Dunning–Kruger effect (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Dunning–Kruger effect" in English language version.

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Dunning 2011, p. 263. Dunning, David (1 January 2011). "Chapter Five – The Dunning–Kruger Effect: On Being Ignorant of One's Own Ignorance". Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. Vol. 44. Academic Press. pp. 247–296. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-385522-0.00005-6. ISBN 978-0-12-385522-0. Retrieved 20 December 2021.
Dunning 2011, pp. 260–261. Dunning, David (1 January 2011). "Chapter Five – The Dunning–Kruger Effect: On Being Ignorant of One's Own Ignorance". Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. Vol. 44. Academic Press. pp. 247–296. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-385522-0.00005-6. ISBN 978-0-12-385522-0. Retrieved 20 December 2021.
Dunning 2011, pp. 262–263. Dunning, David (1 January 2011). "Chapter Five – The Dunning–Kruger Effect: On Being Ignorant of One's Own Ignorance". Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. Vol. 44. Academic Press. pp. 247–296. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-385522-0.00005-6. ISBN 978-0-12-385522-0. Retrieved 20 December 2021.
Dunning 2011, pp. 262–264. Dunning, David (1 January 2011). "Chapter Five – The Dunning–Kruger Effect: On Being Ignorant of One's Own Ignorance". Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. Vol. 44. Academic Press. pp. 247–296. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-385522-0.00005-6. ISBN 978-0-12-385522-0. Retrieved 20 December 2021.
Dunning 2011, pp. 263–264. Dunning, David (1 January 2011). "Chapter Five – The Dunning–Kruger Effect: On Being Ignorant of One's Own Ignorance". Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. Vol. 44. Academic Press. pp. 247–296. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-385522-0.00005-6. ISBN 978-0-12-385522-0. Retrieved 20 December 2021.
Dunning 2011, p. 264. Dunning, David (1 January 2011). "Chapter Five – The Dunning–Kruger Effect: On Being Ignorant of One's Own Ignorance". Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. Vol. 44. Academic Press. pp. 247–296. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-385522-0.00005-6. ISBN 978-0-12-385522-0. Retrieved 20 December 2021.
Dunning 2011, pp. 264–265. Dunning, David (1 January 2011). "Chapter Five – The Dunning–Kruger Effect: On Being Ignorant of One's Own Ignorance". Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. Vol. 44. Academic Press. pp. 247–296. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-385522-0.00005-6. ISBN 978-0-12-385522-0. Retrieved 20 December 2021.
Dunning 2011, pp. 261–262, 265–270. Dunning, David (1 January 2011). "Chapter Five – The Dunning–Kruger Effect: On Being Ignorant of One's Own Ignorance". Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. Vol. 44. Academic Press. pp. 247–296. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-385522-0.00005-6. ISBN 978-0-12-385522-0. Retrieved 20 December 2021.
Dunning 2011, pp. 260–262. Dunning, David (1 January 2011). "Chapter Five – The Dunning–Kruger Effect: On Being Ignorant of One's Own Ignorance". Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. Vol. 44. Academic Press. pp. 247–296. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-385522-0.00005-6. ISBN 978-0-12-385522-0. Retrieved 20 December 2021.
Dunning 2011, p. 257. Dunning, David (1 January 2011). "Chapter Five – The Dunning–Kruger Effect: On Being Ignorant of One's Own Ignorance". Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. Vol. 44. Academic Press. pp. 247–296. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-385522-0.00005-6. ISBN 978-0-12-385522-0. Retrieved 20 December 2021.
Dunning 2011, pp. 265–266. Dunning, David (1 January 2011). "Chapter Five – The Dunning–Kruger Effect: On Being Ignorant of One's Own Ignorance". Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. Vol. 44. Academic Press. pp. 247–296. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-385522-0.00005-6. ISBN 978-0-12-385522-0. Retrieved 20 December 2021.
Alicke & Govorun 2005, p. 123, The Better-Than-Average Effect.. Alicke, M. D.; Govorun, O. (2005). "The Better-Than-Average Effect.". The Self in Social Judgment. Psychology Press. p. 123. ISBN 978-1-84169-418-4. Archived from the original on 24 December 2021. Retrieved 24 December 2021.
Dunning 2011, p. 260. Dunning, David (1 January 2011). "Chapter Five – The Dunning–Kruger Effect: On Being Ignorant of One's Own Ignorance". Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. Vol. 44. Academic Press. pp. 247–296. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-385522-0.00005-6. ISBN 978-0-12-385522-0. Retrieved 20 December 2021.
Dunning 2011, p. 268. Dunning, David (1 January 2011). "Chapter Five – The Dunning–Kruger Effect: On Being Ignorant of One's Own Ignorance". Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. Vol. 44. Academic Press. pp. 247–296. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-385522-0.00005-6. ISBN 978-0-12-385522-0. Retrieved 20 December 2021.
Dunning 2011, p. 266. Dunning, David (1 January 2011). "Chapter Five – The Dunning–Kruger Effect: On Being Ignorant of One's Own Ignorance". Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. Vol. 44. Academic Press. pp. 247–296. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-385522-0.00005-6. ISBN 978-0-12-385522-0. Retrieved 20 December 2021.
Dunning 2011, pp. 268–269. Dunning, David (1 January 2011). "Chapter Five – The Dunning–Kruger Effect: On Being Ignorant of One's Own Ignorance". Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. Vol. 44. Academic Press. pp. 247–296. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-385522-0.00005-6. ISBN 978-0-12-385522-0. Retrieved 20 December 2021.
Dunning 2011, pp. 260–262, 286–287. Dunning, David (1 January 2011). "Chapter Five – The Dunning–Kruger Effect: On Being Ignorant of One's Own Ignorance". Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. Vol. 44. Academic Press. pp. 247–296. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-385522-0.00005-6. ISBN 978-0-12-385522-0. Retrieved 20 December 2021.
Dunning 2011, pp. 288–289. Dunning, David (1 January 2011). "Chapter Five – The Dunning–Kruger Effect: On Being Ignorant of One's Own Ignorance". Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. Vol. 44. Academic Press. pp. 247–296. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-385522-0.00005-6. ISBN 978-0-12-385522-0. Retrieved 20 December 2021.
Dunning 2011, p. 289. Dunning, David (1 January 2011). "Chapter Five – The Dunning–Kruger Effect: On Being Ignorant of One's Own Ignorance". Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. Vol. 44. Academic Press. pp. 247–296. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-385522-0.00005-6. ISBN 978-0-12-385522-0. Retrieved 20 December 2021.

arstechnica.com (Global: 388^th place; English: 265^th place)

Lee 2016, p. 3. Lee, Chris (5 November 2016). "Revisiting why incompetents think they're awesome". Ars Technica. p. 3. Archived from the original on 19 December 2019. Retrieved 11 January 2014.

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

Rowell & Bilz 2021, pp. 85–86. Rowell, Arden; Bilz, Kenworthey (16 February 2021). The Psychology of Environmental Law. NYU Press. pp. 85–86. ISBN 978-1-4798-9186-3.
TenEyck 2021, pp. 123–128, 20. Dunning–Kruger Effect. TenEyck, Lisa (2021). "20. Dunning–Kruger Effect". Decision Making in Emergency Medicine: Biases, Errors and Solutions. Springer Nature. ISBN 978-981-16-0143-9.
Highhouse, Dalal & Salas 2013, p. 55. Highhouse, Scott; Dalal, Reeshad S.; Salas, Eduardo (5 September 2013). Judgment and Decision Making at Work. Routledge. p. 55. ISBN 978-1-135-02194-8.

bps.org.uk (Global: low place; English: low place)

Dunning 2022. Dunning, David (2022). "The Dunning-Kruger effect and its discontents". British Psychological Association. Retrieved 29 November 2023.

britannica.com (Global: 40^th place; English: 58^th place)

Duignan 2023. Duignan, Brian (2023). "Dunning–Kruger effect". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 30 November 2021. Retrieved 7 December 2021.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Dunning 2011, p. 263. Dunning, David (1 January 2011). "Chapter Five – The Dunning–Kruger Effect: On Being Ignorant of One's Own Ignorance". Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. Vol. 44. Academic Press. pp. 247–296. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-385522-0.00005-6. ISBN 978-0-12-385522-0. Retrieved 20 December 2021.
Schlösser et al. 2013, pp. 85–100. Schlösser, Thomas; Dunning, David; Johnson, Kerri L.; Kruger, Justin (1 December 2013). "How Unaware Are the Unskilled? Empirical Tests of the 'Signal Extraction' Counter-Explanation for the Dunning–Kruger Effect in Self-Evaluation of Performance". Journal of Economic Psychology. 39: 85–100. doi:10.1016/j.joep.2013.07.004. ISSN 0167-4870.
Mahmood 2016, pp. 199–213. Mahmood, Khalid (1 January 2016). "Do People Overestimate Their Information Literacy Skills? A Systematic Review of Empirical Evidence on the Dunning–Kruger Effect". Communications in Information Literacy. 10 (2): 199–213. doi:10.15760/comminfolit.2016.10.2.24.
Pavel, Robertson & Harrison 2012, pp. 125–129. Pavel, Samuel; Robertson, Michael; Harrison, Bryan (October 2012). "The Dunning–Kruger Effect and SIUC University's Aviation Students". Journal of Aviation Technology and Engineering. 2 (1): 125–129. doi:10.5703/1288284314864.
Gignac & Zajenkowski 2020. Gignac, Gilles E.; Zajenkowski, Marcin (1 May 2020). "The Dunning–Kruger effect is (mostly) a statistical artefact: Valid approaches to testing the hypothesis with individual differences data". Intelligence. 80 101449. doi:10.1016/j.intell.2020.101449. ISSN 0160-2896. S2CID 216410901.
Magnus & Peresetsky 2022. Magnus, Jan R.; Peresetsky, Anatoly A. (25 March 2022). "A Statistical Explanation of the Dunning–Kruger Effect". Frontiers in Psychology. 13 840180. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.840180. PMC 8992690. PMID 35401341.
Dunning 2011, pp. 260–261. Dunning, David (1 January 2011). "Chapter Five – The Dunning–Kruger Effect: On Being Ignorant of One's Own Ignorance". Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. Vol. 44. Academic Press. pp. 247–296. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-385522-0.00005-6. ISBN 978-0-12-385522-0. Retrieved 20 December 2021.
Mazor & Fleming 2021, pp. 677–678. Mazor, Matan; Fleming, Stephen M. (June 2021). "The Dunning–Kruger effect revisited". Nature Human Behaviour. 5 (6): 677–678. doi:10.1038/s41562-021-01101-z. ISSN 2397-3374. PMID 33833426. S2CID 233191867. Archived from the original on 7 December 2021. Retrieved 7 December 2021.
Dunning 2011, pp. 262–263. Dunning, David (1 January 2011). "Chapter Five – The Dunning–Kruger Effect: On Being Ignorant of One's Own Ignorance". Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. Vol. 44. Academic Press. pp. 247–296. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-385522-0.00005-6. ISBN 978-0-12-385522-0. Retrieved 20 December 2021.
Dunning 2011, pp. 262–264. Dunning, David (1 January 2011). "Chapter Five – The Dunning–Kruger Effect: On Being Ignorant of One's Own Ignorance". Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. Vol. 44. Academic Press. pp. 247–296. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-385522-0.00005-6. ISBN 978-0-12-385522-0. Retrieved 20 December 2021.
Dunning 2011, pp. 263–264. Dunning, David (1 January 2011). "Chapter Five – The Dunning–Kruger Effect: On Being Ignorant of One's Own Ignorance". Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. Vol. 44. Academic Press. pp. 247–296. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-385522-0.00005-6. ISBN 978-0-12-385522-0. Retrieved 20 December 2021.
Dunning 2011, p. 264. Dunning, David (1 January 2011). "Chapter Five – The Dunning–Kruger Effect: On Being Ignorant of One's Own Ignorance". Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. Vol. 44. Academic Press. pp. 247–296. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-385522-0.00005-6. ISBN 978-0-12-385522-0. Retrieved 20 December 2021.
Magnus & Peresetsky 2022, p. 840180. Magnus, Jan R.; Peresetsky, Anatoly A. (25 March 2022). "A Statistical Explanation of the Dunning–Kruger Effect". Frontiers in Psychology. 13 840180. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.840180. PMC 8992690. PMID 35401341.
Kruger & Dunning 1999, pp. 1121–1134. Kruger, Justin; Dunning, David (1999). "Unskilled and Unaware of It: How Difficulties in Recognizing One's Own Incompetence Lead to Inflated Self-Assessments". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 77 (6): 1121–1134. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.64.2655. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.77.6.1121. PMID 10626367. S2CID 2109278.
Ehrlinger & Dunning 2003, pp. 5–17. Ehrlinger, Joyce; Dunning, David (January 2003). "How chronic self-views influence (and potentially mislead) estimates of performance". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 84 (1): 5–17. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.84.1.5. PMID 12518967.
Burson, Larrick & Klayman 2006, pp. 60–77. Burson, Katherine A.; Larrick, Richard P.; Klayman, Joshua (2006). "Skilled or unskilled, but still unaware of it: How perceptions of difficulty drive miscalibration in relative comparisons". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 90 (1): 60–77. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.178.7774. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.90.1.60. hdl:2027.42/39168. PMID 16448310.
Dunning & Helzer 2014, pp. 126–130. Dunning, David; Helzer, Erik G. (2014). "Beyond the Correlation Coefficient in Studies of Self-Assessment Accuracy: Commentary on Zell & Krizan (2014)". Perspectives on Psychological Science. 9 (2): 126–130. doi:10.1177/1745691614521244. PMID 26173250. S2CID 23729134. In other words, the best way to improve self-accuracy is simply to make everybody better performers. Doing so helps them to avoid the type of outcome they seem unable to anticipate. Discerning readers will recognize this as an oblique restatement of the Dunning–Kruger effect (see Dunning, 2011; Kruger & Dunning, 1999), which suggests that poor performers are not in a position to recognize the shortcomings in their performance.
Dunning & Helzer 2014, pp. 126–130. Dunning, David; Helzer, Erik G. (2014). "Beyond the Correlation Coefficient in Studies of Self-Assessment Accuracy: Commentary on Zell & Krizan (2014)". Perspectives on Psychological Science. 9 (2): 126–130. doi:10.1177/1745691614521244. PMID 26173250. S2CID 23729134. In other words, the best way to improve self-accuracy is simply to make everybody better performers. Doing so helps them to avoid the type of outcome they seem unable to anticipate. Discerning readers will recognize this as an oblique restatement of the Dunning–Kruger effect (see Dunning, 2011; Kruger & Dunning, 1999), which suggests that poor performers are not in a position to recognize the shortcomings in their performance.
Dunning 2011, pp. 264–265. Dunning, David (1 January 2011). "Chapter Five – The Dunning–Kruger Effect: On Being Ignorant of One's Own Ignorance". Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. Vol. 44. Academic Press. pp. 247–296. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-385522-0.00005-6. ISBN 978-0-12-385522-0. Retrieved 20 December 2021.
Dunning 2011, pp. 261–262, 265–270. Dunning, David (1 January 2011). "Chapter Five – The Dunning–Kruger Effect: On Being Ignorant of One's Own Ignorance". Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. Vol. 44. Academic Press. pp. 247–296. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-385522-0.00005-6. ISBN 978-0-12-385522-0. Retrieved 20 December 2021.
Jansen, Rafferty & Griffiths 2021, pp. 756–757. Jansen, Rachel A.; Rafferty, Anna N.; Griffiths, Thomas L. (25 February 2021). "A rational model of the Dunning–Kruger effect supports insensitivity to evidence in low performers". Nature Human Behaviour. 5 (6): 756–757. doi:10.1038/s41562-021-01057-0. PMID 33633375. S2CID 232059067.
Dunning 2011, pp. 260–262. Dunning, David (1 January 2011). "Chapter Five – The Dunning–Kruger Effect: On Being Ignorant of One's Own Ignorance". Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. Vol. 44. Academic Press. pp. 247–296. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-385522-0.00005-6. ISBN 978-0-12-385522-0. Retrieved 20 December 2021.
Dunning 2011, p. 257. Dunning, David (1 January 2011). "Chapter Five – The Dunning–Kruger Effect: On Being Ignorant of One's Own Ignorance". Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. Vol. 44. Academic Press. pp. 247–296. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-385522-0.00005-6. ISBN 978-0-12-385522-0. Retrieved 20 December 2021.
Dunning 2011, pp. 265–266. Dunning, David (1 January 2011). "Chapter Five – The Dunning–Kruger Effect: On Being Ignorant of One's Own Ignorance". Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. Vol. 44. Academic Press. pp. 247–296. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-385522-0.00005-6. ISBN 978-0-12-385522-0. Retrieved 20 December 2021.
Kim, Kwon & Chiu 2017, p. 898. Kim, Young-Hoon; Kwon, Heewon; Chiu, Chi-Yue (2017). "The Better-Than-Average Effect Is Observed Because "Average" Is Often Construed as Below-Median Ability". Frontiers in Psychology. 8 898. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00898. ISSN 1664-1078. PMC 5479883. PMID 28690555.
Dunning 2011, p. 260. Dunning, David (1 January 2011). "Chapter Five – The Dunning–Kruger Effect: On Being Ignorant of One's Own Ignorance". Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. Vol. 44. Academic Press. pp. 247–296. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-385522-0.00005-6. ISBN 978-0-12-385522-0. Retrieved 20 December 2021.
Dunning 2011, p. 268. Dunning, David (1 January 2011). "Chapter Five – The Dunning–Kruger Effect: On Being Ignorant of One's Own Ignorance". Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. Vol. 44. Academic Press. pp. 247–296. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-385522-0.00005-6. ISBN 978-0-12-385522-0. Retrieved 20 December 2021.
Dunning 2011, p. 266. Dunning, David (1 January 2011). "Chapter Five – The Dunning–Kruger Effect: On Being Ignorant of One's Own Ignorance". Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. Vol. 44. Academic Press. pp. 247–296. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-385522-0.00005-6. ISBN 978-0-12-385522-0. Retrieved 20 December 2021.
Magnus & Peresetsky 2022, p. 6. Magnus, Jan R.; Peresetsky, Anatoly A. (25 March 2022). "A Statistical Explanation of the Dunning–Kruger Effect". Frontiers in Psychology. 13 840180. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.840180. PMC 8992690. PMID 35401341.
Nuhfer et al. 2017, p. 26. Nuhfer, Edward; Cogan, Christopher; Fleischer, Steven; Gaze, Eric; Wirth, Karl (January 2017). "How Random Noise and a Graphical Convention Subverted Behavioral Scientists' Explanations of Self-Assessment Data: Numeracy Underlies Better Alternatives". Numeracy: Advancing Education in Quantitative Literacy. 10 (1). doi:10.5038/1936-4660.10.1.4. ISSN 1936-4660. Wikidata Q56566525. Archived from the original on 26 November 2023.
Nuhfer et al. 2016, pp. 21–22. Nuhfer, Edward; Cogan, Christopher; Fleischer, Steven; Gaze, Eric; Wirth, Karl (January 2016). "Random Number Simulations Reveal How Random Noise Affects the Measurements and Graphical Portrayals of Self-Assessed Competency". Numeracy: Advancing Education in Quantitative Literacy. 9 (1). doi:10.5038/1936-4660.9.1.4. ISSN 1936-4660. Wikidata Q56566524. Archived from the original on 26 November 2023.
Krajc & Ortmann 2008, pp. 724–738. Krajc, Marian; Ortmann, Andreas (1 November 2008). "Are the unskilled really that unaware? An alternative explanation". Journal of Economic Psychology. 29 (5): 724–738. doi:10.1016/j.joep.2007.12.006. ISSN 0167-4870. Archived from the original on 23 January 2022. Retrieved 24 December 2021.
Dunning 2011, pp. 268–269. Dunning, David (1 January 2011). "Chapter Five – The Dunning–Kruger Effect: On Being Ignorant of One's Own Ignorance". Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. Vol. 44. Academic Press. pp. 247–296. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-385522-0.00005-6. ISBN 978-0-12-385522-0. Retrieved 20 December 2021.
Ehrlinger et al. 2008, pp. 107–108. Ehrlinger, Joyce; Johnson, Kerri; Banner, Matthew; Dunning, David; Kruger, Justin (1 January 2008). "Why the Unskilled Are Unaware: Further Explorations of (Absent) Self-Insight Among the Incompetent". Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes. 105 (1): 98–121. doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2007.05.002. ISSN 0749-5978. PMC 2702783. PMID 19568317.
Dunning 2011, pp. 260–262, 286–287. Dunning, David (1 January 2011). "Chapter Five – The Dunning–Kruger Effect: On Being Ignorant of One's Own Ignorance". Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. Vol. 44. Academic Press. pp. 247–296. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-385522-0.00005-6. ISBN 978-0-12-385522-0. Retrieved 20 December 2021.
Dunning 2011, pp. 288–289. Dunning, David (1 January 2011). "Chapter Five – The Dunning–Kruger Effect: On Being Ignorant of One's Own Ignorance". Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. Vol. 44. Academic Press. pp. 247–296. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-385522-0.00005-6. ISBN 978-0-12-385522-0. Retrieved 20 December 2021.
Dunning 2011, p. 289. Dunning, David (1 January 2011). "Chapter Five – The Dunning–Kruger Effect: On Being Ignorant of One's Own Ignorance". Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. Vol. 44. Academic Press. pp. 247–296. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-385522-0.00005-6. ISBN 978-0-12-385522-0. Retrieved 20 December 2021.
Huang 2013, § The Dunning-Kruger effect and the peer-review process. Huang, Sui (2013). "When peers are not peers and don't know it: The Dunning-Kruger effect and self-fulfilling prophecy in peer-review". BioEssays. 35 (5): 414–416. doi:10.1002/bies.201200182. PMID 23386501.

handle.net (Global: 102^nd place; English: 76^th place)

hdl.handle.net

Burson, Larrick & Klayman 2006, pp. 60–77. Burson, Katherine A.; Larrick, Richard P.; Klayman, Joshua (2006). "Skilled or unskilled, but still unaware of it: How perceptions of difficulty drive miscalibration in relative comparisons". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 90 (1): 60–77. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.178.7774. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.90.1.60. hdl:2027.42/39168. PMID 16448310.

mcgill.ca (Global: 2,527^th place; English: 1,840^th place)

Jarry 2020. Jarry, Jonathan (17 December 2020). "The Dunning-Kruger Effect Is Probably Not Real". McGill Office for Science and Society. McGill University. Retrieved 9 March 2024.

nature.com (Global: 234^th place; English: 397^th place)

Mazor & Fleming 2021, pp. 677–678. Mazor, Matan; Fleming, Stephen M. (June 2021). "The Dunning–Kruger effect revisited". Nature Human Behaviour. 5 (6): 677–678. doi:10.1038/s41562-021-01101-z. ISSN 2397-3374. PMID 33833426. S2CID 233191867. Archived from the original on 7 December 2021. Retrieved 7 December 2021.

nih.gov (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Magnus & Peresetsky 2022. Magnus, Jan R.; Peresetsky, Anatoly A. (25 March 2022). "A Statistical Explanation of the Dunning–Kruger Effect". Frontiers in Psychology. 13 840180. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.840180. PMC 8992690. PMID 35401341.
Mazor & Fleming 2021, pp. 677–678. Mazor, Matan; Fleming, Stephen M. (June 2021). "The Dunning–Kruger effect revisited". Nature Human Behaviour. 5 (6): 677–678. doi:10.1038/s41562-021-01101-z. ISSN 2397-3374. PMID 33833426. S2CID 233191867. Archived from the original on 7 December 2021. Retrieved 7 December 2021.
Magnus & Peresetsky 2022, p. 840180. Magnus, Jan R.; Peresetsky, Anatoly A. (25 March 2022). "A Statistical Explanation of the Dunning–Kruger Effect". Frontiers in Psychology. 13 840180. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.840180. PMC 8992690. PMID 35401341.
Kruger & Dunning 1999, pp. 1121–1134. Kruger, Justin; Dunning, David (1999). "Unskilled and Unaware of It: How Difficulties in Recognizing One's Own Incompetence Lead to Inflated Self-Assessments". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 77 (6): 1121–1134. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.64.2655. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.77.6.1121. PMID 10626367. S2CID 2109278.
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Burson, Larrick & Klayman 2006, pp. 60–77. Burson, Katherine A.; Larrick, Richard P.; Klayman, Joshua (2006). "Skilled or unskilled, but still unaware of it: How perceptions of difficulty drive miscalibration in relative comparisons". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 90 (1): 60–77. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.178.7774. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.90.1.60. hdl:2027.42/39168. PMID 16448310.
Dunning & Helzer 2014, pp. 126–130. Dunning, David; Helzer, Erik G. (2014). "Beyond the Correlation Coefficient in Studies of Self-Assessment Accuracy: Commentary on Zell & Krizan (2014)". Perspectives on Psychological Science. 9 (2): 126–130. doi:10.1177/1745691614521244. PMID 26173250. S2CID 23729134. In other words, the best way to improve self-accuracy is simply to make everybody better performers. Doing so helps them to avoid the type of outcome they seem unable to anticipate. Discerning readers will recognize this as an oblique restatement of the Dunning–Kruger effect (see Dunning, 2011; Kruger & Dunning, 1999), which suggests that poor performers are not in a position to recognize the shortcomings in their performance.
Dunning & Helzer 2014, pp. 126–130. Dunning, David; Helzer, Erik G. (2014). "Beyond the Correlation Coefficient in Studies of Self-Assessment Accuracy: Commentary on Zell & Krizan (2014)". Perspectives on Psychological Science. 9 (2): 126–130. doi:10.1177/1745691614521244. PMID 26173250. S2CID 23729134. In other words, the best way to improve self-accuracy is simply to make everybody better performers. Doing so helps them to avoid the type of outcome they seem unable to anticipate. Discerning readers will recognize this as an oblique restatement of the Dunning–Kruger effect (see Dunning, 2011; Kruger & Dunning, 1999), which suggests that poor performers are not in a position to recognize the shortcomings in their performance.
Jansen, Rafferty & Griffiths 2021, pp. 756–757. Jansen, Rachel A.; Rafferty, Anna N.; Griffiths, Thomas L. (25 February 2021). "A rational model of the Dunning–Kruger effect supports insensitivity to evidence in low performers". Nature Human Behaviour. 5 (6): 756–757. doi:10.1038/s41562-021-01057-0. PMID 33633375. S2CID 232059067.
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Magnus & Peresetsky 2022, p. 6. Magnus, Jan R.; Peresetsky, Anatoly A. (25 March 2022). "A Statistical Explanation of the Dunning–Kruger Effect". Frontiers in Psychology. 13 840180. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.840180. PMC 8992690. PMID 35401341.
Ehrlinger et al. 2008, pp. 107–108. Ehrlinger, Joyce; Johnson, Kerri; Banner, Matthew; Dunning, David; Kruger, Justin (1 January 2008). "Why the Unskilled Are Unaware: Further Explorations of (Absent) Self-Insight Among the Incompetent". Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes. 105 (1): 98–121. doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2007.05.002. ISSN 0749-5978. PMC 2702783. PMID 19568317.
Huang 2013, § The Dunning-Kruger effect and the peer-review process. Huang, Sui (2013). "When peers are not peers and don't know it: The Dunning-Kruger effect and self-fulfilling prophecy in peer-review". BioEssays. 35 (5): 414–416. doi:10.1002/bies.201200182. PMID 23386501.

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Magnus & Peresetsky 2022. Magnus, Jan R.; Peresetsky, Anatoly A. (25 March 2022). "A Statistical Explanation of the Dunning–Kruger Effect". Frontiers in Psychology. 13 840180. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.840180. PMC 8992690. PMID 35401341.
Magnus & Peresetsky 2022, p. 840180. Magnus, Jan R.; Peresetsky, Anatoly A. (25 March 2022). "A Statistical Explanation of the Dunning–Kruger Effect". Frontiers in Psychology. 13 840180. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.840180. PMC 8992690. PMID 35401341.
Kim, Kwon & Chiu 2017, p. 898. Kim, Young-Hoon; Kwon, Heewon; Chiu, Chi-Yue (2017). "The Better-Than-Average Effect Is Observed Because "Average" Is Often Construed as Below-Median Ability". Frontiers in Psychology. 8 898. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00898. ISSN 1664-1078. PMC 5479883. PMID 28690555.
Magnus & Peresetsky 2022, p. 6. Magnus, Jan R.; Peresetsky, Anatoly A. (25 March 2022). "A Statistical Explanation of the Dunning–Kruger Effect". Frontiers in Psychology. 13 840180. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.840180. PMC 8992690. PMID 35401341.
Ehrlinger et al. 2008, pp. 107–108. Ehrlinger, Joyce; Johnson, Kerri; Banner, Matthew; Dunning, David; Kruger, Justin (1 January 2008). "Why the Unskilled Are Unaware: Further Explorations of (Absent) Self-Insight Among the Incompetent". Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes. 105 (1): 98–121. doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2007.05.002. ISSN 0749-5978. PMC 2702783. PMID 19568317.

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Burson, Larrick & Klayman 2006, pp. 60–77. Burson, Katherine A.; Larrick, Richard P.; Klayman, Joshua (2006). "Skilled or unskilled, but still unaware of it: How perceptions of difficulty drive miscalibration in relative comparisons". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 90 (1): 60–77. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.178.7774. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.90.1.60. hdl:2027.42/39168. PMID 16448310.

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Dunning & Helzer 2014, pp. 126–130. Dunning, David; Helzer, Erik G. (2014). "Beyond the Correlation Coefficient in Studies of Self-Assessment Accuracy: Commentary on Zell & Krizan (2014)". Perspectives on Psychological Science. 9 (2): 126–130. doi:10.1177/1745691614521244. PMID 26173250. S2CID 23729134. In other words, the best way to improve self-accuracy is simply to make everybody better performers. Doing so helps them to avoid the type of outcome they seem unable to anticipate. Discerning readers will recognize this as an oblique restatement of the Dunning–Kruger effect (see Dunning, 2011; Kruger & Dunning, 1999), which suggests that poor performers are not in a position to recognize the shortcomings in their performance.
Jansen, Rafferty & Griffiths 2021, pp. 756–757. Jansen, Rachel A.; Rafferty, Anna N.; Griffiths, Thomas L. (25 February 2021). "A rational model of the Dunning–Kruger effect supports insensitivity to evidence in low performers". Nature Human Behaviour. 5 (6): 756–757. doi:10.1038/s41562-021-01057-0. PMID 33633375. S2CID 232059067.

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Nuhfer et al. 2017, p. 26. Nuhfer, Edward; Cogan, Christopher; Fleischer, Steven; Gaze, Eric; Wirth, Karl (January 2017). "How Random Noise and a Graphical Convention Subverted Behavioral Scientists' Explanations of Self-Assessment Data: Numeracy Underlies Better Alternatives". Numeracy: Advancing Education in Quantitative Literacy. 10 (1). doi:10.5038/1936-4660.10.1.4. ISSN 1936-4660. Wikidata Q56566525. Archived from the original on 26 November 2023.
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Gignac & Zajenkowski 2020. Gignac, Gilles E.; Zajenkowski, Marcin (1 May 2020). "The Dunning–Kruger effect is (mostly) a statistical artefact: Valid approaches to testing the hypothesis with individual differences data". Intelligence. 80 101449. doi:10.1016/j.intell.2020.101449. ISSN 0160-2896. S2CID 216410901.
Mazor & Fleming 2021, pp. 677–678. Mazor, Matan; Fleming, Stephen M. (June 2021). "The Dunning–Kruger effect revisited". Nature Human Behaviour. 5 (6): 677–678. doi:10.1038/s41562-021-01101-z. ISSN 2397-3374. PMID 33833426. S2CID 233191867. Archived from the original on 7 December 2021. Retrieved 7 December 2021.
Kim, Kwon & Chiu 2017, p. 898. Kim, Young-Hoon; Kwon, Heewon; Chiu, Chi-Yue (2017). "The Better-Than-Average Effect Is Observed Because "Average" Is Often Construed as Below-Median Ability". Frontiers in Psychology. 8 898. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00898. ISSN 1664-1078. PMC 5479883. PMID 28690555.
Nuhfer et al. 2017, p. 26. Nuhfer, Edward; Cogan, Christopher; Fleischer, Steven; Gaze, Eric; Wirth, Karl (January 2017). "How Random Noise and a Graphical Convention Subverted Behavioral Scientists' Explanations of Self-Assessment Data: Numeracy Underlies Better Alternatives". Numeracy: Advancing Education in Quantitative Literacy. 10 (1). doi:10.5038/1936-4660.10.1.4. ISSN 1936-4660. Wikidata Q56566525. Archived from the original on 26 November 2023.
Nuhfer et al. 2016, pp. 21–22. Nuhfer, Edward; Cogan, Christopher; Fleischer, Steven; Gaze, Eric; Wirth, Karl (January 2016). "Random Number Simulations Reveal How Random Noise Affects the Measurements and Graphical Portrayals of Self-Assessed Competency". Numeracy: Advancing Education in Quantitative Literacy. 9 (1). doi:10.5038/1936-4660.9.1.4. ISSN 1936-4660. Wikidata Q56566524. Archived from the original on 26 November 2023.
Krajc & Ortmann 2008, pp. 724–738. Krajc, Marian; Ortmann, Andreas (1 November 2008). "Are the unskilled really that unaware? An alternative explanation". Journal of Economic Psychology. 29 (5): 724–738. doi:10.1016/j.joep.2007.12.006. ISSN 0167-4870. Archived from the original on 23 January 2022. Retrieved 24 December 2021.
Ehrlinger et al. 2008, pp. 107–108. Ehrlinger, Joyce; Johnson, Kerri; Banner, Matthew; Dunning, David; Kruger, Justin (1 January 2008). "Why the Unskilled Are Unaware: Further Explorations of (Absent) Self-Insight Among the Incompetent". Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes. 105 (1): 98–121. doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2007.05.002. ISSN 0749-5978. PMC 2702783. PMID 19568317.

Dunning–Kruger effect (English Wikipedia)

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