"Artuqids of Mardin, Nasir al-Din Mahmud (1200–1222 AD), AE Dirhem 26 mm; minted AH 617 (1220/1221 AD) obv: Two-headed eagle. Rev: Three line Kufic legend in beaded border" Tom Buggey, Coins of IslamArchived 2016-05-05 at the Wayback Machine. "B2272. ARTUQUIDS OF HISN KAYFA AND AMID, NASIR AL-DIN-MAHMUD, 1200–1222 AD. AE Dirhem, Spengler/Sayles 15. 12.68 gm. Two headed eagle with wings spread representing the astrological sign Gemini/Legend. Nice VF." Edgar L. Owen, Turkoman and other early world coinsArchived 2016-04-26 at the Wayback Machine. Baldwin Islamic Coin Auction 18Archived 2016-05-12 at the Wayback Machine nos. 626–629.
"Artuqids of Mardin, Nasir al-Din Mahmud (1200–1222 AD), AE Dirhem 26 mm; minted AH 617 (1220/1221 AD) obv: Two-headed eagle. Rev: Three line Kufic legend in beaded border" Tom Buggey, Coins of IslamArchived 2016-05-05 at the Wayback Machine. "B2272. ARTUQUIDS OF HISN KAYFA AND AMID, NASIR AL-DIN-MAHMUD, 1200–1222 AD. AE Dirhem, Spengler/Sayles 15. 12.68 gm. Two headed eagle with wings spread representing the astrological sign Gemini/Legend. Nice VF." Edgar L. Owen, Turkoman and other early world coinsArchived 2016-04-26 at the Wayback Machine. Baldwin Islamic Coin Auction 18Archived 2016-05-12 at the Wayback Machine nos. 626–629.
Bodenheimer 1960, p. 53: "Two-headed eagles, first found in old Mycenaean pottery, developed in the Byzantine era into the well-known two-headed heraldic eagle." Bodenheimer, Friedrich Simon (1960). Animal and Man in Bible Lands. Leiden: E. J. Brill.
Zapheiriou 1947, pp. 21–22: "Ο φωτισμένος αυτός Αυτοκράτορας καταγόταν από Οίκο της Παφλαγονίας, όπου στην πόλη Γάγγρα υπήρχε ο θρύλος της ύπαρξης φτερωτού αετόμορφου και δικέφαλου θηρίου (γνωστού ως Χάγκα), το οποίο και κοσμούσε το θυρεό του κτήματος της οικογένειάς του στην Καστάμονη." It is unclear where Zapheiriou's term Haga (Χάγκα) is taken from; it does not appear to find further reflection in scholarly literature but it was adopted by historical fiction author Gordon Doherty in his Strategos: Island in the Storm (2014), see note on p. 390: "One theory is that the symbol was adopted from the many ancient Hittite rock carvings of the mythical Haga found throughout Anatolia." Zapheiriou, Nicholas (1947). Η ελληνική σημαία από την αρχαιότητα ως σήμερα [The Greek flag from antiquity to the present] (in Greek). Athens.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Soucek 1997, p. 411: "It was from the Byzantine Empire, however, that the Turks adopted the double-headed eagle. A royal association with this emblem is suggested by its appearance on the keystone of an arch from the Seljuk citadel at Ikonion. This is made even more explicit by the double-headed eagle emblazoned with the word al-Sultan on a ceramic tile excavated at the palace of Alaeddin Kaykubad at Kubadabad, near Akşehir." Soucek, Priscilla (1997). "Byzantium and the Islamic East". In Evans, Helen C.; Wixom, William D. (eds.). The Glory of the Byzantine Empire: Art and Culture of the Byzantine Era, A.D. 843–1261. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. pp. 402–433. ISBN978-0-87099-777-8.
The Cairo Citadel relief is of uncertain origin, and was likely moved to Cairo during the Mamluk period. Nasser Rabbat, "The Visual Milieu of the Counter-Crusade in Syria and Egypt" in: Khalil I. Semaan (ed.), The Crusades: Other Experiences, Alternate Perspectives: Selected Proceedings from the 32nd Annual CEMERS Conference (2003), p. 76. Its heads are missing, and its design is the origin of the (single-headed) "Eagle of Saladin" introduced as a symbol of Egyptian Republicanism in the 1950s. L. A. Meyer, Saracenic Heraldry (1933), p. 195, cited after The Flag Bulletin 24 (1985), p. 44.
Elsie 2010, p. 140, "Flag, Albanian": "The eagle was a common heraldic symbol for many Albanian dynasties in the Late Middle Ages and came to be a symbol of the Albanians in general. It is also said to have been the flag of Skanderbeg. [...] As a symbol of modern Albania, the flag began to be seen during the years of the national awakening and was in common use during the uprisings of 1909–1912. It was this flag that Ismail Qemal bey Vlora raised in Vlora on 28 November 1912 in proclaiming Albanian independence." Elsie, Robert (2010). Historical Dictionary of Albania. Lanham: Scarecrow Press. ISBN978-0-8108-6188-6.
"Artuqids of Mardin, Nasir al-Din Mahmud (1200–1222 AD), AE Dirhem 26 mm; minted AH 617 (1220/1221 AD) obv: Two-headed eagle. Rev: Three line Kufic legend in beaded border" Tom Buggey, Coins of IslamArchived 2016-05-05 at the Wayback Machine. "B2272. ARTUQUIDS OF HISN KAYFA AND AMID, NASIR AL-DIN-MAHMUD, 1200–1222 AD. AE Dirhem, Spengler/Sayles 15. 12.68 gm. Two headed eagle with wings spread representing the astrological sign Gemini/Legend. Nice VF." Edgar L. Owen, Turkoman and other early world coinsArchived 2016-04-26 at the Wayback Machine. Baldwin Islamic Coin Auction 18Archived 2016-05-12 at the Wayback Machine nos. 626–629.
See, for instance, the "Cup of Stefan Uroš IV Dušan", dated 1345–1355, in Talbot 2004, p. 48. Talbot, Alice-Mary (2004). "Revival and Decline: Voices from the Byzantine Capital". In Evans, Helen C. (ed.). Byzantium: Faith and Power (1261–1557). New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. pp. 17–64.
Walker 2004, p. 64: "Many of the sovereign symbols found in early Mamluk art, including the double-headed eagle and astrological motifs, while originating in Seljuk Iranian art, reached their full development in these areas." Walker, Bethany J. (2004). "Ceramic Evidence for Political Transformations in Early Mamluk Egypt". Mamlūk Studies Review. 8 (1): 1–114.
"Artuqids of Mardin, Nasir al-Din Mahmud (1200–1222 AD), AE Dirhem 26 mm; minted AH 617 (1220/1221 AD) obv: Two-headed eagle. Rev: Three line Kufic legend in beaded border" Tom Buggey, Coins of IslamArchived 2016-05-05 at the Wayback Machine. "B2272. ARTUQUIDS OF HISN KAYFA AND AMID, NASIR AL-DIN-MAHMUD, 1200–1222 AD. AE Dirhem, Spengler/Sayles 15. 12.68 gm. Two headed eagle with wings spread representing the astrological sign Gemini/Legend. Nice VF." Edgar L. Owen, Turkoman and other early world coinsArchived 2016-04-26 at the Wayback Machine. Baldwin Islamic Coin Auction 18Archived 2016-05-12 at the Wayback Machine nos. 626–629.
