Disc herniation (English Wikipedia)

Pedro, Karlo M.; Alenezi, Nasser B.; Fehlings, Michael G. (2025), "Lumbar Disc Herniation and Spinal Stenosis", in Espregueira-Mendes, João; Karlsson, Jón; Musahl, Volker; Ayeni, Olufemi R. (eds.), Orthopaedic Sports Medicine, Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, pp. 1–22, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-65430-6_203-1, ISBN 978-3-030-65430-6, retrieved 2026-08-08
Ernst CW, Stadnik TW, Peeters E, Breucq C, Osteaux MJ (Sep 2005). "Prevalence of annular tears and disc herniations on MR images of the cervical spine in symptom free volunteers". Eur J Radiol. 55 (3): 409–14. doi:10.1016/j.ejrad.2004.11.003. PMID 16129249.
Gao, Qingyang; Yang, Huiliang; Masood, Umar; Zhou, Chunguang; Cen, Ying; Song, Yueming (November 2023). "Lumbar Disc Herniation with Contralateral Symptoms: A Case-Series of 11 Patients and Literature Review". Orthopaedic Surgery. 15 (11): 2839–2847. doi:10.1111/os.13849. ISSN 1757-7861. PMC 10622262. PMID 37749774.
Del Grande F, Maus TP, Carrino JA (July 2012). "Imaging the intervertebral disk: age-related changes, herniations, and radicular pain". Radiol. Clin. North Am. 50 (4): 629–49. doi:10.1016/j.rcl.2012.04.014. PMID 22643389.
Kawaguchi, Y. (2018). "Genetic background of degenerative disc disease in the lumbar spine". Spine Surgery and Related Research. 2 (2): 98–112. doi:10.22603/ssrr.2017-0007. PMC 6698496. PMID 31440655.
Hirose, Yuichiro; et al. (May 2008). "A Functional Polymorphism in THBS2 that Affects Alternative Splicing and MMP Binding Is Associated with Lumbar-Disc Herniation". American Journal of Human Genetics. 82 (5): 1122–1129. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.03.013. PMC 2427305. PMID 18455130.
Shimozaki, K.; Nakase, J.; Yoshioka, K.; Takata, Y.; Asai, K.; Kitaoka, K.; Tsuchiya, H. (2018). "Incidence rates and characteristics of abnormal lumbar findings and low back pain in child and adolescent weightlifter: A prospective three-year cohort study". PLOS ONE. 13 (10) e0206125. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1306125S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0206125. PMC 6205614. PMID 30372456.
Videman, T.; Sarna, S.; Battié, M. C.; Koskinen, S.; Gill, K.; Paananen, H.; Gibbons, L. (1995). "The long-term effects of physical loading and exercise lifestyles on back-related symptoms, disability, and spinal pathology among men - PubMed". Spine. 20 (6): 699–709. doi:10.1097/00007632-199503150-00011. PMID 7604346. S2CID 5983201.
Kraemer J (March 1995). "Natural course and prognosis of intervertebral disc diseases. International Society for the Study of the Lumbar Spine Seattle, Washington, June 1994". Spine. 20 (6): 635–9. doi:10.1097/00007632-199503150-00001. PMID 7604337.
Ball, J. R.; Harris, C. B.; Lee, J.; Vives, M. J. (2019). "Lumbar Spine Injuries in Sports: Review of the Literature and Current Treatment Recommendations". Sports Medicine - Open. 5 (1): 26. doi:10.1186/s40798-019-0199-7. PMC 6591346. PMID 31236714.
Hsu, Wellington K. (August 2010). "Lumbar and Cervical Disk Herniations in NFL Players: Return to Action". Orthopedics. 33 (8): 566–568. doi:10.3928/01477447-20100625-18. PMID 20704153.
Earhart, Jeffrey S.; Roberts, David; Roc, Gilbert; Gryzlo, Stephen; Hsu, Wellington (January 2012). "Effects of Lumbar Disk Herniation on the Careers of Professional Baseball Players". Orthopedics. 35 (1): 43–49. doi:10.3928/01477447-20111122-40. PMID 22229920.
Al-Ryalat, Nosaiba Tawfik; Saleh, Saif Aldeen; Mahafza, Walid Sulaiman; Samara, Osama Ahmad; Ryalat, Abdee Tawfiq; Al-Hadidy, Azmy Mohammad (March 2017). "Myelopathy associated with age-related cervical disc herniation: a retrospective review of magnetic resonance images". Annals of Saudi Medicine. 37 (2): 130–137. doi:10.5144/0256-4947.2017.130. ISSN 0975-4466. PMC 6150546. PMID 28377542.
Patel, Alpesh A.; Spiker, William Ryan; Daubs, Michael; Brodke, Darrel; Cannon-Albright, Lisa A. (2011-02-02). "Evidence for an inherited predisposition to lumbar disc disease". The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 93 (3): 225–229. doi:10.2106/JBJS.J.00276. ISSN 1535-1386. PMC 3028451. PMID 21266637.
Kobayashi, K (October 2014). "Intradural disc herniation: Radiographic findings and surgical results with a literature review". Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery. 125: 47–51. doi:10.1016/j.clineuro.2014.06.033. PMID 25086430. S2CID 32978237. Archived from the original on 2024-04-22. Retrieved 2026-07-31.
Peng B, Wu W, Li Z, Guo J, Wang X (Jan 2007). "Chemical radiculitis". Pain. 127 (1–2): 11–6. doi:10.1016/j.pain.2006.06.034. PMID 16963186. S2CID 45814193.
Marshall LL, Trethewie ER (Aug 1973). "Chemical irritation of nerve-root in disc prolapse". Lancet. 2 (7824): 320. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(73)90818-0. PMID 4124797.
McCarron RF, Wimpee MW, Hudkins PG, Laros GS (Oct 1987). "The inflammatory effect of nucleus pulposus. A possible element in the pathogenesis of low-back pain". Spine. 12 (8): 760–4. doi:10.1097/00007632-198710000-00009. PMID 2961088. S2CID 22589442.
Takahashi H, Suguro T, Okazima Y, Motegi M, Okada Y, Kakiuchi T (Jan 1996). "Inflammatory cytokines in the herniated disc of the lumbar spine". Spine. 21 (2): 218–24. doi:10.1097/00007632-199601150-00011. PMID 8720407. S2CID 10909087.
Igarashi T, Kikuchi S, Shubayev V, Myers RR (Dec 2000). "2000 Volvo Award winner in basic science studies: Exogenous tumor necrosis factor-alpha mimics nucleus pulposus-induced neuropathology. Molecular, histologic, and behavioral comparisons in rats". Spine. 25 (23): 2975–80. doi:10.1097/00007632-200012010-00003. PMID 11145807. S2CID 45206575.
Sommer C, Schäfers M (2004). "Mechanisms of neuropathic pain: the role of cytokines". Drug Discovery Today: Disease Mechanisms. 1 (4): 441–8. doi:10.1016/j.ddmec.2004.11.018.
Igarashi A, Kikuchi S, Konno S, Olmarker K (Oct 2004). "Inflammatory cytokines released from the facet joint tissue in degenerative lumbar spinal disorders". Spine. 29 (19): 2091–5. doi:10.1097/01.brs.0000141265.55411.30. PMID 15454697. S2CID 46717050.
Sakuma Y, Ohtori S, Miyagi M, et al. (Aug 2007). "Up-regulation of p55 TNF alpha-receptor in dorsal root ganglia neurons following lumbar facet joint injury in rats". Eur Spine J. 16 (8): 1273–8. doi:10.1007/s00586-007-0365-3. PMC 2200776. PMID 17468886.
Sekiguchi M, Kikuchi S, Myers RR (May 2004). "Experimental spinal stenosis: relationship between degree of cauda equina compression, neuropathology, and pain". Spine. 29 (10): 1105–11. doi:10.1097/00007632-200405150-00011. PMID 15131438. S2CID 41308365.
Séguin CA, Pilliar RM, Roughley PJ, Kandel RA (Sep 2005). "Tumor necrosis factor-alpha modulates matrix production and catabolism in nucleus pulposus tissue". Spine. 30 (17): 1940–8. doi:10.1097/01.brs.0000176188.40263.f9. PMID 16135983. S2CID 42449538.
Waddell G, McCulloch JA, Kummel E, Venner RM (1980). "Nonorganic physical signs in low-back pain". Spine. 5 (2): 117–25. doi:10.1097/00007632-198003000-00005. PMID 6446157. S2CID 29441806.
Rabin A, Gerszten PC, Karausky P, Bunker CH, Potter DM, Welch WC (2007). "The sensitivity of the seated straight-leg raise test compared with the supine straight-leg raise test in patients presenting with magnetic resonance imaging evidence of lumbar nerve root compression". Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 88 (7): 840–3. doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2007.04.016. PMID 17601462.
van der Windt, Daniëlle AWM; Simons, Emmanuel; Riphagen, Ingrid I; Ammendolia, Carlo; Verhagen, Arianne P; Laslett, Mark; Devillé, Walter; Deyo, Rick A; Bouter, Lex M; de Vet, Henrica CW; Aertgeerts, Bert (2010-02-17). "Physical examination for lumbar radiculopathy due to disc herniation in patients with low-back pain". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (2) CD007431. doi:10.1002/14651858.cd007431.pub2. ISSN 1465-1858. PMID 20166095.
Chen R, Cros D, Curra A, et al. (March 2008). "The clinical diagnostic utility of transcranial magnetic stimulation: report of an IFCN committee". Clin Neurophysiol. 119 (3): 504–32. doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2007.10.014. PMID 18063409. S2CID 8345397.
Albazli, Khaled; Alotaibi, Manal; Almoallim, Hani (2021), "Low-Back Pain", in Almoallim, Hani; Cheikh, Mohamed (eds.), Skills in Rheumatology, Singapore: Springer, pp. 127–138, doi:10.1007/978-981-15-8323-0_6, ISBN 978-981-15-8323-0, PMID 36315799, retrieved 2026-08-08
Jacobs WC, Arts MP, van Tulder MW, et al. (November 2012). "Surgical techniques for sciatica due to herniated disc, a systematic review". Eur Spine J. 21 (11): 2232–51. doi:10.1007/s00586-012-2422-9. PMC 3481105. PMID 22814567.
Pinto, RZ; Maher, CG; Ferreira, ML; Hancock, M; Oliveira, VC; McLachlan, AJ; Koes, B; Ferreira, PH (18 December 2012). "Epidural corticosteroid injections in the management of sciatica: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Annals of Internal Medicine. 157 (12): 865–77. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-157-12-201212180-00564. PMID 23362516. S2CID 21203011.
Abbasi A, Malhotra G, Malanga G, Elovic EP, Kahn S (Sep 2007). "Complications of interlaminar cervical epidural steroid injections: a review of the literature". Spine. 32 (19): 2144–51. doi:10.1097/BRS.0b013e318145a360. PMID 17762818. S2CID 23087393.
Leininger B, Bronfort G, Evans R, Reiter T (2011). "Spinal manipulation or mobilization for radiculopathy: a systematic review". Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am. 22 (1): 105–25. doi:10.1016/j.pmr.2010.11.002. PMID 21292148.
Hahne AJ, Ford JJ, McMeeken JM (2010). "Conservative management of lumbar disc herniation with associated radiculopathy: a systematic review". Spine. 35 (11): E488–504. doi:10.1097/BRS.0b013e3181cc3f56. PMID 20421859. S2CID 19121111. Archived from the original on 2023-05-31. Retrieved 2023-03-02.
Snelling N (2006). "Spinal manipulation in patients with disc herniation: A critical review of risk and benefit". International Journal of Osteopathic Medicine. 9 (3): 77–84. doi:10.1016/j.ijosm.2006.08.001. Archived from the original on 2014-03-18. Retrieved 2010-02-19.
Oliphant, D (2004). "Safety of Spinal Manipulation in the Treatment of Lumbar Disk Herniations: A Systematic Review and Risk Assessment". Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 27 (3): 197–210. doi:10.1016/j.jmpt.2003.12.023. PMID 15129202.
Daniel, Dwain M (2007). "Non-surgical spinal decompression therapy: does the scientific literature support efficacy claims made in the advertising media?". Chiropractic & Osteopathy. 15 (1) 7. doi:10.1186/1746-1340-15-7. PMC 1887522. PMID 17511872.
Manusov, EG (September 2012). "Surgical treatment of low back pain". Primary Care. 39 (3): 525–31. doi:10.1016/j.pop.2012.06.010. PMID 22958562.
Rasouli, MR; Rahimi-Movaghar, V; Shokraneh, F; Moradi-Lakeh, M; Chou, R (Sep 4, 2014). "Minimally invasive discectomy versus microdiscectomy/open discectomy for symptomatic lumbar disc herniation". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2014 (9) CD010328. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD010328.pub2. PMC 10961733. PMID 25184502. S2CID 25838265.
Ahn, Yong; Choi, Gun; Lee, Sang-Ho (2016). "History of Lumbar Endoscopic Spinal Surgery and the Intradiskal Therapies". Advanced Concepts in Lumbar Degenerative Disk Disease. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 783–791. doi:10.1007/978-3-662-47756-4_53. ISBN 978-3-662-47755-7.
Gibson, J. N. A.; Waddell, G. (2007-04-18). Gibson, JN Alastair (ed.). "Surgical interventions for lumbar disc prolapse". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2007 (2) CD001350. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001350.pub4. ISSN 1469-493X. PMC 7028003. PMID 17443505.
Oosterhuis, Teddy; Costa, Leonardo OP; Maher, Christopher G; de Vet, Henrica CW; van Tulder, Maurits W; Ostelo, Raymond WJG (2014-03-14). "Rehabilitation after lumbar disc surgery". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2014 (3) CD003007. doi:10.1002/14651858.cd003007.pub3. ISSN 1465-1858. PMC 7138272. PMID 24627325.
Leung VY, Chan D, Cheung KM (Aug 2006). "Regeneration of intervertebral disc by mesenchymal stem cells: potentials, limitations, and future direction". Eur Spine J. 15 (Suppl 3): S406–13. doi:10.1007/s00586-006-0183-z. PMC 2335386. PMID 16845553.

ehealthmd.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Ehealthmd.com FAQ: "...the entire disc does not 'slip' out of place." Archived 2010-01-06 at the Wayback Machine

emedicine.com (Global: 5,845^th place; English: 6,000^th place)

Windsor, Robert E (2006). "Frequency of asymptomatic cervical disc protrusions". Cervical Disc Injuries. eMedicine. Archived from the original on 2009-01-08. Retrieved 2008-02-27.
Lumbar herniation at eMedicine
Cervical herniation at eMedicine

emedicinehealth.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Slipped discs: "they do not actually 'slip'..."". Emedicinehealth.com. Archived from the original on 2012-03-06. Retrieved 2011-12-19.

fda.gov (Global: 470^th place; English: 329^th place)

"Epidural Corticosteroid Injection: Drug Safety Communication - Risk of Rare But Serious Neurologic Problems". FDA. 2014. Archived from the original on April 6, 2017.

figshare.com (Global: 3,822^nd place; English: 2,289^th place)

Hahne AJ, Ford JJ, McMeeken JM (2010). "Conservative management of lumbar disc herniation with associated radiculopathy: a systematic review". Spine. 35 (11): E488–504. doi:10.1097/BRS.0b013e3181cc3f56. PMID 20421859. S2CID 19121111. Archived from the original on 2023-05-31. Retrieved 2023-03-02.

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"What is the physical toll of playing rugby?". September 2015. Archived from the original on 2021-02-27. Retrieved 2020-12-21.

journalofosteopathicmedicine.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Snelling N (2006). "Spinal manipulation in patients with disc herniation: A critical review of risk and benefit". International Journal of Osteopathic Medicine. 9 (3): 77–84. doi:10.1016/j.ijosm.2006.08.001. Archived from the original on 2014-03-18. Retrieved 2010-02-19.

macdonaldpublishing.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Backache from Occiput to Coccyx | Home Page". www.macdonaldpublishing.com. Archived from the original on 2019-03-16. Retrieved 2021-02-23.
Burke, Gerald L. "Backache: From Occiput to Coccyx". MacDonald Publishing. Archived from the original on 2014-08-08. Retrieved 2008-03-14.

mayoclinic.org (Global: 2,191^st place; English: 1,798^th place)

"Herniated disk". Mayo Clinic. Archived from the original on 8 October 2017. Retrieved 16 December 2022.

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"Herniated disk: 6 safe exercises and what to avoid". Medical News Today. 28 January 2019. Archived from the original on 2019-12-24. Retrieved 2019-12-24.

medlineplus.gov (Global: 1,521^st place; English: 1,017^th place)

MedlinePlus Encyclopedia: Herniated nucleus pulposus Frequency

nhs.uk (Global: 2,637^th place; English: 2,254^th place)

"Slipped disc". nhs.uk. 2017-10-23. Retrieved 2026-08-01.

nih.gov (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Ernst CW, Stadnik TW, Peeters E, Breucq C, Osteaux MJ (Sep 2005). "Prevalence of annular tears and disc herniations on MR images of the cervical spine in symptom free volunteers". Eur J Radiol. 55 (3): 409–14. doi:10.1016/j.ejrad.2004.11.003. PMID 16129249.
Stretanski, Michael F.; Hu, Young; Mesfin, Fassil B. (2026), "Disk Herniation", StatPearls, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, PMID 28722852, retrieved 2026-08-01
Gao, Qingyang; Yang, Huiliang; Masood, Umar; Zhou, Chunguang; Cen, Ying; Song, Yueming (November 2023). "Lumbar Disc Herniation with Contralateral Symptoms: A Case-Series of 11 Patients and Literature Review". Orthopaedic Surgery. 15 (11): 2839–2847. doi:10.1111/os.13849. ISSN 1757-7861. PMC 10622262. PMID 37749774.
Margetis, Konstantinos; Al Khalili, Yasir (2026), "Cervical Disc Herniation", StatPearls, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, PMID 31536225, retrieved 2026-08-10
Del Grande F, Maus TP, Carrino JA (July 2012). "Imaging the intervertebral disk: age-related changes, herniations, and radicular pain". Radiol. Clin. North Am. 50 (4): 629–49. doi:10.1016/j.rcl.2012.04.014. PMID 22643389.
Kawaguchi, Y. (2018). "Genetic background of degenerative disc disease in the lumbar spine". Spine Surgery and Related Research. 2 (2): 98–112. doi:10.22603/ssrr.2017-0007. PMC 6698496. PMID 31440655.
Hirose, Yuichiro; et al. (May 2008). "A Functional Polymorphism in THBS2 that Affects Alternative Splicing and MMP Binding Is Associated with Lumbar-Disc Herniation". American Journal of Human Genetics. 82 (5): 1122–1129. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.03.013. PMC 2427305. PMID 18455130.
Shimozaki, K.; Nakase, J.; Yoshioka, K.; Takata, Y.; Asai, K.; Kitaoka, K.; Tsuchiya, H. (2018). "Incidence rates and characteristics of abnormal lumbar findings and low back pain in child and adolescent weightlifter: A prospective three-year cohort study". PLOS ONE. 13 (10) e0206125. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1306125S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0206125. PMC 6205614. PMID 30372456.
Videman, T.; Sarna, S.; Battié, M. C.; Koskinen, S.; Gill, K.; Paananen, H.; Gibbons, L. (1995). "The long-term effects of physical loading and exercise lifestyles on back-related symptoms, disability, and spinal pathology among men - PubMed". Spine. 20 (6): 699–709. doi:10.1097/00007632-199503150-00011. PMID 7604346. S2CID 5983201.
Kraemer J (March 1995). "Natural course and prognosis of intervertebral disc diseases. International Society for the Study of the Lumbar Spine Seattle, Washington, June 1994". Spine. 20 (6): 635–9. doi:10.1097/00007632-199503150-00001. PMID 7604337.
Ball, J. R.; Harris, C. B.; Lee, J.; Vives, M. J. (2019). "Lumbar Spine Injuries in Sports: Review of the Literature and Current Treatment Recommendations". Sports Medicine - Open. 5 (1): 26. doi:10.1186/s40798-019-0199-7. PMC 6591346. PMID 31236714.
Hsu, Wellington K. (August 2010). "Lumbar and Cervical Disk Herniations in NFL Players: Return to Action". Orthopedics. 33 (8): 566–568. doi:10.3928/01477447-20100625-18. PMID 20704153.
Earhart, Jeffrey S.; Roberts, David; Roc, Gilbert; Gryzlo, Stephen; Hsu, Wellington (January 2012). "Effects of Lumbar Disk Herniation on the Careers of Professional Baseball Players". Orthopedics. 35 (1): 43–49. doi:10.3928/01477447-20111122-40. PMID 22229920.
Bartolozzi, C.; Caramella, D.; Zampa, V.; Dal Pozzo, G.; Tinacci, E.; Balducci, F. (1991). "[The incidence of disk changes in volleyball players. The magnetic resonance findings] - PubMed". La Radiologia Medica. 82 (6): 757–60. PMID 1788427.
Al-Ryalat, Nosaiba Tawfik; Saleh, Saif Aldeen; Mahafza, Walid Sulaiman; Samara, Osama Ahmad; Ryalat, Abdee Tawfiq; Al-Hadidy, Azmy Mohammad (March 2017). "Myelopathy associated with age-related cervical disc herniation: a retrospective review of magnetic resonance images". Annals of Saudi Medicine. 37 (2): 130–137. doi:10.5144/0256-4947.2017.130. ISSN 0975-4466. PMC 6150546. PMID 28377542.
Patel, Alpesh A.; Spiker, William Ryan; Daubs, Michael; Brodke, Darrel; Cannon-Albright, Lisa A. (2011-02-02). "Evidence for an inherited predisposition to lumbar disc disease". The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 93 (3): 225–229. doi:10.2106/JBJS.J.00276. ISSN 1535-1386. PMC 3028451. PMID 21266637.
Kobayashi, K (October 2014). "Intradural disc herniation: Radiographic findings and surgical results with a literature review". Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery. 125: 47–51. doi:10.1016/j.clineuro.2014.06.033. PMID 25086430. S2CID 32978237. Archived from the original on 2024-04-22. Retrieved 2026-07-31.
Peng B, Wu W, Li Z, Guo J, Wang X (Jan 2007). "Chemical radiculitis". Pain. 127 (1–2): 11–6. doi:10.1016/j.pain.2006.06.034. PMID 16963186. S2CID 45814193.
Marshall LL, Trethewie ER (Aug 1973). "Chemical irritation of nerve-root in disc prolapse". Lancet. 2 (7824): 320. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(73)90818-0. PMID 4124797.
McCarron RF, Wimpee MW, Hudkins PG, Laros GS (Oct 1987). "The inflammatory effect of nucleus pulposus. A possible element in the pathogenesis of low-back pain". Spine. 12 (8): 760–4. doi:10.1097/00007632-198710000-00009. PMID 2961088. S2CID 22589442.
Takahashi H, Suguro T, Okazima Y, Motegi M, Okada Y, Kakiuchi T (Jan 1996). "Inflammatory cytokines in the herniated disc of the lumbar spine". Spine. 21 (2): 218–24. doi:10.1097/00007632-199601150-00011. PMID 8720407. S2CID 10909087.
Igarashi T, Kikuchi S, Shubayev V, Myers RR (Dec 2000). "2000 Volvo Award winner in basic science studies: Exogenous tumor necrosis factor-alpha mimics nucleus pulposus-induced neuropathology. Molecular, histologic, and behavioral comparisons in rats". Spine. 25 (23): 2975–80. doi:10.1097/00007632-200012010-00003. PMID 11145807. S2CID 45206575.
Igarashi A, Kikuchi S, Konno S, Olmarker K (Oct 2004). "Inflammatory cytokines released from the facet joint tissue in degenerative lumbar spinal disorders". Spine. 29 (19): 2091–5. doi:10.1097/01.brs.0000141265.55411.30. PMID 15454697. S2CID 46717050.
Sakuma Y, Ohtori S, Miyagi M, et al. (Aug 2007). "Up-regulation of p55 TNF alpha-receptor in dorsal root ganglia neurons following lumbar facet joint injury in rats". Eur Spine J. 16 (8): 1273–8. doi:10.1007/s00586-007-0365-3. PMC 2200776. PMID 17468886.
Sekiguchi M, Kikuchi S, Myers RR (May 2004). "Experimental spinal stenosis: relationship between degree of cauda equina compression, neuropathology, and pain". Spine. 29 (10): 1105–11. doi:10.1097/00007632-200405150-00011. PMID 15131438. S2CID 41308365.
Séguin CA, Pilliar RM, Roughley PJ, Kandel RA (Sep 2005). "Tumor necrosis factor-alpha modulates matrix production and catabolism in nucleus pulposus tissue". Spine. 30 (17): 1940–8. doi:10.1097/01.brs.0000176188.40263.f9. PMID 16135983. S2CID 42449538.
Waddell G, McCulloch JA, Kummel E, Venner RM (1980). "Nonorganic physical signs in low-back pain". Spine. 5 (2): 117–25. doi:10.1097/00007632-198003000-00005. PMID 6446157. S2CID 29441806.
Rabin A, Gerszten PC, Karausky P, Bunker CH, Potter DM, Welch WC (2007). "The sensitivity of the seated straight-leg raise test compared with the supine straight-leg raise test in patients presenting with magnetic resonance imaging evidence of lumbar nerve root compression". Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 88 (7): 840–3. doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2007.04.016. PMID 17601462.
van der Windt, Daniëlle AWM; Simons, Emmanuel; Riphagen, Ingrid I; Ammendolia, Carlo; Verhagen, Arianne P; Laslett, Mark; Devillé, Walter; Deyo, Rick A; Bouter, Lex M; de Vet, Henrica CW; Aertgeerts, Bert (2010-02-17). "Physical examination for lumbar radiculopathy due to disc herniation in patients with low-back pain". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (2) CD007431. doi:10.1002/14651858.cd007431.pub2. ISSN 1465-1858. PMID 20166095.
Al Qaraghli, MI; De Jesus, O (2021), "article-24453", Lumbar Disc Herniation, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, PMID 32809713, archived from the original on 2022-02-21, retrieved 2021-09-09
Deftereos SN, et al. (April–June 2009). "Localisation of cervical spinal cord compression by TMS and MRI". Funct Neurol. 24 (2): 99–105. PMID 19775538.
Chen R, Cros D, Curra A, et al. (March 2008). "The clinical diagnostic utility of transcranial magnetic stimulation: report of an IFCN committee". Clin Neurophysiol. 119 (3): 504–32. doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2007.10.014. PMID 18063409. S2CID 8345397.
Albazli, Khaled; Alotaibi, Manal; Almoallim, Hani (2021), "Low-Back Pain", in Almoallim, Hani; Cheikh, Mohamed (eds.), Skills in Rheumatology, Singapore: Springer, pp. 127–138, doi:10.1007/978-981-15-8323-0_6, ISBN 978-981-15-8323-0, PMID 36315799, retrieved 2026-08-08
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Disc herniation (English Wikipedia)

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