Disinformation (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Disinformation" in English language version.

refsWebsite

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55web.archive.org

1^st place

38doi.org

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30worldcat.org

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21semanticscholar.org

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8theguardian.com

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8nih.gov

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6washingtonpost.com

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5harvard.edu

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4jstor.org

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4newspapers.com

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4nytimes.com

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4europa.eu

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3archive.org

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3reuters.com

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2tandfonline.com

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2science.org

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2cigionline.org

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2voanews.com

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2sagepub.com

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2ox.ac.uk

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1un.org

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1bundesregierung.de

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1commonslibrary.org

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1creativecommons.org

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1taylorfrancis.com

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1ned.org

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1cisecurity.org

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1coe.int

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1parliament.uk

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1house.gov

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1brookings.edu

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1state.gov

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1interpretermag.com

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1cambridge.org

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1loc.gov

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1zois-berlin.de

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1cnn.com

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1microsoft.com

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1wired.com

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1graphika.com

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1military.com

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1niemanlab.org

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1npr.org

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1nsf.gov

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1motherjones.com

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1bbc.co.uk

8^th place

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1ofcom.org.uk

4,546^th place

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1nbcnews.com

137^th place

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1factcheck.org

7,075^th place

4,103^rd place

1independent.co.uk

36^th place

33^rd place

1ssrc.org

low place

1ssrn.com

703^rd place

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1buzzfeednews.com

1,368^th place

793^rd place

1pnas.org

1,293^rd place

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1arxiv.org

69^th place

59^th place

1scientificamerican.com

896^th place

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1unc.edu

1,538^th place

1,042^nd place

1wiley.com

222^nd place

297^th place

1disinfo.eu

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1boell.org

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1books.google.com

3^rd place

1ft.com

210^th place

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1zmescience.com

low place

8,053^rd place

1datasociety.net

low place

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; English: 6^th place)

Shultz, Richard H.; Godson, Roy (1984), Dezinformatsia: Active Measures in Soviet Strategy, Pergamon-Brassey's, pp. 37–38, ISBN 978-0-08-031573-7
Martin, David (1990), The Web of Disinformation: Churchill's Yugoslav Blunder, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, p. xx, ISBN 978-0-15-180704-8
Sunstein, Cass R. (14 March 2017). #Republic: divided democracy in the age of social media. Princeton. ISBN 978-0-691-17551-5. OCLC 958799819.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

arxiv.org (Global: 69^th place; English: 59^th place)

Shu, Kai; Sliva, Amy; Wang, Suhang; Tang, Jiliang; Liu, Huan (1 September 2017). "Fake News Detection on Social Media: A Data Mining Perspective". ACM SIGKDD Explorations Newsletter. 19 (1): 22–36. arXiv:1708.01967. doi:10.1145/3137597.3137600. ISSN 1931-0145. S2CID 207718082.

bbc.co.uk (Global: 8^th place; English: 10^th place)

Reuben, Anthony (15 April 2016). "Reality Check: Would Brexit mean extra £350m a week for NHS?". BBC News. Archived from the original on 18 April 2016. Retrieved 11 January 2026.

boell.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

il.boell.org

Sessa, Maria Giovanna (26 January 2022). "What is Gendered Disinformation?". Heinrich Böll Foundation. Archived from the original on 21 July 2022. Retrieved 16 January 2024.

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

Castells, Manuel (4 June 2015). Networks of Outrage and Hope: Social Movements in the Internet Age. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9780745695792. Retrieved 4 February 2017.

brookings.edu (Global: 1,634^th place; English: 1,093^rd place)

Alaphilippe, Alexandre (27 April 2020). "Adding a 'D' to the ABC disinformation framework". Brookings Institution. Archived from the original on 27 October 2023. Retrieved 18 May 2024.

bundesregierung.de (Global: 5,817^th place; English: low place)

"What is disinformation?". Die Bundesregierung informiert | Startseite (in German). Retrieved 7 June 2025.

buzzfeednews.com (Global: 1,368^th place; English: 793^rd place)

"This Analysis Shows How Viral Fake Election News Stories Outperformed Real News On Facebook". BuzzFeed News. 16 November 2016. Archived from the original on 17 July 2018. Retrieved 29 October 2019.

cambridge.org (Global: 305^th place; English: 264^th place)

Stukal, Denis; Sanovich, Sergey; Bonneau, Richard; Tucker, Joshua A. (February 2022). "Why Botter: How Pro-Government Bots Fight Opposition in Russia" (PDF). American Political Science Review. 116 (1). Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press on behalf of the American Political Science Association: 843–857. doi:10.1017/S0003055421001507. ISSN 1537-5943. LCCN 08009025. OCLC 805068983. S2CID 247038589. Retrieved 10 March 2022.

cigionline.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Russian Disinformation Is Taking Hold in Africa". CIGI. 17 November 2021. Retrieved 3 March 2022. The Kremlin's effectiveness in seeding its preferred vaccine narratives among African audiences underscores its wider concerted effort to undermine and discredit Western powers by pushing or tapping into anti-Western sentiment across the continent.
Tworek, Heidi (2 August 2022). "Can We Move Beyond Disinformation Studies?". Centre for International Governance Innovation. Archived from the original on 1 June 2023. Retrieved 16 January 2024.

cisecurity.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

essentialguide.docs.cisecurity.org

Center for Internet Security. (3 October 2022). "Essential Guide to Election Security:Managing Mis-, Dis-, and Malinformation". CIS website Archived 18 December 2023 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 18 December 2023.

cnn.com (Global: 28^th place; English: 26^th place)

O'Sullivan, Donie; Devine, Curt; Gordon, Allison (13 November 2023). "China is using the world's largest known online disinformation operation to harass Americans, a CNN review finds". CNN. Archived from the original on 14 November 2023. Retrieved 6 May 2024.

coe.int (Global: 772^nd place; English: 849^th place)

edoc.coe.int

"Information disorder: Toward an interdisciplinary framework for research and policy making". Council of Europe Publishing. Archived from the original on 14 December 2022. Retrieved 14 December 2022.

commonslibrary.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Antje (16 July 2024). "Disinformation and 7 Common Forms of Information Disorder". The Commons. Retrieved 7 June 2025.

creativecommons.org (Global: 1,010^th place; English: 612^th place)

Diaz Ruiz, Carlos (2025). "Disinformation on digital media platforms: A market-shaping approach". New Media & Society. 27 (4): 2188–2211. doi:10.1177/14614448231207644. S2CID 264816011. This article incorporates text from this source, which is available under the CC BY 4.0 license.

datasociety.net (Global: low place; English: low place)

Nadler, Anthony; Donovan, Joan; Crane, Matthew (17 October 2018). "Weaponizing the Digital Influence Machine". Data & Society. Retrieved 21 November 2024.

disinfo.eu (Global: low place; English: low place)

Sessa, Maria Giovanna (4 December 2020). "Misogyny and Misinformation: An analysis of gendered disinformation tactics during the COVID-19 pandemic". EU DisinfoLab. Archived from the original on 19 September 2023. Retrieved 16 January 2024.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

doi.org

Diaz Ruiz, Carlos (2025). "Disinformation on digital media platforms: A market-shaping approach". New Media & Society. 27 (4): 2188–2211. doi:10.1177/14614448231207644. S2CID 264816011. This article incorporates text from this source, which is available under the CC BY 4.0 license.
Diaz Ruiz, Carlos (14 March 2025). Market-Oriented Disinformation Research: Digital Advertising, Disinformation and Fake News on Social Media (1 ed.). London: Routledge. p. 29. doi:10.4324/9781003506676-2. ISBN 978-1-003-50667-6.
Diaz Ruiz, Carlos; Nilsson, Tomas (16 May 2022). "Disinformation and Echo Chambers: How Disinformation Circulates in Social Media Through Identity-Driven Controversies". Journal of Public Policy & Marketing. 42: 18–35. doi:10.1177/07439156221103852. S2CID 248934562.
Freelon, Deen; Wells, Chris (3 March 2020). "Disinformation as Political Communication". Political Communication. 37 (2): 145–156. doi:10.1080/10584609.2020.1723755. ISSN 1058-4609. S2CID 212897113. Archived from the original on 17 July 2023. Retrieved 17 July 2023.
Tandoc, Edson C; Lim, Darren; Ling, Rich (7 August 2019). "Diffusion of disinformation: How social media users respond to fake news and why". Journalism. 21 (3): 381–398. doi:10.1177/1464884919868325. ISSN 1464-8849. S2CID 202281476.
Woon, Eugene; Pang, Augustine (2017). "Explicating the information vacuum: stages, intensifications, and implications". Corporate Communications. 22 (3): 329–353 – via Emerald Insight.
Vosoughi, Soroush; Roy, Deb; Aral, Sinan (2018). "The spread of true and false news online". Science. doi:10.1126/science.aap9559.
Stukal, Denis; Sanovich, Sergey; Bonneau, Richard; Tucker, Joshua A. (February 2022). "Why Botter: How Pro-Government Bots Fight Opposition in Russia" (PDF). American Political Science Review. 116 (1). Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press on behalf of the American Political Science Association: 843–857. doi:10.1017/S0003055421001507. ISSN 1537-5943. LCCN 08009025. OCLC 805068983. S2CID 247038589. Retrieved 10 March 2022.
Höller, Maximilian (2021). "The human component in social media and fake news: the performance of UK opinion leaders on Twitter during the Brexit campaign". European Journal of English Studies. 25 (1): 91–93 – via Taylor & Francis.
Gaber, Ivor; Fisher, Caroline (1 April 2022). ""Strategic Lying": The Case of Brexit and the 2019 U.K. Election". The International Journal of Press/Politics. 27 (2): 466–467. doi:10.1177/1940161221994100. ISSN 1940-1612.
Marshall, Hannah; Drieschova, Alena (1 October 2018). "Post-Truth Politics in the UK's Brexit Referendum". New Perspectives. 26 (3): 96. doi:10.1177/2336825X1802600305. ISSN 2336-825X.
Tandoc, Edson C. (2019). "The facts of fake news: A research review". Sociology Compass. 13 (9) e12724. doi:10.1111/soc4.12724. ISSN 1751-9020. S2CID 201392983.
Caramancion, Kevin Matthe (2020). "An Exploration of Disinformation as a Cybersecurity Threat". 2020 3rd International Conference on Information and Computer Technologies (ICICT). pp. 440–444. doi:10.1109/ICICT50521.2020.00076. ISBN 978-1-7281-7283-5. S2CID 218651389.
Miller, Michael L.; Vaccari, Cristian (July 2020). "Digital Threats to Democracy: Comparative Lessons and Possible Remedies". The International Journal of Press/Politics. 25 (3): 333–356. doi:10.1177/1940161220922323. ISSN 1940-1612. S2CID 218962159. Archived from the original on 14 December 2022. Retrieved 14 December 2022.
Freelon, Deen; Marwick, Alice; Kreiss, Daniel (4 September 2020). "False equivalencies: Online activism from left to right". Science. 369 (6508): 1197–1201. Bibcode:2020Sci...369.1197F. doi:10.1126/science.abb2428. PMID 32883863. S2CID 221471947. Archived from the original on 21 October 2021. Retrieved 2 February 2022.
Gaber, Ivor; Fisher, Caroline (2022). ""Strategic Lying": The Case of Brexit and the 2019 U.K. Election". The International Journal of Press/Politics. 27 (2): 469–470 – via SAGE Publications.
Tenove, Chris (July 2020). "Protecting Democracy from Disinformation: Normative Threats and Policy Responses". The International Journal of Press/Politics. 25 (3): 517–537. doi:10.1177/1940161220918740. ISSN 1940-1612. S2CID 219437151. Archived from the original on 14 December 2022. Retrieved 14 December 2022.
Tucker, Joshua; Guess, Andrew; Barbera, Pablo; Vaccari, Cristian; Siegel, Alexandra; Sanovich, Sergey; Stukal, Denis; Nyhan, Brendan (2018). "Social Media, Political Polarization, and Political Disinformation: A Review of the Scientific Literature". SSRN Working Paper Series. doi:10.2139/ssrn.3144139. ISSN 1556-5068. Archived from the original on 21 February 2021. Retrieved 29 October 2019.
Cinelli, Matteo; De Francisci Morales, Gianmarco; Galeazzi, Alessandro; Quattrociocchi, Walter; Starnini, Michele (2 March 2021). "The echo chamber effect on social media". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 118 (9) e2023301118. doi:10.1073/pnas.2023301118. PMC 7936330. PMID 33622786.
Allcott, Hunt; Gentzkow, Matthew (May 2017). "Social Media and Fake News in the 2016 Election". Journal of Economic Perspectives. 31 (2): 211–236. doi:10.1257/jep.31.2.211. ISSN 0895-3309. S2CID 32730475.
Eady, Gregory; Paskhalis, Tom; Zilinsky, Jan; Bonneau, Richard; Nagler, Jonathan; Tucker, Joshua A. (9 January 2023). "Exposure to the Russian Internet Research Agency Foreign Influence Campaign on Twitter in the 2016 US Election and its Relationship to Attitudes and Voting Behavior". Nature Communications. 14 (62): 62. Bibcode:2023NatCo..14...62E. doi:10.1038/s41467-022-35576-9. PMC 9829855. PMID 36624094.
Leyva, Rodolfo (2020). "Testing and unpacking the effects of digital fake news: on presidential candidate evaluations and voter support". AI & Society. 35 (4): 970. doi:10.1007/s00146-020-00980-6. S2CID 218592685.
Allcott, Hunt; Gentzkow, Matthew (May 2017). "Social Media and Fake News in the 2016 Election". Journal of Economic Perspectives. 31 (2): 211–236. doi:10.1257/jep.31.2.211. ISSN 0895-3309.
Bakshy, E.; Messing, S.; Adamic, L. A. (5 June 2015). "Exposure to ideologically diverse news and opinion on Facebook". Science. 348 (6239): 1130–1132. Bibcode:2015Sci...348.1130B. doi:10.1126/science.aaa1160. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 25953820. S2CID 206632821.
Wojcieszak, Magdalena E.; Mutz, Diana C. (1 March 2009). "Online Groups and Political Discourse: Do Online Discussion Spaces Facilitate Exposure to Political Disagreement?". Journal of Communication. 59 (1): 40–56. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2008.01403.x. ISSN 0021-9916. S2CID 18865773.
Lanoszka, Alexander (2019). "Disinformation in international politics". European Journal of International Security. 4 (2): 227–248. doi:10.1017/eis.2019.6. ISSN 2057-5637. S2CID 211312944.
Shu, Kai; Sliva, Amy; Wang, Suhang; Tang, Jiliang; Liu, Huan (1 September 2017). "Fake News Detection on Social Media: A Data Mining Perspective". ACM SIGKDD Explorations Newsletter. 19 (1): 22–36. arXiv:1708.01967. doi:10.1145/3137597.3137600. ISSN 1931-0145. S2CID 207718082.
Krishnan, Nandita; Gu, Jiayan; Tromble, Rebekah; Abroms, Lorien C. (15 December 2021). "Research note: Examining how various social media platforms have responded to COVID-19 misinformation". Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review. doi:10.37016/mr-2020-85. S2CID 245256590. Archived from the original on 3 February 2022. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
Kuo, Rachel; Marwick, Alice (12 August 2021). "Critical disinformation studies: History, power, and politics". Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review. doi:10.37016/mr-2020-76. Archived from the original on 15 October 2023.
Wasserman, Herman; Madrid-Morales, Dani, eds. (12 April 2022). Disinformation in the Global South (1 ed.). Wiley. doi:10.1002/9781119714491. ISBN 978-1-119-71444-6. Archived from the original on 4 March 2024. Retrieved 4 March 2024.
Diaz Ruiz, Carlos A. (30 October 2024). "Disinformation and fake news as externalities of digital advertising: a close reading of sociotechnical imaginaries in programmatic advertising". Journal of Marketing Management: 1–23. doi:10.1080/0267257X.2024.2421860. ISSN 0267-257X.
Susser, Daniel; Roessler, Beate; Nissenbaum, Helen F. (2018). "Online Manipulation: Hidden Influences in a Digital World". doi:10.2139/ssrn.3306006.
Diaz Ruiz, Carlos (30 October 2023). "Disinformation on digital media platforms: A market-shaping approach". New Media & Society. 27 (4): 2188–2211. doi:10.1177/14614448231207644. ISSN 1461-4448. S2CID 264816011.
Kreiss, Daniel; McGregor, Shannon C (11 April 2023). "A review and provocation: On polarization and platforms". New Media & Society. 26: 556–579. doi:10.1177/14614448231161880. ISSN 1461-4448. S2CID 258125103.
Diaz Ruiz, Carlos; Nilsson, Tomas (2023). "Disinformation and Echo Chambers: How Disinformation Circulates on Social Media Through Identity-Driven Controversies". Journal of Public Policy & Marketing. 42 (1): 18–35. doi:10.1177/07439156221103852. ISSN 0743-9156. S2CID 248934562.
Di Domenico, Giandomenico; Ding, Yu (23 October 2023). "Between Brand attacks and broader narratives: how direct and indirect misinformation erode consumer trust". Current Opinion in Psychology. 54 101716. doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2023.101716. ISSN 2352-250X. PMID 37952396. S2CID 264474368.
Braun, Joshua A.; Eklund, Jessica L. (2 January 2019). "Fake News, Real Money: Ad Tech Platforms, Profit-Driven Hoaxes, and the Business of Journalism". Digital Journalism. 7 (1): 1–21. doi:10.1080/21670811.2018.1556314. ISSN 2167-0811.

dx.doi.org

Susser, Daniel; Roessler, Beate; Nissenbaum, Helen F. (2018). "Online Manipulation: Hidden Influences in a Digital World". doi:10.2139/ssrn.3306006.

europa.eu (Global: 68^th place; English: 117^th place)

europarl.europa.eu

Colomina, Carme (22 April 2021). "The impact of disinformation on democratic processes and human rights in the world" (PDF). European Parliament Policy Department for External Relations - Directorate General for External Policies of the Union.
Marchal, Nahema; Neudert, Lisa-Maria (2019). "Polarisation and the use of technology in political campaigns and communication" (PDF). European Parliamentary Research Service.

digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu

European Commission (16 June 2022). "The Strengthened Code of Practice on Disinformation 2022". digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu. p. 1. Retrieved 25 November 2024.

eeas.europa.eu

European Extrernal Action Service (EEAS) (27 October 2021). "Tackling Disinformation, Foreign Information Manipulation & Interference".

factcheck.org (Global: 7,075^th place; English: 4,103^rd place)

Schaede, Sydney (24 October 2016), "Did the Pope Endorse Trump?", FactCheck.org, archived from the original on 19 April 2019, retrieved 7 December 2016

ft.com (Global: 210^th place; English: 157^th place)

"Condemnation over Egypt's internet shutdown". Financial Times. Retrieved 4 February 2017.

graphika.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

public-assets.graphika.com

Nimmo, Ben; Hubert, Ira; Yang, Cheng (February 2021). Spamouflage Breakout: Chinese Spam Network Finally Starts to Gain Some Traction (PDF) (Report). Graphika. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 March 2021. Retrieved 9 May 2024.

harvard.edu (Global: 18^th place; English: 17^th place)

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Freelon, Deen; Marwick, Alice; Kreiss, Daniel (4 September 2020). "False equivalencies: Online activism from left to right". Science. 369 (6508): 1197–1201. Bibcode:2020Sci...369.1197F. doi:10.1126/science.abb2428. PMID 32883863. S2CID 221471947. Archived from the original on 21 October 2021. Retrieved 2 February 2022.
Eady, Gregory; Paskhalis, Tom; Zilinsky, Jan; Bonneau, Richard; Nagler, Jonathan; Tucker, Joshua A. (9 January 2023). "Exposure to the Russian Internet Research Agency Foreign Influence Campaign on Twitter in the 2016 US Election and its Relationship to Attitudes and Voting Behavior". Nature Communications. 14 (62): 62. Bibcode:2023NatCo..14...62E. doi:10.1038/s41467-022-35576-9. PMC 9829855. PMID 36624094.
Bakshy, E.; Messing, S.; Adamic, L. A. (5 June 2015). "Exposure to ideologically diverse news and opinion on Facebook". Science. 348 (6239): 1130–1132. Bibcode:2015Sci...348.1130B. doi:10.1126/science.aaa1160. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 25953820. S2CID 206632821.

misinforeview.hks.harvard.edu

Krishnan, Nandita; Gu, Jiayan; Tromble, Rebekah; Abroms, Lorien C. (15 December 2021). "Research note: Examining how various social media platforms have responded to COVID-19 misinformation". Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review. doi:10.37016/mr-2020-85. S2CID 245256590. Archived from the original on 3 February 2022. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
Kuo, Rachel; Marwick, Alice (12 August 2021). "Critical disinformation studies: History, power, and politics". Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review. doi:10.37016/mr-2020-76. Archived from the original on 15 October 2023.

house.gov (Global: 529^th place; English: 314^th place)

docs.house.gov

François, Camille (20 September 2019). "Actors, Behaviors, Content: A Disinformation ABC – Highlighting Three Vectors of Viral Deception to Guide Industry & Regulatory Responses" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 March 2023. Retrieved 17 May 2024.

independent.co.uk (Global: 36^th place; English: 33^rd place)

Griffin, Andrew (7 December 2016), "Pope Francis: Fake news is like getting sexually aroused by faeces", The Independent, archived from the original on 26 January 2021, retrieved 7 December 2016

interpretermag.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

The Menace of Unreality: How the Kremlin Weaponizes Information, Culture and Money (PDF), Institute of Modern Russia, 2014, archived from the original (PDF) on 3 February 2019

jinfowar.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Hadley, Newman (2022). "Author". Journal of Information Warfare. Archived from the original on 28 December 2022. Retrieved 28 December 2022. Strategic communications advisor working across a broad range of policy areas for public and multilateral organisations. Counter-disinformation specialist and published author on foreign information manipulation and interference (FIMI).

jstor.org (Global: 26^th place; English: 20^th place)

Newman, Hadley (2022). "Information Warfare: Leveraging the DMMI Matrix Cube for Risk Assessment". Journal of Information Warfare. 21 (3): 84–102. ISSN 1445-3312. JSTOR 27199985.
Pamment, James (2020). The ABCDE Framework (PDF) (Report). Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. pp. 5–9. Archived from the original on 18 March 2024.
Venkataramakrishnan, Siddharth (2025). "From Disinformation to Violence: The UK Far Right and 2024 Riots". Counter Terrorist Trends and Analyses. 17 (2): 8–12 – via JSTOR.
Sultan, Oz (Spring 2019). "Tackling Disinformation, Online Terrorism, and Cyber Risks into the 2020s". The Cyber Defense Review. 4 (1). West Point, New York: Army Cyber Institute: 43–60. ISSN 2474-2120. JSTOR 26623066.

loc.gov (Global: 70^th place; English: 63^rd place)

lccn.loc.gov

Stukal, Denis; Sanovich, Sergey; Bonneau, Richard; Tucker, Joshua A. (February 2022). "Why Botter: How Pro-Government Bots Fight Opposition in Russia" (PDF). American Political Science Review. 116 (1). Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press on behalf of the American Political Science Association: 843–857. doi:10.1017/S0003055421001507. ISSN 1537-5943. LCCN 08009025. OCLC 805068983. S2CID 247038589. Retrieved 10 March 2022.

microsoft.com (Global: 153^rd place; English: 151^st place)

learn.microsoft.com

"How Microsoft names threat actors". Microsoft Learn. 17 October 2024. Retrieved 24 October 2024.

military.com (Global: 1,699^th place; English: 1,027^th place)

Toropin, Konstantin (14 June 2024). "Pentagon Stands by Secret Anti-Vaccination Disinformation Campaign in Philippines After Reuters Report". Military.com. Archived from the original on 14 June 2024. Retrieved 19 June 2024.

motherjones.com (Global: 2,008^th place; English: 1,197^th place)

Carnell, Henry. "Government cancels disinformation grants in disinformation-filled statement". Mother Jones. Retrieved 22 April 2025.

nbcnews.com (Global: 137^th place; English: 101^st place)

Alyssa Newcomb (15 November 2016), "Facebook, Google Crack Down on Fake News Advertising", NBC News, NBC News, archived from the original on 6 April 2019, retrieved 16 November 2016

ned.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Jackson, Dean (2018), Distinguishing Disinformation from Propaganda, Misinformation, and 'Fake News' (PDF), National Endowment for Democracy, archived (PDF) from the original on 7 April 2022, retrieved 31 May 2022

newspapers.com (Global: 55^th place; English: 36^th place)

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Disinformation (English Wikipedia)

archive.org (Global: 6th place; English: 6th place)

arxiv.org (Global: 69th place; English: 59th place)

bbc.co.uk (Global: 8th place; English: 10th place)

boell.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

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books.google.com (Global: 3rd place; English: 3rd place)

brookings.edu (Global: 1,634th place; English: 1,093rd place)

bundesregierung.de (Global: 5,817th place; English: low place)

buzzfeednews.com (Global: 1,368th place; English: 793rd place)

cambridge.org (Global: 305th place; English: 264th place)

cigionline.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

cisecurity.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

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cnn.com (Global: 28th place; English: 26th place)

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commonslibrary.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

creativecommons.org (Global: 1,010th place; English: 612th place)

datasociety.net (Global: low place; English: low place)

disinfo.eu (Global: low place; English: low place)

doi.org (Global: 2nd place; English: 2nd place)

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europa.eu (Global: 68th place; English: 117th place)

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digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu

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factcheck.org (Global: 7,075th place; English: 4,103rd place)

ft.com (Global: 210th place; English: 157th place)

graphika.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

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harvard.edu (Global: 18th place; English: 17th place)

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misinforeview.hks.harvard.edu

house.gov (Global: 529th place; English: 314th place)

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independent.co.uk (Global: 36th place; English: 33rd place)

interpretermag.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

jinfowar.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

jstor.org (Global: 26th place; English: 20th place)

loc.gov (Global: 70th place; English: 63rd place)

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microsoft.com (Global: 153rd place; English: 151st place)

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military.com (Global: 1,699th place; English: 1,027th place)

motherjones.com (Global: 2,008th place; English: 1,197th place)

nbcnews.com (Global: 137th place; English: 101st place)

ned.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

newspapers.com (Global: 55th place; English: 36th place)

niemanlab.org (Global: low place; English: 6,277th place)

nih.gov (Global: 4th place; English: 4th place)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

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pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

npr.org (Global: 92nd place; English: 72nd place)

nsf.gov (Global: 3,828th place; English: 2,823rd place)

nytimes.com (Global: 7th place; English: 7th place)

oecd.org (Global: 960th place; English: 854th place)

ofcom.org.uk (Global: 4,546th place; English: 2,560th place)

ox.ac.uk (Global: 613th place; English: 456th place)

demtech.oii.ox.ac.uk

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parliament.uk (Global: 367th place; English: 243rd place)

committees.parliament.uk

pnas.org (Global: 1,293rd place; English: 3,794th place)

repec.org (Global: 4,270th place; English: 2,990th place)

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reuters.com (Global: 49th place; English: 47th place)

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journals.sagepub.com

science.org (Global: 1,160th place; English: 737th place)

scientificamerican.com (Global: 896th place; English: 674th place)

semanticscholar.org (Global: 11th place; English: 8th place)

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ssrn.com (Global: 703rd place; English: 501st place)

state.gov (Global: 264th place; English: 249th place)

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; English: 6^th place)

arxiv.org (Global: 69^th place; English: 59^th place)

bbc.co.uk (Global: 8^th place; English: 10^th place)

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

brookings.edu (Global: 1,634^th place; English: 1,093^rd place)

bundesregierung.de (Global: 5,817^th place; English: low place)

buzzfeednews.com (Global: 1,368^th place; English: 793^rd place)

cambridge.org (Global: 305^th place; English: 264^th place)

cnn.com (Global: 28^th place; English: 26^th place)

coe.int (Global: 772^nd place; English: 849^th place)

creativecommons.org (Global: 1,010^th place; English: 612^th place)

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

europa.eu (Global: 68^th place; English: 117^th place)

factcheck.org (Global: 7,075^th place; English: 4,103^rd place)

ft.com (Global: 210^th place; English: 157^th place)

harvard.edu (Global: 18^th place; English: 17^th place)

house.gov (Global: 529^th place; English: 314^th place)

independent.co.uk (Global: 36^th place; English: 33^rd place)

jstor.org (Global: 26^th place; English: 20^th place)

loc.gov (Global: 70^th place; English: 63^rd place)

microsoft.com (Global: 153^rd place; English: 151^st place)

military.com (Global: 1,699^th place; English: 1,027^th place)

motherjones.com (Global: 2,008^th place; English: 1,197^th place)

nbcnews.com (Global: 137^th place; English: 101^st place)

newspapers.com (Global: 55^th place; English: 36^th place)

niemanlab.org (Global: low place; English: 6,277^th place)

nih.gov (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)

npr.org (Global: 92^nd place; English: 72^nd place)

nsf.gov (Global: 3,828^th place; English: 2,823^rd place)

nytimes.com (Global: 7^th place; English: 7^th place)

oecd.org (Global: 960^th place; English: 854^th place)

ofcom.org.uk (Global: 4,546^th place; English: 2,560^th place)

ox.ac.uk (Global: 613^th place; English: 456^th place)

parliament.uk (Global: 367^th place; English: 243^rd place)

pnas.org (Global: 1,293^rd place; English: 3,794^th place)

repec.org (Global: 4,270^th place; English: 2,990^th place)

reuters.com (Global: 49^th place; English: 47^th place)

sagepub.com (Global: 731^st place; English: 638^th place)

science.org (Global: 1,160^th place; English: 737^th place)

scientificamerican.com (Global: 896^th place; English: 674^th place)

semanticscholar.org (Global: 11^th place; English: 8^th place)

ssrn.com (Global: 703^rd place; English: 501^st place)

state.gov (Global: 264^th place; English: 249^th place)

tandfonline.com (Global: 507^th place; English: 429^th place)

taylorfrancis.com (Global: 3,142^nd place; English: 2,072^nd place)

theguardian.com (Global: 12^th place; English: 11^th place)

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unc.edu (Global: 1,538^th place; English: 1,042^nd place)

unesco.org (Global: 104^th place; English: 199^th place)

voanews.com (Global: 581^st place; English: 738^th place)

washingtonpost.com (Global: 34^th place; English: 27^th place)

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

wiley.com (Global: 222^nd place; English: 297^th place)

wired.com (Global: 193^rd place; English: 152^nd place)

worldcat.org (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

zmescience.com (Global: low place; English: 8,053^rd place)