Discrimination against people with HIV/AIDS (English Wikipedia)

Mirza, Shabab Ahmed; Rooney, Caitlin (2018-01-18). "Discrimination Prevents LGBTQ People From Accessing Health Care". Center for American Progress. Retrieved 2021-04-08.

avert.org

"HIV Stigma and Discrimination". Avert. 2015-07-20. Retrieved 2021-04-08.
"Funding for HIV and AIDS". Avert. 2015-07-20. Retrieved 2022-02-14.
"Prisoners, HIV and AIDS". Avert. 2015-07-20. Retrieved 2021-04-08.

cdc.gov

"Facts about HIV Stigma | HIV Basics | HIV/AIDS | CDC". www.cdc.gov. 2020-10-22. Retrieved 2021-04-08.
"HIV Transmission | HIV Basics | HIV/AIDS | CDC". www.cdc.gov. 2019-09-25. Retrieved 2020-06-30.
"HIV Treatment as Prevention | HIV Risk and Prevention | HIV/AIDS | CDC". www.cdc.gov. 2020-04-06. Retrieved 2020-06-30.
"PrEP | HIV Basics | HIV/AIDS | CDC". www.cdc.gov. 2020-06-04. Retrieved 2020-06-23.
"COVID-19 and Your Health". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2020-02-11. Retrieved 2021-03-03.
Dooling, Kathleen (2020). "The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices' Interim Recommendation for Allocating Initial Supplies of COVID-19 Vaccine — United States, 2020". MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 69 (49): 1857–1859. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6949e1. ISSN 0149-2195. PMC 7737687. PMID 33301429.

doi.org

Mahajan AP, Sayles JN, Patel VA, Remien RH, Sawires SR, Ortiz DJ, et al. (August 2008). "Stigma in the HIV/AIDS epidemic: a review of the literature and recommendations for the way forward". AIDS. 22 (Suppl 2): S67-79. doi:10.1097/01.aids.0000327438.13291.62. PMC 2835402. PMID 18641472.
Morris M, Cooper RL, Ramesh A, Tabatabai M, Arcury TA, Shinn M, et al. (August 2019). "Training to reduce LGBTQ-related bias among medical, nursing, and dental students and providers: a systematic review". BMC Medical Education. 19 (1): 325. doi:10.1186/s12909-019-1727-3. PMC 6716913. PMID 31470837.
Parker R, Aggleton P (July 2003). "HIV and AIDS-related stigma and discrimination: a conceptual framework and implications for action". Social Science & Medicine. 57 (1): 13–24. doi:10.1016/S0277-9536(02)00304-0. PMID 12753813.
Waite KR, Paasche-Orlow M, Rintamaki LS, Davis TC, Wolf MS (September 2008). "Literacy, social stigma, and HIV medication adherence". Journal of General Internal Medicine. 23 (9): 1367–72. doi:10.1007/s11606-008-0662-5. PMC 2518013. PMID 18563494.
Arno, Peter S.; Hughes, Robert G. (1989), "Local policy responses to the AIDS epidemic: New York and San Francisco", Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, Boston, MA: Springer US, pp. 11–19, doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-0807-2_3, ISBN 978-1-4612-8092-7, retrieved 2023-05-01
Anderson BJ (December 2009). "HIV Stigma and Discrimination Persist, Even in Health Care". The Virtual Mentor. 11 (12): 998–1001. doi:10.1001/virtualmentor.2009.11.12.oped1-0912. PMID 23207098.
Pollini RA, Blanco E, Crump C, Zúñiga ML (October 2011). "A community-based study of barriers to HIV care initiation". AIDS Patient Care and STDs. 601-09. 25 (10): 601–9. doi:10.1089/apc.2010.0390. PMC 3183651. PMID 21955175.
Karamitros G, Kitsos N, Karamitrou I (2017-06-08). "The ban on blood donation on men who have sex with men: time to rethink and reassess an outdated policy". The Pan African Medical Journal. 27: 99. doi:10.11604/pamj.2017.27.99.12891. PMC 5554671. PMID 28819520.
Dos Santos MM, Kruger P, Mellors SE, Wolvaardt G, van der Ryst E (January 2014). "An exploratory survey measuring stigma and discrimination experienced by people living with HIV/AIDS in South Africa: the People Living with HIV Stigma Index". BMC Public Health. 14 (1): 80. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-80. PMC 3909177. PMID 24461042.
Visser MJ, Makin JD, Vandormael A, Sikkema KJ, Forsyth BW (February 2009). "HIV/AIDS stigma in a South African community". AIDS Care. 21 (2): 197–206. doi:10.1080/09540120801932157. PMC 4238924. PMID 19229689.
Heckman TG, Anderson ES, Sikkema KJ, Kochman A, Kalichman SC, Anderson T (January 2004). "Emotional distress in nonmetropolitan persons living with HIV disease enrolled in a telephone-delivered, coping improvement group intervention". Health Psychology. 23 (1): 94–100. doi:10.1037/0278-6133.23.1.94. PMID 14756608.
Buseh AG, Kelber ST, Stevens PE, Park CG (2008). "Relationship of symptoms, perceived health, and stigma with quality of life among urban HIV-infected African American men". Public Health Nursing. 25 (5): 409–19. doi:10.1111/j.1525-1446.2008.00725.x. PMID 18816358.
Pellowski JA, Kalichman SC, Matthews KA, Adler N (2013). "A pandemic of the poor: social disadvantage and the U.S. HIV epidemic". The American Psychologist. 68 (4): 197–209. doi:10.1037/a0032694. PMC 3700367. PMID 23688088.
Gardner EM, McLees MP, Steiner JF, Del Rio C, Burman WJ (March 2011). "The spectrum of engagement in HIV care and its relevance to test-and-treat strategies for prevention of HIV infection". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 52 (6): 793–800. doi:10.1093/cid/ciq243. PMC 3106261. PMID 21367734.
Cunningham, William E; Hays, Ron D; Duan, Naihua; Andersen, Ronald; Nakazono, Terry T; Bozzette, Samuel A; Shapiro, Martin F (November 2005). "The Effect of Socioeconomic Status on the Survival of People Receiving Care for HIV Infection in the United States". Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved. 16 (4): 655–676. doi:10.1353/hpu.2005.0093. ISSN 1548-6869. PMID 16311491.
Abara, Winston; Heiman, Harry J. (November 2014). "The Affordable Care Act and Low-Income People Living With HIV: Looking Forward in 2014 and Beyond". Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care. 25 (6): 476–482. doi:10.1016/j.jana.2014.05.002. ISSN 1055-3290. PMC 4472370. PMID 24996850.
Snider, Julia Thornton; Juday, Timothy; Romley, John A.; Seekins, Daniel; Rosenblatt, Lisa; Sanchez, Yuri; Goldman, Dana P. (March 2014). "Nearly 60,000 Uninsured And Low-Income People With HIV/AIDS Live In States That Are Not Expanding Medicaid". Health Affairs. 33 (3): 386–393. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.2013.1453. ISSN 0278-2715.
Kleeberger CA, Phair JP, Strathdee SA, Detels R, Kingsley L, Jacobson LP (January 2001). "Determinants of heterogeneous adherence to HIV-antiretroviral therapies in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study". Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes. 26 (1): 82–92. doi:10.1097/00126334-200101010-00012. PMID 11176272.
Cunningham, William E; Hays, Ron D; Duan, Naihua; Andersen, Ronald; Nakazono, Terry T; Bozzette, Samuel A; Shapiro, Martin F (2005). "The Effect of Socioeconomic Status on the Survival of People Receiving Care for HIV Infection in the United States". Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved. 16 (4): 655–676. doi:10.1353/hpu.2005.0093. ISSN 1548-6869. PMID 16311491. S2CID 44461072.
Milloy, M.-J.; Marshall, Brandon D. L.; Montaner, Julio; Wood, Evan (December 2012). "Housing Status and the Health of People Living with HIV/AIDS". Current HIV/AIDS Reports. 9 (4): 364–374. doi:10.1007/s11904-012-0137-5. ISSN 1548-3568. PMC 3693560. PMID 22968432.
Smith, Meredith Y.; Rapkin, Bruce D.; Winkel, Gary; Springer, Carolyn; Chhabra, Rosy; Feldman, Ira S. (October 2000). "Housing status and health care service utilization among low-income persons with HIV/AIDS". Journal of General Internal Medicine. 15 (10): 731–738. doi:10.1046/j.1525-1497.2000.91003.x. ISSN 0884-8734. PMC 1495606. PMID 11089717.
Jaiswal J, Griffin M, Singer SN, Greene RE, Acosta IL, Kaudeyr SK, et al. (2018). "Structural Barriers to Pre-exposure Prophylaxis Use Among Young Sexual Minority Men: The P18 Cohort Study". Current HIV Research. 16 (3): 237–249. doi:10.2174/1570162x16666180730144455. PMC 8893045. PMID 30062970. S2CID 51876690.
Mayer KH, Agwu A, Malebranche D (May 2020). "Barriers to the Wider Use of Pre-exposure Prophylaxis in the United States: A Narrative Review". Advances in Therapy. 37 (5): 1778–1811. doi:10.1007/s12325-020-01295-0. PMC 7467490. PMID 32232664.
Ogunbajo A, Storholm ED, Ober AJ, Bogart LM, Reback CJ, Flynn R, et al. (January 2021). "Multilevel Barriers to HIV PrEP Uptake and Adherence Among Black and Hispanic/Latinx Transgender Women in Southern California". AIDS and Behavior. 25 (7): 2301–2315. doi:10.1007/s10461-021-03159-2. ISSN 1090-7165. PMC 7845787. PMID 33515132.
Rael CT, Martinez M, Giguere R, Bockting W, MacCrate C, Mellman W, et al. (November 2018). "Barriers and Facilitators to Oral PrEP Use Among Transgender Women in New York City". AIDS and Behavior. 22 (11): 3627–3636. doi:10.1007/s10461-018-2102-9. PMC 6160363. PMID 29589137.
Rich, Josiah D; Beckwith, Curt G; Macmadu, Alexandria; Marshall, Brandon D L; Brinkley-Rubinstein, Lauren; Amon, Joseph J; Milloy, M-J; King, Maximilian R F; Sanchez, Jorge; Atwoli, Lukoye; Altice, Frederick L (10 September 2016). "Clinical care of incarcerated people with HIV, viral hepatitis, or tuberculosis". The Lancet. 388 (10049): 1103–1114. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30379-8. ISSN 0140-6736. PMC 5504684. PMID 27427452.
Ojikutu, Bisola O.; Mazzola, Emanuele; Fullem, Andrew; Vega, Rodolfo; Landers, Stewart; Gelman, Rebecca S.; Bogart, Laura M. (July 2016). "HIV Testing Among Black and Hispanic Immigrants in the United States". AIDS Patient Care and STDs. 30 (7): 307–314. doi:10.1089/apc.2016.0120. ISSN 1087-2914. PMC 4948212. PMID 27410494.
Dang, Bich N.; Giordano, Thomas P.; Kim, Jennifer H. (February 2012). "Sociocultural and Structural Barriers to Care Among Undocumented Latino Immigrants with HIV Infection". Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health. 14 (1): 124–131. doi:10.1007/s10903-011-9542-x. ISSN 1557-1912. PMID 22012476.
Shedlin, Michele G.; Drucker, Ernest; Decena, Carlos U.; Hoffman, Susie; Bhattacharya, Gauri; Beckford, Sharlene; Barreras, Ricardo (2006-03-23). "Immigration and HIV/AIDS in the New York Metropolitan Area". Journal of Urban Health. 83 (1): 43–58. doi:10.1007/s11524-005-9006-5. ISSN 1099-3460. PMC 2258326. PMID 16736354.
Winwood, Jordan J.; Fitzgerald, Lisa; Gardiner, Bernard; Hannan, Kate; Howard, Chris; Mutch, Allyson (December 2021). "Exploring the Social Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic on People Living with HIV (PLHIV): A Scoping Review". AIDS and Behavior. 25 (12): 4125–4140. doi:10.1007/s10461-021-03300-1. ISSN 1090-7165. PMC 8137806. PMID 34019203.
Dooling, Kathleen (2020). "The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices' Interim Recommendation for Allocating Initial Supplies of COVID-19 Vaccine — United States, 2020". MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 69 (49): 1857–1859. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6949e1. ISSN 0149-2195. PMC 7737687. PMID 33301429.

dx.doi.org

Arno, Peter S.; Hughes, Robert G. (1989), "Local policy responses to the AIDS epidemic: New York and San Francisco", Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, Boston, MA: Springer US, pp. 11–19, doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-0807-2_3, ISBN 978-1-4612-8092-7, retrieved 2023-05-01

escholarship.org

Sears B, Ho D (2006-12-01). "HIV Discrimination in Health Care Services in Los Angeles County: The Results of Three Testing Studies". UCLA: The Williams Institute: Other Recent Work.

fda.gov

Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (2019-04-11). "Revised Recommendations for Reducing the Risk of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Transmission by Blood and Blood Products - Questions and Answers". FDA.
Office of the Commissioner (2020-07-17). "Coronavirus (COVID-19) Update: FDA Provides Updated Guidance to Address the Urgent Need for Blood During the Pandemic". FDA. Retrieved 2021-04-07.

glaad.org

"Ban the Ban: An argument against the 12 month blood donation deferral for men who have sex with men". GLAAD. 2018-11-28. Archived from the original on 2020-03-31. Retrieved 2020-04-06.
"Open letter to FDA from medical professionals". GLAAD. 2020-04-16. Retrieved 2021-04-07.

go.com

abcnews.go.com

"Senators, activists urge FDA to revise blood donation policy for gay, bisexual men amid coronavirus pandemic". ABC News. Retrieved 2021-04-07.

healthaffairs.org

Snider, Julia Thornton; Juday, Timothy; Romley, John A.; Seekins, Daniel; Rosenblatt, Lisa; Sanchez, Yuri; Goldman, Dana P. (March 2014). "Nearly 60,000 Uninsured And Low-Income People With HIV/AIDS Live In States That Are Not Expanding Medicaid". Health Affairs. 33 (3): 386–393. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.2013.1453. ISSN 0278-2715.

hiv.gov

"Civil Rights". HIV.gov. 2017-11-10. Retrieved 2018-04-10.
"Symptoms of HIV". HIV.gov. 2020-06-05. Retrieved 2020-06-23.
"Who Is at Risk for HIV?". HIV.gov. 2017-05-15. Retrieved 2020-06-30.
"Mental Health". HIV.gov. 2020-03-19. Retrieved 2020-06-23.

hivcovid.org

"HIV-COVID". HIV-COVID Database. Retrieved 2021-04-08.

hivlawandpolicy.org

Miyashita A (September 2014). "Effects of Lifting Blood Donation Bans on Men Who Have Sex with Men" (PDF).

jhu.edu

muse.jhu.edu

Cunningham, William E; Hays, Ron D; Duan, Naihua; Andersen, Ronald; Nakazono, Terry T; Bozzette, Samuel A; Shapiro, Martin F (November 2005). "The Effect of Socioeconomic Status on the Survival of People Receiving Care for HIV Infection in the United States". Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved. 16 (4): 655–676. doi:10.1353/hpu.2005.0093. ISSN 1548-6869. PMID 16311491.
Cunningham, William E; Hays, Ron D; Duan, Naihua; Andersen, Ronald; Nakazono, Terry T; Bozzette, Samuel A; Shapiro, Martin F (2005). "The Effect of Socioeconomic Status on the Survival of People Receiving Care for HIV Infection in the United States". Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved. 16 (4): 655–676. doi:10.1353/hpu.2005.0093. ISSN 1548-6869. PMID 16311491. S2CID 44461072.

kff.org

"2009 Survey of Americans on HIV/AIDS: Summary of Findings on the Domestic Epidemic". The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation. 2009-04-02. Retrieved 2020-04-27.
"The Global HIV/AIDS Epidemic". KFF. 2021-03-02. Retrieved 2021-04-08.
Pillai, Akash; Pillai, Drishti; Published, Samantha Artiga (2024-05-01). "State Health Coverage for Immigrants and Implications for Health Coverage and Care". KFF. Retrieved 2024-05-07.
"Key Questions: HIV and COVID-19". KFF. 2021-05-20. Retrieved 2022-05-14.

lgbtbar.org

"End the Blood Ban". The National LGBT Bar Association. 2020-07-20. Retrieved 2021-04-07.

lww.com

journals.lww.com

Abara, Winston; Heiman, Harry J. (November 2014). "The Affordable Care Act and Low-Income People Living With HIV: Looking Forward in 2014 and Beyond". Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care. 25 (6): 476–482. doi:10.1016/j.jana.2014.05.002. ISSN 1055-3290. PMC 4472370. PMID 24996850.

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Mahajan AP, Sayles JN, Patel VA, Remien RH, Sawires SR, Ortiz DJ, et al. (August 2008). "Stigma in the HIV/AIDS epidemic: a review of the literature and recommendations for the way forward". AIDS. 22 (Suppl 2): S67-79. doi:10.1097/01.aids.0000327438.13291.62. PMC 2835402. PMID 18641472.
Morris M, Cooper RL, Ramesh A, Tabatabai M, Arcury TA, Shinn M, et al. (August 2019). "Training to reduce LGBTQ-related bias among medical, nursing, and dental students and providers: a systematic review". BMC Medical Education. 19 (1): 325. doi:10.1186/s12909-019-1727-3. PMC 6716913. PMID 31470837.
Parker R, Aggleton P (July 2003). "HIV and AIDS-related stigma and discrimination: a conceptual framework and implications for action". Social Science & Medicine. 57 (1): 13–24. doi:10.1016/S0277-9536(02)00304-0. PMID 12753813.
Waite KR, Paasche-Orlow M, Rintamaki LS, Davis TC, Wolf MS (September 2008). "Literacy, social stigma, and HIV medication adherence". Journal of General Internal Medicine. 23 (9): 1367–72. doi:10.1007/s11606-008-0662-5. PMC 2518013. PMID 18563494.
Anderson BJ (December 2009). "HIV Stigma and Discrimination Persist, Even in Health Care". The Virtual Mentor. 11 (12): 998–1001. doi:10.1001/virtualmentor.2009.11.12.oped1-0912. PMID 23207098.
Pollini RA, Blanco E, Crump C, Zúñiga ML (October 2011). "A community-based study of barriers to HIV care initiation". AIDS Patient Care and STDs. 601-09. 25 (10): 601–9. doi:10.1089/apc.2010.0390. PMC 3183651. PMID 21955175.
Mugavero MJ (December 2008). "Improving engagement in HIV care: what can we do?". Topics in HIV Medicine. 16 (5): 156–61. PMID 19106431.
Karamitros G, Kitsos N, Karamitrou I (2017-06-08). "The ban on blood donation on men who have sex with men: time to rethink and reassess an outdated policy". The Pan African Medical Journal. 27: 99. doi:10.11604/pamj.2017.27.99.12891. PMC 5554671. PMID 28819520.
Dos Santos MM, Kruger P, Mellors SE, Wolvaardt G, van der Ryst E (January 2014). "An exploratory survey measuring stigma and discrimination experienced by people living with HIV/AIDS in South Africa: the People Living with HIV Stigma Index". BMC Public Health. 14 (1): 80. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-80. PMC 3909177. PMID 24461042.
Visser MJ, Makin JD, Vandormael A, Sikkema KJ, Forsyth BW (February 2009). "HIV/AIDS stigma in a South African community". AIDS Care. 21 (2): 197–206. doi:10.1080/09540120801932157. PMC 4238924. PMID 19229689.
Heckman TG, Anderson ES, Sikkema KJ, Kochman A, Kalichman SC, Anderson T (January 2004). "Emotional distress in nonmetropolitan persons living with HIV disease enrolled in a telephone-delivered, coping improvement group intervention". Health Psychology. 23 (1): 94–100. doi:10.1037/0278-6133.23.1.94. PMID 14756608.
Buseh AG, Kelber ST, Stevens PE, Park CG (2008). "Relationship of symptoms, perceived health, and stigma with quality of life among urban HIV-infected African American men". Public Health Nursing. 25 (5): 409–19. doi:10.1111/j.1525-1446.2008.00725.x. PMID 18816358.
Pellowski JA, Kalichman SC, Matthews KA, Adler N (2013). "A pandemic of the poor: social disadvantage and the U.S. HIV epidemic". The American Psychologist. 68 (4): 197–209. doi:10.1037/a0032694. PMC 3700367. PMID 23688088.
Gardner EM, McLees MP, Steiner JF, Del Rio C, Burman WJ (March 2011). "The spectrum of engagement in HIV care and its relevance to test-and-treat strategies for prevention of HIV infection". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 52 (6): 793–800. doi:10.1093/cid/ciq243. PMC 3106261. PMID 21367734.
Cunningham, William E; Hays, Ron D; Duan, Naihua; Andersen, Ronald; Nakazono, Terry T; Bozzette, Samuel A; Shapiro, Martin F (November 2005). "The Effect of Socioeconomic Status on the Survival of People Receiving Care for HIV Infection in the United States". Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved. 16 (4): 655–676. doi:10.1353/hpu.2005.0093. ISSN 1548-6869. PMID 16311491.
Abara, Winston; Heiman, Harry J. (November 2014). "The Affordable Care Act and Low-Income People Living With HIV: Looking Forward in 2014 and Beyond". Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care. 25 (6): 476–482. doi:10.1016/j.jana.2014.05.002. ISSN 1055-3290. PMC 4472370. PMID 24996850.
Kleeberger CA, Phair JP, Strathdee SA, Detels R, Kingsley L, Jacobson LP (January 2001). "Determinants of heterogeneous adherence to HIV-antiretroviral therapies in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study". Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes. 26 (1): 82–92. doi:10.1097/00126334-200101010-00012. PMID 11176272.
Cunningham, William E; Hays, Ron D; Duan, Naihua; Andersen, Ronald; Nakazono, Terry T; Bozzette, Samuel A; Shapiro, Martin F (2005). "The Effect of Socioeconomic Status on the Survival of People Receiving Care for HIV Infection in the United States". Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved. 16 (4): 655–676. doi:10.1353/hpu.2005.0093. ISSN 1548-6869. PMID 16311491. S2CID 44461072.
Milloy, M.-J.; Marshall, Brandon D. L.; Montaner, Julio; Wood, Evan (December 2012). "Housing Status and the Health of People Living with HIV/AIDS". Current HIV/AIDS Reports. 9 (4): 364–374. doi:10.1007/s11904-012-0137-5. ISSN 1548-3568. PMC 3693560. PMID 22968432.
Smith, Meredith Y.; Rapkin, Bruce D.; Winkel, Gary; Springer, Carolyn; Chhabra, Rosy; Feldman, Ira S. (October 2000). "Housing status and health care service utilization among low-income persons with HIV/AIDS". Journal of General Internal Medicine. 15 (10): 731–738. doi:10.1046/j.1525-1497.2000.91003.x. ISSN 0884-8734. PMC 1495606. PMID 11089717.
Jaiswal J, Griffin M, Singer SN, Greene RE, Acosta IL, Kaudeyr SK, et al. (2018). "Structural Barriers to Pre-exposure Prophylaxis Use Among Young Sexual Minority Men: The P18 Cohort Study". Current HIV Research. 16 (3): 237–249. doi:10.2174/1570162x16666180730144455. PMC 8893045. PMID 30062970. S2CID 51876690.
Mayer KH, Agwu A, Malebranche D (May 2020). "Barriers to the Wider Use of Pre-exposure Prophylaxis in the United States: A Narrative Review". Advances in Therapy. 37 (5): 1778–1811. doi:10.1007/s12325-020-01295-0. PMC 7467490. PMID 32232664.
Ogunbajo A, Storholm ED, Ober AJ, Bogart LM, Reback CJ, Flynn R, et al. (January 2021). "Multilevel Barriers to HIV PrEP Uptake and Adherence Among Black and Hispanic/Latinx Transgender Women in Southern California". AIDS and Behavior. 25 (7): 2301–2315. doi:10.1007/s10461-021-03159-2. ISSN 1090-7165. PMC 7845787. PMID 33515132.
Rael CT, Martinez M, Giguere R, Bockting W, MacCrate C, Mellman W, et al. (November 2018). "Barriers and Facilitators to Oral PrEP Use Among Transgender Women in New York City". AIDS and Behavior. 22 (11): 3627–3636. doi:10.1007/s10461-018-2102-9. PMC 6160363. PMID 29589137.
Rich, Josiah D; Beckwith, Curt G; Macmadu, Alexandria; Marshall, Brandon D L; Brinkley-Rubinstein, Lauren; Amon, Joseph J; Milloy, M-J; King, Maximilian R F; Sanchez, Jorge; Atwoli, Lukoye; Altice, Frederick L (10 September 2016). "Clinical care of incarcerated people with HIV, viral hepatitis, or tuberculosis". The Lancet. 388 (10049): 1103–1114. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30379-8. ISSN 0140-6736. PMC 5504684. PMID 27427452.
Ojikutu, Bisola O.; Mazzola, Emanuele; Fullem, Andrew; Vega, Rodolfo; Landers, Stewart; Gelman, Rebecca S.; Bogart, Laura M. (July 2016). "HIV Testing Among Black and Hispanic Immigrants in the United States". AIDS Patient Care and STDs. 30 (7): 307–314. doi:10.1089/apc.2016.0120. ISSN 1087-2914. PMC 4948212. PMID 27410494.
Dang, Bich N.; Giordano, Thomas P.; Kim, Jennifer H. (February 2012). "Sociocultural and Structural Barriers to Care Among Undocumented Latino Immigrants with HIV Infection". Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health. 14 (1): 124–131. doi:10.1007/s10903-011-9542-x. ISSN 1557-1912. PMID 22012476.
Shedlin, Michele G.; Drucker, Ernest; Decena, Carlos U.; Hoffman, Susie; Bhattacharya, Gauri; Beckford, Sharlene; Barreras, Ricardo (2006-03-23). "Immigration and HIV/AIDS in the New York Metropolitan Area". Journal of Urban Health. 83 (1): 43–58. doi:10.1007/s11524-005-9006-5. ISSN 1099-3460. PMC 2258326. PMID 16736354.
Winwood, Jordan J.; Fitzgerald, Lisa; Gardiner, Bernard; Hannan, Kate; Howard, Chris; Mutch, Allyson (December 2021). "Exploring the Social Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic on People Living with HIV (PLHIV): A Scoping Review". AIDS and Behavior. 25 (12): 4125–4140. doi:10.1007/s10461-021-03300-1. ISSN 1090-7165. PMC 8137806. PMID 34019203.
Dooling, Kathleen (2020). "The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices' Interim Recommendation for Allocating Initial Supplies of COVID-19 Vaccine — United States, 2020". MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 69 (49): 1857–1859. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6949e1. ISSN 0149-2195. PMC 7737687. PMID 33301429.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Mahajan AP, Sayles JN, Patel VA, Remien RH, Sawires SR, Ortiz DJ, et al. (August 2008). "Stigma in the HIV/AIDS epidemic: a review of the literature and recommendations for the way forward". AIDS. 22 (Suppl 2): S67-79. doi:10.1097/01.aids.0000327438.13291.62. PMC 2835402. PMID 18641472.
Morris M, Cooper RL, Ramesh A, Tabatabai M, Arcury TA, Shinn M, et al. (August 2019). "Training to reduce LGBTQ-related bias among medical, nursing, and dental students and providers: a systematic review". BMC Medical Education. 19 (1): 325. doi:10.1186/s12909-019-1727-3. PMC 6716913. PMID 31470837.
Waite KR, Paasche-Orlow M, Rintamaki LS, Davis TC, Wolf MS (September 2008). "Literacy, social stigma, and HIV medication adherence". Journal of General Internal Medicine. 23 (9): 1367–72. doi:10.1007/s11606-008-0662-5. PMC 2518013. PMID 18563494.
Pollini RA, Blanco E, Crump C, Zúñiga ML (October 2011). "A community-based study of barriers to HIV care initiation". AIDS Patient Care and STDs. 601-09. 25 (10): 601–9. doi:10.1089/apc.2010.0390. PMC 3183651. PMID 21955175.
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Ogunbajo A, Storholm ED, Ober AJ, Bogart LM, Reback CJ, Flynn R, et al. (January 2021). "Multilevel Barriers to HIV PrEP Uptake and Adherence Among Black and Hispanic/Latinx Transgender Women in Southern California". AIDS and Behavior. 25 (7): 2301–2315. doi:10.1007/s10461-021-03159-2. ISSN 1090-7165. PMC 7845787. PMID 33515132.
Rich, Josiah D; Beckwith, Curt G; Macmadu, Alexandria; Marshall, Brandon D L; Brinkley-Rubinstein, Lauren; Amon, Joseph J; Milloy, M-J; King, Maximilian R F; Sanchez, Jorge; Atwoli, Lukoye; Altice, Frederick L (10 September 2016). "Clinical care of incarcerated people with HIV, viral hepatitis, or tuberculosis". The Lancet. 388 (10049): 1103–1114. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30379-8. ISSN 0140-6736. PMC 5504684. PMID 27427452.
Ojikutu, Bisola O.; Mazzola, Emanuele; Fullem, Andrew; Vega, Rodolfo; Landers, Stewart; Gelman, Rebecca S.; Bogart, Laura M. (July 2016). "HIV Testing Among Black and Hispanic Immigrants in the United States". AIDS Patient Care and STDs. 30 (7): 307–314. doi:10.1089/apc.2016.0120. ISSN 1087-2914. PMC 4948212. PMID 27410494.
Dang, Bich N.; Giordano, Thomas P.; Kim, Jennifer H. (February 2012). "Sociocultural and Structural Barriers to Care Among Undocumented Latino Immigrants with HIV Infection". Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health. 14 (1): 124–131. doi:10.1007/s10903-011-9542-x. ISSN 1557-1912. PMID 22012476.
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Winwood, Jordan J.; Fitzgerald, Lisa; Gardiner, Bernard; Hannan, Kate; Howard, Chris; Mutch, Allyson (December 2021). "Exploring the Social Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic on People Living with HIV (PLHIV): A Scoping Review". AIDS and Behavior. 25 (12): 4125–4140. doi:10.1007/s10461-021-03300-1. ISSN 1090-7165. PMC 8137806. PMID 34019203.
Dooling, Kathleen (2020). "The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices' Interim Recommendation for Allocating Initial Supplies of COVID-19 Vaccine — United States, 2020". MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 69 (49): 1857–1859. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6949e1. ISSN 0149-2195. PMC 7737687. PMID 33301429.
Fink, Sheri (2021-07-12). "The Rationing of a Last-Resort Covid Treatment". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2022-05-14.
Nagourney, Eric; Delkic, Melina; Rio, Giulia McDonnell Nieto del; Bogel-Burroughs, Nicholas (2020-10-26). "A surge in hospitalizations is straining some U.S. health care facilities". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2022-05-14.
Fink, Sheri (2020-03-28). "U.S. Civil Rights Office Rejects Rationing Medical Care Based on Disability, Age". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2022-05-14.