1985, p. 56. Barnes, Timothy D. (1981). Constantine and Eusebius. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-16531-1. Potter, David S. (2005). The Roman Empire at Bay: AD 180–395. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-10057-7. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2022. Williams, Stephen (1985). Diocletian and the Roman Recovery. London: B.T. Batsford. doi:10.4324/9780203461037. ISBN 0-7134-4605-6. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2022.
Williams 1985, p. 57; quoting the Panegyrici Latini 11(3)12. Williams, Stephen (1985). Diocletian and the Roman Recovery. London: B.T. Batsford. doi:10.4324/9780203461037. ISBN 0-7134-4605-6. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2022.
Barnes 1981, pp. 8–9; Barnes 1982, pp. 4, 36–37; Potter 2005, p. 288; Southern 2001, p. 146; Williams 1985, pp. 64–65, 73–74. Barnes, Timothy D. (1981). Constantine and Eusebius. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-16531-1. Barnes, Timothy D. (1982). The New Empire of Diocletian and Constantine. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. doi:10.4159/harvard.9780674280670. ISBN 0-674-28066-0. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 10 May 2024. Potter, David S. (2005). The Roman Empire at Bay: AD 180–395. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-10057-7. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2022. Southern, Patricia (2001). The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-23944-3. Williams, Stephen (1985). Diocletian and the Roman Recovery. London: B.T. Batsford. doi:10.4324/9780203461037. ISBN 0-7134-4605-6. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2022.
Barnes 1981, pp. 8–9; Barnes 1982, p. 4, 38; Potter 2005, p. 288; Southern 2001, p. 146; Williams 1985, pp. 64–65. Barnes, Timothy D. (1981). Constantine and Eusebius. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-16531-1. Barnes, Timothy D. (1982). The New Empire of Diocletian and Constantine. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. doi:10.4159/harvard.9780674280670. ISBN 0-674-28066-0. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 10 May 2024. Potter, David S. (2005). The Roman Empire at Bay: AD 180–395. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-10057-7. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2022. Southern, Patricia (2001). The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-23944-3. Williams, Stephen (1985). Diocletian and the Roman Recovery. London: B.T. Batsford. doi:10.4324/9780203461037. ISBN 0-7134-4605-6. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2022.
Barnes 1981, pp. 8–9; Williams 1985, p. 67. Barnes, Timothy D. (1981). Constantine and Eusebius. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-16531-1. Williams, Stephen (1985). Diocletian and the Roman Recovery. London: B.T. Batsford. doi:10.4324/9780203461037. ISBN 0-7134-4605-6. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2022.
Corcoran 2006, pp. 45–46; Williams 1985, p. 67. Corcoran, Simon (2006). "Before Constantine". In Lenski, Noel Emmanuel (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Constantine. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 35–58. ISBN 0-521-52157-2. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2022. Williams, Stephen (1985). Diocletian and the Roman Recovery. London: B.T. Batsford. doi:10.4324/9780203461037. ISBN 0-7134-4605-6. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2022.
Barnes 1981, p. 17; Williams 1985. Barnes, Timothy D. (1981). Constantine and Eusebius. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-16531-1. Williams, Stephen (1985). Diocletian and the Roman Recovery. London: B.T. Batsford. doi:10.4324/9780203461037. ISBN 0-7134-4605-6. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2022.
Williams 1985, p. 76. Williams, Stephen (1985). Diocletian and the Roman Recovery. London: B.T. Batsford. doi:10.4324/9780203461037. ISBN 0-7134-4605-6. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2022.
Williams 1985, p. 77. Williams, Stephen (1985). Diocletian and the Roman Recovery. London: B.T. Batsford. doi:10.4324/9780203461037. ISBN 0-7134-4605-6. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2022.
Potter 2005, p. 292; Williams 1985, p. 69. Potter, David S. (2005). The Roman Empire at Bay: AD 180–395. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-10057-7. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2022. Williams, Stephen (1985). Diocletian and the Roman Recovery. London: B.T. Batsford. doi:10.4324/9780203461037. ISBN 0-7134-4605-6. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2022.
Williams 1985, pp. 69–70. Williams, Stephen (1985). Diocletian and the Roman Recovery. London: B.T. Batsford. doi:10.4324/9780203461037. ISBN 0-7134-4605-6. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2022.
Lactantius, 10.1–5; Barnes 1981, pp. 18–19; Burgess 1996, pp. 157–158; Helgeland 1974, p. 159; Liebeschuetz 1979, pp. 246–248; Odahl 2004, p. 65. Barnes, Timothy D. (1981). Constantine and Eusebius. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-16531-1. Burgess, R.W. (1996). "The Date of the Persecution of Christians in the Army". Journal of Theological Studies. 47 (1): 157–158. doi:10.1093/jts/47.1.157. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2022. Helgeland, John (1974). "Christians and the Roman Army A.D. 173–337". Church History. 43 (2): 149–163. doi:10.2307/3163949. JSTOR 3163949. S2CID 162376477. Liebeschuetz, J. H. W. G. (1979). Continuity and Change in Roman Religion. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 247. ISBN 0-19-814822-4. Odahl, Charles Matson (2004). Constantine and the Christian Empire. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-68631-5. Archived from the original on 20 December 2022. Retrieved 20 December 2022.
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Barnes 1982, p. 49; Carrié & Rousselle 1999, pp. 163–164. Barnes, Timothy D. (1982). The New Empire of Diocletian and Constantine. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. doi:10.4159/harvard.9780674280670. ISBN 0-674-28066-0. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 10 May 2024. Carrié, Jean-Michel; Rousselle, Aline (1999). L'Empire Romain en mutation: des Sévères à Constantin, 192–337. Paris: Éditions du Seuil. p. 228. ISBN 2-02-025819-6.
Lactantius, 33.1.; Williams 1985, pp. 83–84. Williams, Stephen (1985). Diocletian and the Roman Recovery. London: B.T. Batsford. doi:10.4324/9780203461037. ISBN 0-7134-4605-6. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2022.
Barnes 1981, p. 22; Williams 1985, p. 176. Barnes, Timothy D. (1981). Constantine and Eusebius. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-16531-1. Williams, Stephen (1985). Diocletian and the Roman Recovery. London: B.T. Batsford. doi:10.4324/9780203461037. ISBN 0-7134-4605-6. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2022.
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CAH, pp. 171–172; Southern 2001, pp. 162–163; Williams 1985, p. 110. Bowman, Alan, ed. (2005). The Cambridge Ancient History XII: The Crisis of the Empire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-30200-5. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2022. Southern, Patricia (2001). The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-23944-3. Williams, Stephen (1985). Diocletian and the Roman Recovery. London: B.T. Batsford. doi:10.4324/9780203461037. ISBN 0-7134-4605-6. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2022.
Southern 2001, pp. 162–63; Williams 1985, p. 110. Southern, Patricia (2001). The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-23944-3. Williams, Stephen (1985). Diocletian and the Roman Recovery. London: B.T. Batsford. doi:10.4324/9780203461037. ISBN 0-7134-4605-6. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2022.
Williams 1985, pp. 107–110. Williams, Stephen (1985). Diocletian and the Roman Recovery. London: B.T. Batsford. doi:10.4324/9780203461037. ISBN 0-7134-4605-6. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2022.
As taken from the Laterculus Veronensis or Verona List, reproduced in Barnes 1982, chs. 12–13 (with corrections in Barnes, Timothy D. (1996). "Emperors, panegyrics, prefects, provinces and palaces (284–317)". Journal of Roman Archaeology. 9: 532–552, at 548–550. doi:10.1017/S1047759400017037. S2CID 250350035.). See also: Barnes 1981, p. 9; CAH, p. 179; Rees 2004, pp. 24–27. Barnes, Timothy D. (1982). The New Empire of Diocletian and Constantine. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. doi:10.4159/harvard.9780674280670. ISBN 0-674-28066-0. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 10 May 2024. Barnes, Timothy D. (1981). Constantine and Eusebius. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-16531-1. Bowman, Alan, ed. (2005). The Cambridge Ancient History XII: The Crisis of the Empire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-30200-5. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2022. Rees, Roger (2004). Diocletian and the Tetrarchy. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 0-7486-1661-6. JSTOR 10.3366/j.ctvxcrmzd. Archived from the original on 20 December 2022. Retrieved 20 December 2022.
Williams 1985, p. 107. There were still some governors – like Arpagius, the 298 governor of Britannia Secunda – who still busied themselves with military affairs in strained circumstances. Williams, Stephen (1985). Diocletian and the Roman Recovery. London: B.T. Batsford. doi:10.4324/9780203461037. ISBN 0-7134-4605-6. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2022.
Williams 1985, pp. 53–54, 142–143. Williams, Stephen (1985). Diocletian and the Roman Recovery. London: B.T. Batsford. doi:10.4324/9780203461037. ISBN 0-7134-4605-6. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2022.
CAH, p. 201; Williams 1985, p. 143. Bowman, Alan, ed. (2005). The Cambridge Ancient History XII: The Crisis of the Empire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-30200-5. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2022. Williams, Stephen (1985). Diocletian and the Roman Recovery. London: B.T. Batsford. doi:10.4324/9780203461037. ISBN 0-7134-4605-6. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2022.
CAH, pp. 124–126; Southern 2001, pp. 154–155; Rees 2004, p. 19–20; Williams 1985, pp. 91–101. Bowman, Alan, ed. (2005). The Cambridge Ancient History XII: The Crisis of the Empire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-30200-5. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2022. Southern, Patricia (2001). The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-23944-3. Rees, Roger (2004). Diocletian and the Tetrarchy. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 0-7486-1661-6. JSTOR 10.3366/j.ctvxcrmzd. Archived from the original on 20 December 2022. Retrieved 20 December 2022. Williams, Stephen (1985). Diocletian and the Roman Recovery. London: B.T. Batsford. doi:10.4324/9780203461037. ISBN 0-7134-4605-6. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2022.
Williams 1985, p. 125. Williams, Stephen (1985). Diocletian and the Roman Recovery. London: B.T. Batsford. doi:10.4324/9780203461037. ISBN 0-7134-4605-6. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2022.
Potter 2005, p. 336; Williams 1985, pp. 131–132. Potter, David S. (2005). The Roman Empire at Bay: AD 180–395. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-10057-7. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2022. Williams, Stephen (1985). Diocletian and the Roman Recovery. London: B.T. Batsford. doi:10.4324/9780203461037. ISBN 0-7134-4605-6. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2022.
Williams 1985, pp. 228–229. Williams, Stephen (1985). Diocletian and the Roman Recovery. London: B.T. Batsford. doi:10.4324/9780203461037. ISBN 0-7134-4605-6. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2022.
Williams 1985, pp. 196–198. Williams, Stephen (1985). Diocletian and the Roman Recovery. London: B.T. Batsford. doi:10.4324/9780203461037. ISBN 0-7134-4605-6. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2022.
Williams 1985, pp. 204–206. Williams, Stephen (1985). Diocletian and the Roman Recovery. London: B.T. Batsford. doi:10.4324/9780203461037. ISBN 0-7134-4605-6. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2022.
Williams 1985, pp. 207–208, 218–219. Williams, Stephen (1985). Diocletian and the Roman Recovery. London: B.T. Batsford. doi:10.4324/9780203461037. ISBN 0-7134-4605-6. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2022.

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Corcoran 2006, p. 43; Potter 2005, p. 290. Corcoran, Simon (2006). "Before Constantine". In Lenski, Noel Emmanuel (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Constantine. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 35–58. ISBN 0-521-52157-2. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2022. Potter, David S. (2005). The Roman Empire at Bay: AD 180–395. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-10057-7. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2022.
CAH, pp. 171–172; Corcoran 2006, p. 43; Liebeschuetz 1979, pp. 235–252. Bowman, Alan, ed. (2005). The Cambridge Ancient History XII: The Crisis of the Empire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-30200-5. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2022. Corcoran, Simon (2006). "Before Constantine". In Lenski, Noel Emmanuel (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Constantine. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 35–58. ISBN 0-521-52157-2. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2022. Liebeschuetz, J. H. W. G. (1979). Continuity and Change in Roman Religion. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 247. ISBN 0-19-814822-4.
Potter 2005, p. 290. Potter, David S. (2005). The Roman Empire at Bay: AD 180–395. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-10057-7. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2022.
CAH, pp. 171–172; Southern 2001, pp. 162–163; Williams 1985, p. 110. Bowman, Alan, ed. (2005). The Cambridge Ancient History XII: The Crisis of the Empire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-30200-5. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2022. Southern, Patricia (2001). The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-23944-3. Williams, Stephen (1985). Diocletian and the Roman Recovery. London: B.T. Batsford. doi:10.4324/9780203461037. ISBN 0-7134-4605-6. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2022.
CAH, p. 172, citing the Codex Justinianus 9.47.12. Bowman, Alan, ed. (2005). The Cambridge Ancient History XII: The Crisis of the Empire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-30200-5. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2022.
Southern 2001, pp. 162–63; Williams 1985, p. 110. Southern, Patricia (2001). The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-23944-3. Williams, Stephen (1985). Diocletian and the Roman Recovery. London: B.T. Batsford. doi:10.4324/9780203461037. ISBN 0-7134-4605-6. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2022.
Williams 1985, pp. 107–110. Williams, Stephen (1985). Diocletian and the Roman Recovery. London: B.T. Batsford. doi:10.4324/9780203461037. ISBN 0-7134-4605-6. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2022.
Treadgold 1997, p. 19. Treadgold, Warren (1997). A History of the Byzantine State and Society. Stanford: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-2630-6. Archived from the original on 22 January 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2022.
CAH, p. 173, fn. 6. Bowman, Alan, ed. (2005). The Cambridge Ancient History XII: The Crisis of the Empire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-30200-5. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2022.
As taken from the Laterculus Veronensis or Verona List, reproduced in Barnes 1982, chs. 12–13 (with corrections in Barnes, Timothy D. (1996). "Emperors, panegyrics, prefects, provinces and palaces (284–317)". Journal of Roman Archaeology. 9: 532–552, at 548–550. doi:10.1017/S1047759400017037. S2CID 250350035.). See also: Barnes 1981, p. 9; CAH, p. 179; Rees 2004, pp. 24–27. Barnes, Timothy D. (1982). The New Empire of Diocletian and Constantine. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. doi:10.4159/harvard.9780674280670. ISBN 0-674-28066-0. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 10 May 2024. Barnes, Timothy D. (1981). Constantine and Eusebius. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-16531-1. Bowman, Alan, ed. (2005). The Cambridge Ancient History XII: The Crisis of the Empire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-30200-5. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2022. Rees, Roger (2004). Diocletian and the Tetrarchy. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 0-7486-1661-6. JSTOR 10.3366/j.ctvxcrmzd. Archived from the original on 20 December 2022. Retrieved 20 December 2022.
Barnes 1981, p. 9; Rees 2004, pp. 25–26. Barnes, Timothy D. (1981). Constantine and Eusebius. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-16531-1. Rees, Roger (2004). Diocletian and the Tetrarchy. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 0-7486-1661-6. JSTOR 10.3366/j.ctvxcrmzd. Archived from the original on 20 December 2022. Retrieved 20 December 2022.
Potter 2005, p. 296. Potter, David S. (2005). The Roman Empire at Bay: AD 180–395. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-10057-7. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2022.
Harries 1999, pp. 53–54; Potter 2005, p. 296. Harries, Jill (1999). Law and Empire in Late Antiquity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-41087-8. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 17 February 2023. Potter, David S. (2005). The Roman Empire at Bay: AD 180–395. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-10057-7. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2022.
Williams 1985, p. 107. There were still some governors – like Arpagius, the 298 governor of Britannia Secunda – who still busied themselves with military affairs in strained circumstances. Williams, Stephen (1985). Diocletian and the Roman Recovery. London: B.T. Batsford. doi:10.4324/9780203461037. ISBN 0-7134-4605-6. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2022.
Barnes 1981, pp. 9–10; Treadgold 1997, pp. 18–20. Barnes, Timothy D. (1981). Constantine and Eusebius. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-16531-1. Treadgold, Warren (1997). A History of the Byzantine State and Society. Stanford: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-2630-6. Archived from the original on 22 January 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2022.
Rees 2004, p. 25 citing Corcoran, Simon (1996). The Empire of the Tetrarchs: Imperial Pronouncements and Government A.D. 284–324. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 234–253. ISBN 978-0-19-814984-2. Rees, Roger (2004). Diocletian and the Tetrarchy. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 0-7486-1661-6. JSTOR 10.3366/j.ctvxcrmzd. Archived from the original on 20 December 2022. Retrieved 20 December 2022.
Williams 1985, pp. 53–54, 142–143. Williams, Stephen (1985). Diocletian and the Roman Recovery. London: B.T. Batsford. doi:10.4324/9780203461037. ISBN 0-7134-4605-6. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2022.
CAH, p. 201; Williams 1985, p. 143. Bowman, Alan, ed. (2005). The Cambridge Ancient History XII: The Crisis of the Empire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-30200-5. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2022. Williams, Stephen (1985). Diocletian and the Roman Recovery. London: B.T. Batsford. doi:10.4324/9780203461037. ISBN 0-7134-4605-6. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2022.
Potter 2005, pp. 296, 652. Potter, David S. (2005). The Roman Empire at Bay: AD 180–395. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-10057-7. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2022.
Harries 1999, pp. 14–15; Potter 2005, pp. 295–296. Harries, Jill (1999). Law and Empire in Late Antiquity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-41087-8. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 17 February 2023. Potter, David S. (2005). The Roman Empire at Bay: AD 180–395. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-10057-7. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2022.
Potter 2005, pp. 295–296. Potter, David S. (2005). The Roman Empire at Bay: AD 180–395. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-10057-7. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2022.
Harries 1999, pp. 21, 29–30; Potter 2005, pp. 295–296. Harries, Jill (1999). Law and Empire in Late Antiquity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-41087-8. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 17 February 2023. Potter, David S. (2005). The Roman Empire at Bay: AD 180–395. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-10057-7. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2022.
Harries 1999, pp. 21–22. Harries, Jill (1999). Law and Empire in Late Antiquity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-41087-8. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 17 February 2023.
Harries 1999, pp. 63–64. Harries, Jill (1999). Law and Empire in Late Antiquity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-41087-8. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 17 February 2023.
Harries 1999, p. 162. Harries, Jill (1999). Law and Empire in Late Antiquity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-41087-8. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 17 February 2023.
Harries 1999, p. 167. Harries, Jill (1999). Law and Empire in Late Antiquity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-41087-8. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 17 February 2023.
Harries 1999, p. 55. Harries, Jill (1999). Law and Empire in Late Antiquity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-41087-8. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 17 February 2023.
CAH, p. 207. Bowman, Alan, ed. (2005). The Cambridge Ancient History XII: The Crisis of the Empire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-30200-5. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2022.
CAH, pp. 124–126; Southern 2001, pp. 154–155; Rees 2004, p. 19–20; Williams 1985, pp. 91–101. Bowman, Alan, ed. (2005). The Cambridge Ancient History XII: The Crisis of the Empire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-30200-5. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2022. Southern, Patricia (2001). The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-23944-3. Rees, Roger (2004). Diocletian and the Tetrarchy. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 0-7486-1661-6. JSTOR 10.3366/j.ctvxcrmzd. Archived from the original on 20 December 2022. Retrieved 20 December 2022. Williams, Stephen (1985). Diocletian and the Roman Recovery. London: B.T. Batsford. doi:10.4324/9780203461037. ISBN 0-7134-4605-6. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2022.
CAH, p. 171; Rees 2004, p. 27. Bowman, Alan, ed. (2005). The Cambridge Ancient History XII: The Crisis of the Empire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-30200-5. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2022. Rees, Roger (2004). Diocletian and the Tetrarchy. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 0-7486-1661-6. JSTOR 10.3366/j.ctvxcrmzd. Archived from the original on 20 December 2022. Retrieved 20 December 2022.
Rees 2004, p. 27. Rees, Roger (2004). Diocletian and the Tetrarchy. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 0-7486-1661-6. JSTOR 10.3366/j.ctvxcrmzd. Archived from the original on 20 December 2022. Retrieved 20 December 2022.
Corcoran 2006, p. 46; quoting Zosimus, 2.34. Corcoran, Simon (2006). "Before Constantine". In Lenski, Noel Emmanuel (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Constantine. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 35–58. ISBN 0-521-52157-2. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2022.
De Mensibus Archived 4 March 2023 at the Wayback Machine 1.27.
Rees 2004, p. 17. Rees, Roger (2004). Diocletian and the Tetrarchy. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 0-7486-1661-6. JSTOR 10.3366/j.ctvxcrmzd. Archived from the original on 20 December 2022. Retrieved 20 December 2022.
Southern 2001, pp. 158–159; Treadgold 1997, pp. 112–113. Southern, Patricia (2001). The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-23944-3. Treadgold, Warren (1997). A History of the Byzantine State and Society. Stanford: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-2630-6. Archived from the original on 22 January 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2022.
Treadgold 1997, p. 20. Treadgold, Warren (1997). A History of the Byzantine State and Society. Stanford: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-2630-6. Archived from the original on 22 January 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2022.
CAH, p. 173; Rees 2004, p. 18. Bowman, Alan, ed. (2005). The Cambridge Ancient History XII: The Crisis of the Empire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-30200-5. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2022. Rees, Roger (2004). Diocletian and the Tetrarchy. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 0-7486-1661-6. JSTOR 10.3366/j.ctvxcrmzd. Archived from the original on 20 December 2022. Retrieved 20 December 2022.
Southern 2001, p. 160; Treadgold 1997, p. 20. Southern, Patricia (2001). The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-23944-3. Treadgold, Warren (1997). A History of the Byzantine State and Society. Stanford: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-2630-6. Archived from the original on 22 January 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2022.
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Barnes 1981, pp. 9, 288; Rees 2004, pp. 28–29; Southern 2001, p. 159. Barnes, Timothy D. (1981). Constantine and Eusebius. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-16531-1. Rees, Roger (2004). Diocletian and the Tetrarchy. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 0-7486-1661-6. JSTOR 10.3366/j.ctvxcrmzd. Archived from the original on 20 December 2022. Retrieved 20 December 2022. Southern, Patricia (2001). The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-23944-3.
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The Roman Empire and the Tetrarchy of Diocletian, 293 - 305 CE, World History Encyclopedia