Dura-Europos (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Dura-Europos" in English language version.

refsWebsite

Global rank English rank

29worldcat.org

5^th place

16books.google.com

3^rd place

10doi.org

2^nd place

7jstor.org

26^th place

20^th place

7bloomsburycollections.com

low place

7yale.edu

565^th place

460^th place

6web.archive.org

1^st place

5archive.org

6^th place

5semanticscholar.org

11^th place

8^th place

5nyu.edu

1,174^th place

773^rd place

3archaeology.org

3,488^th place

2,648^th place

2le.ac.uk

5,357^th place

3,654^th place

2creativecommons.org

1,010^th place

612^th place

2unesco.org

104^th place

199^th place

2nih.gov

4^th place

1iranicaonline.org

358^th place

433^rd place

1dur.ac.uk

3,728^th place

2,318^th place

1openlibhums.org

low place

1persee.fr

515^th place

1,261^st place

1researchgate.net

120^th place

125^th place

1vdocument.in

low place

1livescience.com

1,190^th place

959^th place

1archaeology.co.uk

low place

1bbc.co.uk

8^th place

10^th place

1duke.edu

1,880^th place

1,218^th place

1earlychristianwritings.com

8,661^st place

6,326^th place

1nytimes.com

7^th place

1royalacademy.dk

low place

1cambridge.org

305^th place

264^th place

1stlcc.edu

low place

1uva.nl

3,518^th place

2,652^nd place

1rcc.edu

low place

1openedition.org

666^th place

1,300^th place

1yalealumnimagazine.com

9,703^rd place

7,375^th place

1mummy-portraits.netlify.app

low place

1settoreweb.com

low place

1harvard.edu

18^th place

17^th place

1aaas.org

9,065^th place

7,557^th place

1thesundaytimes.co.uk

3,908^th place

2,437^th place

1npr.org

92^nd place

72^nd place

1nationalgeographic.com

344^th place

296^th place

1amazon.co.uk

448^th place

269^th place

1amazon.com

105^th place

79^th place

aaas.org

"Ancient History, Modern Destruction: Assessing the seeStatus of Syria's Tentative World Heritage Sites Using High-Resolution Satellite Imagery". AAAS – The World's Largest General Scientific Society. 2014-12-16. Retrieved 2018-08-23.

amazon.co.uk

Sidebottom, Harry (September 6, 2017). Fire in the East. ASIN 0141032294.

amazon.com

Darman, Peter (May 29, 2011). "The Parthian". Amazon.com. Retrieved September 4, 2018.

archaeology.co.uk

"Gas Warfare at Dura-Europos". World Archaeology. 7 November 2009. Retrieved 22 December 2021.

archaeology.org

archive.archaeology.org

"Archaeology Magazine – Dura-Europos: Crossroad of Cultures – Archaeology Magazine Archive". archive.archaeology.org.
"Top 10 Discoveries of 2009 – Earliest Chemical Warfare – Dura-Europos, Syria – Archaeology Magazine Archive". archive.archaeology.org.

archaeology.org

"Top 10 Discoveries of 2009 – Earliest Chemical Warfare – Dura-Europos, Syria – Archaeology Magazine Archive". archive.archaeology.org. Retrieved 22 December 2021.

archive.org

Brody & Hoffman 2011, pp. 95–110. Brody, Lisa R.; Hoffman, Gail L. (2011). Dura-Europos : crossroads of antiquity. Chestnut Hill, Mass.; Chicago, Ill. : McMullen Museum of Art, Boston College : dist. by the University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-1-892850-16-4. Retrieved 23 December 2021.
Brody & Hoffman 2011, pp. 95–96. Brody, Lisa R.; Hoffman, Gail L. (2011). Dura-Europos : crossroads of antiquity. Chestnut Hill, Mass.; Chicago, Ill. : McMullen Museum of Art, Boston College : dist. by the University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-1-892850-16-4. Retrieved 23 December 2021.
Brody & Hoffman 2011, p. 100. Brody, Lisa R.; Hoffman, Gail L. (2011). Dura-Europos : crossroads of antiquity. Chestnut Hill, Mass.; Chicago, Ill. : McMullen Museum of Art, Boston College : dist. by the University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-1-892850-16-4. Retrieved 23 December 2021.
Brody & Hoffman 2011, p. 102. Brody, Lisa R.; Hoffman, Gail L. (2011). Dura-Europos : crossroads of antiquity. Chestnut Hill, Mass.; Chicago, Ill. : McMullen Museum of Art, Boston College : dist. by the University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-1-892850-16-4. Retrieved 23 December 2021.
Brody & Hoffman 2011, p. 204. Brody, Lisa R.; Hoffman, Gail L. (2011). Dura-Europos : crossroads of antiquity. Chestnut Hill, Mass.; Chicago, Ill. : McMullen Museum of Art, Boston College : dist. by the University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-1-892850-16-4. Retrieved 23 December 2021.

bbc.co.uk

news.bbc.co.uk

"Ancient Persians 'gassed Romans'". January 19, 2009 – via news.bbc.co.uk.

bloomsburycollections.com

Baird 2018, pp. 65–66. Baird, Jennifer A. (2018). Dura-Europos. London, UK: Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 978-1-4725-3087-5. Retrieved 23 December 2021.
Baird 2018, p. 69. Baird, Jennifer A. (2018). Dura-Europos. London, UK: Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 978-1-4725-3087-5. Retrieved 23 December 2021.
Baird 2018, p. 111. Baird, Jennifer A. (2018). Dura-Europos. London, UK: Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 978-1-4725-3087-5. Retrieved 23 December 2021.
Baird 2018, p. 73. Baird, Jennifer A. (2018). Dura-Europos. London, UK: Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 978-1-4725-3087-5. Retrieved 23 December 2021.
Baird 2018, p. 18. Baird, Jennifer A. (2018). Dura-Europos. London, UK: Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 978-1-4725-3087-5. Retrieved 23 December 2021.
Baird 2018, p. 134. Baird, Jennifer A. (2018). Dura-Europos. London, UK: Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 978-1-4725-3087-5. Retrieved 23 December 2021.
Baird 2018, p. 110. Baird, Jennifer A. (2018). Dura-Europos. London, UK: Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 978-1-4725-3087-5. Retrieved 23 December 2021.

books.google.com

Dirven 1999, pp. 1–2. Dirven, Lucinda (1999). The Palmyrenes of Dura-Europos: A Study of Religious Interaction in Roman Syria. Religions in the Graeco–Roman World. Vol. 138. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-11589-7. ISSN 0927-7633.
Dirven 1999, pp. 3–4. Dirven, Lucinda (1999). The Palmyrenes of Dura-Europos: A Study of Religious Interaction in Roman Syria. Religions in the Graeco–Roman World. Vol. 138. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-11589-7. ISSN 0927-7633.
Dirven 1999, p. 3. Dirven, Lucinda (1999). The Palmyrenes of Dura-Europos: A Study of Religious Interaction in Roman Syria. Religions in the Graeco–Roman World. Vol. 138. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-11589-7. ISSN 0927-7633.
Rostovtzeff 1977, p. 288. Rostovtzeff, Michael Ivanovitch (1977). The Excavations at Dura-Europos. Yale University Press. Retrieved 23 December 2021.
Ingholt 1954, p. 2. Ingholt, Harald (1954). Palmyrene and Gandharan Sculpture: An Exhibition Illustrating the Cultural Interrelations Between the Parthian Empire and Its Neighbors West and East, Palmyra and Gandhara. Yale University Art Gallery. Retrieved 23 December 2021.
Burns 2009, p. 149. Burns, Ross (2009). Monuments of Syria: A Guide. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 978-0-85771-489-3.
Smith II 2013, p. 177. Smith II, Andrew M. (2013). Roman Palmyra: Identity, Community, and State Formation. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-986110-1.
Klijn 1999, p. 98. Drijvers, Han J. W.; Vanstiphout, H. L. Herman L. J.; Bekkum, Wout Jacques van; Gelder, G. J. H. van; Reinink, Gerrit Jan (1999). All Those Nations – Cultural Encounters Within and with the Near East : Studies Presented to Hans Drijvers at the Occasion of His Sixty-fifth Birthday by Colleagues and Students. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-5693-032-5.
Southern 2008, p. 182. Southern, Pat (1 January 2008). Empress Zenobia: Palmyra's Rebel Queen. A&C Black. ISBN 978-1-84725-034-6.
Southern 2008, p. 60. Southern, Pat (1 January 2008). Empress Zenobia: Palmyra's Rebel Queen. A&C Black. ISBN 978-1-84725-034-6.
Watson 2004, p. 30. Watson, Alaric (14 January 2004). Aurelian and the Third Century. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-90815-8.
Dirven 1999, p. 2. Dirven, Lucinda (1999). The Palmyrenes of Dura-Europos: A Study of Religious Interaction in Roman Syria. Religions in the Graeco–Roman World. Vol. 138. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-11589-7. ISSN 0927-7633.
Downey 2003, pp. 45–47. Downey, Susan B. (2003). Terracotta Figurines and Plaques from Dura-Europos. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-472-11237-1. Retrieved 22 December 2021.
Dirven 1999, p. 42. Dirven, Lucinda (1999). The Palmyrenes of Dura-Europos: A Study of Religious Interaction in Roman Syria. Religions in the Graeco–Roman World. Vol. 138. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-11589-7. ISSN 0927-7633.
Dirven 1999, p. 200. Dirven, Lucinda (1999). The Palmyrenes of Dura-Europos: A Study of Religious Interaction in Roman Syria. Religions in the Graeco–Roman World. Vol. 138. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-11589-7. ISSN 0927-7633.
McKay & Hill 2011, p. 166. McKay, John; Hill, Bennett (2011). A History of World Societies, Combined Volume (9 ed.). United States of America: Macmillan. p. 166. ISBN 978-0-312-66691-0.

cambridge.org

Jones 1955. Jones, A. H. M. (1955). "M. I. Rostovtzeff, A. R. Bellinger, F. E. Brown, and C. B. Welles, The Excavations at Dura-Europos Conducted by Yale University and the French Academy of inscriptions and letters, Preliminary Report of the Ninth Season of Work, 1935–6. Part III, The Palace of the Dux Ripae and the Dolicheneum. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1952. Pp. XVI + 134, 24 plates and 11 text-figures (including plans, elevations, and reconstructions). No price stated". The Journal of Roman Studies. 45 (1–2): 201–202. doi:10.2307/298783. ISSN 1753-528X. JSTOR 298783. S2CID 250354239. Retrieved 17 December 2021.

creativecommons.org

Baird 2020. Baird, J.A. (1 September 2020). "The Ruination of Dura-Europos". Theoretical Roman Archaeology Journal. 3 (1): 2. doi:10.16995/traj.421. S2CID 225238878. Retrieved 21 December 2021. Material was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
Gunnison, Anne; Passeri, Irma; Mysak, Erin; Brody, Lisa R. (25 August 2020). "Painted Roman Wood Shields from Dura-Europos". Mummy Portraits of Roman Egypt: Emerging Research from the APPEAR Project. Retrieved 22 December 2021. Material was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License

doi.org

Kaizer 2009. Kaizer, Ted (2009). Cotton, Hannah M; Hoyland, Robert G; Price, Jonathan J; Wasserstein, David J (eds.). "Religion and language in Dura-Europos". From Hellenism to Islam: 235–254. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511641992.011. ISBN 978-0-511-64199-2. Retrieved 22 December 2021.
James 2022. James, Simon (2022). "Strange Meeting at Salihiyeh: Who Discovered (or Encountered, or Identified, or Invented) Dura-Europos, and When?". Electrum. 29: 301–328. doi:10.4467/20800909EL.22.029.16524. S2CID 253178894.
Baird 2020. Baird, J.A. (1 September 2020). "The Ruination of Dura-Europos". Theoretical Roman Archaeology Journal. 3 (1): 2. doi:10.16995/traj.421. S2CID 225238878. Retrieved 21 December 2021. Material was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
Unvala 1930. Unvala, J. M. (1930). "Doura-Eropos.: Based on "Fouilles de Doura-Eropos (1922–3) par Franz Cumont, Paris, 1926"". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 6 (1): 133–149. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00090984. S2CID 195514175.
Teicher 1963. Teicher, J. L. (1963). "Ancient Eucharistic Prayers in Hebrew (Dura-Europos Parchment D. Pg. 25)". The Jewish Quarterly Review. 54 (2): 99–109. doi:10.2307/1453566. JSTOR 1453566.
Rostovtzeff 1933. Rostovtzeff, M. (1933). "Hadad and Atargatis at Palmyra". American Journal of Archaeology. 37 (1): 58–63. doi:10.2307/498042. JSTOR 498042. S2CID 191373119.
Porter 1948. Porter, Howard N. (1948). "A Bacchic Graffito from the Dolicheneum at Dura". The American Journal of Philology. 69 (1): 27–41. doi:10.2307/291317. JSTOR 291317.
Jones 1955. Jones, A. H. M. (1955). "M. I. Rostovtzeff, A. R. Bellinger, F. E. Brown, and C. B. Welles, The Excavations at Dura-Europos Conducted by Yale University and the French Academy of inscriptions and letters, Preliminary Report of the Ninth Season of Work, 1935–6. Part III, The Palace of the Dux Ripae and the Dolicheneum. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1952. Pp. XVI + 134, 24 plates and 11 text-figures (including plans, elevations, and reconstructions). No price stated". The Journal of Roman Studies. 45 (1–2): 201–202. doi:10.2307/298783. ISSN 1753-528X. JSTOR 298783. S2CID 250354239. Retrieved 17 December 2021.
Gutmann 1988. Gutmann, Joseph (1988). "The Dura Europos Synagogue Paintings and Their Influence on Later Christian and Jewish Art" (PDF). Artibus et Historiae. 9 (17): 25–29. doi:10.2307/1483314. JSTOR 1483314. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 August 2018. Retrieved 23 December 2021.
Casana & Laugier 2017. Casana, Jesse; Laugier, Elise Jakoby (30 November 2017). "Satellite imagery-based monitoring of archaeological site damage in the Syrian civil war". PLOS ONE. 12 (11): e0188589. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1288589C. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0188589. PMC 5708659. PMID 29190783.

duke.edu

grbs.library.duke.edu

Kilpatrick 1964. Kilpatrick, George D. (1964). "Dura-Europos: The Parchments and the Papyri". Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies. 5: 215–225.

dur.ac.uk

dro.dur.ac.uk

Kaizer 2009. Kaizer, Ted (2009). Cotton, Hannah M; Hoyland, Robert G; Price, Jonathan J; Wasserstein, David J (eds.). "Religion and language in Dura-Europos". From Hellenism to Islam: 235–254. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511641992.011. ISBN 978-0-511-64199-2. Retrieved 22 December 2021.

earlychristianwritings.com

"The Dura-Europos Gospel Harmony". www.earlychristianwritings.com. Retrieved 22 December 2021.

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Casana & Laugier 2017. Casana, Jesse; Laugier, Elise Jakoby (30 November 2017). "Satellite imagery-based monitoring of archaeological site damage in the Syrian civil war". PLOS ONE. 12 (11): e0188589. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1288589C. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0188589. PMC 5708659. PMID 29190783.

iranicaonline.org

Pierre Leriche, D. N. MacKenzie, "Dura Europos", Encyclopaedia Iranica, December 15, 1996, last updated December 2, 2011.

jstor.org

More recent analysis (MacDonald 1986, p. 68) has thrown this into doubt. MacDonald, David (1986). "Dating the Fall of Dura-Europos". Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte. 35 (1): 45–68. ISSN 0018-2311. JSTOR 4435949. Retrieved 23 December 2021.
(MacDonald 1986, p. 68) prefers 257 as the fall, based on the lateness in the year of the issue from the mint of the coins found at Dura which provided the year 256. He also argues that a garrison of Sassanid forces probably remained in the city for perhaps a year after the locals had been deported. MacDonald, David (1986). "Dating the Fall of Dura-Europos". Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte. 35 (1): 45–68. ISSN 0018-2311. JSTOR 4435949. Retrieved 23 December 2021.
Teicher 1963. Teicher, J. L. (1963). "Ancient Eucharistic Prayers in Hebrew (Dura-Europos Parchment D. Pg. 25)". The Jewish Quarterly Review. 54 (2): 99–109. doi:10.2307/1453566. JSTOR 1453566.
Rostovtzeff 1933. Rostovtzeff, M. (1933). "Hadad and Atargatis at Palmyra". American Journal of Archaeology. 37 (1): 58–63. doi:10.2307/498042. JSTOR 498042. S2CID 191373119.
Porter 1948. Porter, Howard N. (1948). "A Bacchic Graffito from the Dolicheneum at Dura". The American Journal of Philology. 69 (1): 27–41. doi:10.2307/291317. JSTOR 291317.
Jones 1955. Jones, A. H. M. (1955). "M. I. Rostovtzeff, A. R. Bellinger, F. E. Brown, and C. B. Welles, The Excavations at Dura-Europos Conducted by Yale University and the French Academy of inscriptions and letters, Preliminary Report of the Ninth Season of Work, 1935–6. Part III, The Palace of the Dux Ripae and the Dolicheneum. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1952. Pp. XVI + 134, 24 plates and 11 text-figures (including plans, elevations, and reconstructions). No price stated". The Journal of Roman Studies. 45 (1–2): 201–202. doi:10.2307/298783. ISSN 1753-528X. JSTOR 298783. S2CID 250354239. Retrieved 17 December 2021.
Gutmann 1988. Gutmann, Joseph (1988). "The Dura Europos Synagogue Paintings and Their Influence on Later Christian and Jewish Art" (PDF). Artibus et Historiae. 9 (17): 25–29. doi:10.2307/1483314. JSTOR 1483314. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 August 2018. Retrieved 23 December 2021.

le.ac.uk

"History of Dura Europos". Archived from the original on 2009-01-23. Retrieved 2009-02-18.
James, Simon (23 January 2009). "Dura-Europos, 'Pompeii of the Syrian Desert'". le.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 2009-01-23. Retrieved 23 December 2021.

livescience.com

Pappas, Stephanie (March 8, 2011). "Buried Soldiers May Be Victims of Ancient Chemical Weapon". livescience.com.

mummy-portraits.netlify.app

Gunnison, Anne; Passeri, Irma; Mysak, Erin; Brody, Lisa R. (25 August 2020). "Painted Roman Wood Shields from Dura-Europos". Mummy Portraits of Roman Egypt: Emerging Research from the APPEAR Project. Retrieved 22 December 2021. Material was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License

nationalgeographic.com

news.nationalgeographic.com

Curry, Andrew (2015-09-01). "Here Are the Ancient Sites ISIS Has Damaged and Destroyed". National Geographic. Archived from the original on 2015-09-04.

nih.gov

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Casana & Laugier 2017. Casana, Jesse; Laugier, Elise Jakoby (30 November 2017). "Satellite imagery-based monitoring of archaeological site damage in the Syrian civil war". PLOS ONE. 12 (11): e0188589. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1288589C. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0188589. PMC 5708659. PMID 29190783.

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Casana & Laugier 2017. Casana, Jesse; Laugier, Elise Jakoby (30 November 2017). "Satellite imagery-based monitoring of archaeological site damage in the Syrian civil war". PLOS ONE. 12 (11): e0188589. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1288589C. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0188589. PMC 5708659. PMID 29190783.

npr.org

Amos, Deborah; Meuse, Alison (10 March 2015). "Via Satellite, Tracking The Plunder Of Middle East Cultural History". NPR. Retrieved 19 January 2016.

nytimes.com

Wilford, John Noble (19 December 2011). "A Melting Pot at the Intersection of Empires for Five Centuries". The New York Times. Retrieved 26 December 2021.

nyu.edu

isaw.nyu.edu

Chi & Heath 2011, pp. 71–72. Chi, Jennifer Y.; Heath, Sebastian, eds. (2011). Edge of empires : pagans, Jews, and Christians at Roman Dura-Europos. New York, NY: Institute for the Study of the Ancient World, New York University. ISBN 978-0-691-15468-8. Retrieved 23 December 2021.
Chi & Heath 2011, pp. 74–96. Chi, Jennifer Y.; Heath, Sebastian, eds. (2011). Edge of empires : pagans, Jews, and Christians at Roman Dura-Europos. New York, NY: Institute for the Study of the Ancient World, New York University. ISBN 978-0-691-15468-8. Retrieved 23 December 2021.
"Altar Dedicated to the Palmyrene God Iarhibol". Institute for the Study of the Ancient World. 23 September 2011. Retrieved 20 December 2021.
"Thymiaterion (Incense Burner)". Institute for the Study of the Ancient World. 23 September 2011. Retrieved 26 December 2021.
"Painted Panel of the Winged Goddess of Victory, or Nike". Institute for the Study of the Ancient World. 23 September 2011. Retrieved 26 December 2021.

openedition.org

books.openedition.org

Gaborit 2018. Gaborit, Justine (11 January 2018). "Doura-Europos (Syrie) – E14". La vallée engloutie (Volume 2 : catalogue des sites) : Géographie historique du Moyen-Euphrate (du IVe s. av. J.-C. au VIIe s. apr. J.-C.). Presses de l'Ifpo. ISBN 978-2-35159-539-8.

openlibhums.org

traj.openlibhums.org

Baird 2020. Baird, J.A. (1 September 2020). "The Ruination of Dura-Europos". Theoretical Roman Archaeology Journal. 3 (1): 2. doi:10.16995/traj.421. S2CID 225238878. Retrieved 21 December 2021. Material was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License

persee.fr

Ruffing 2007. Ruffing, Kai (2007). "Dura Europos : A City on the Euphrates and her Economic Importance in the Roman Era". Topoi. Orient-Occident. 8 (1): 399–411. Retrieved 23 December 2021.

rcc.edu

websites.rcc.edu

Gutmann 1988. Gutmann, Joseph (1988). "The Dura Europos Synagogue Paintings and Their Influence on Later Christian and Jewish Art" (PDF). Artibus et Historiae. 9 (17): 25–29. doi:10.2307/1483314. JSTOR 1483314. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 August 2018. Retrieved 23 December 2021.

researchgate.net

Baird 2014, p. 23. Baird, Jennifer A. (2014). The Inner Lives of Ancient Houses: An Archaeology of Dura-Europos. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-968765-7.

royalacademy.dk

Hvidberg-Hansen 2007, p. 7. Hvidberg-Hansen, Finn O. (2007). 'Arṣû and 'Azîzû : a study of the West Semitic "Dioscuri" and the gods of dawn and dusk (PDF). Copenhagen: Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab. ISBN 978-87-7304-311-0.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

James 2022. James, Simon (2022). "Strange Meeting at Salihiyeh: Who Discovered (or Encountered, or Identified, or Invented) Dura-Europos, and When?". Electrum. 29: 301–328. doi:10.4467/20800909EL.22.029.16524. S2CID 253178894.
Baird 2020. Baird, J.A. (1 September 2020). "The Ruination of Dura-Europos". Theoretical Roman Archaeology Journal. 3 (1): 2. doi:10.16995/traj.421. S2CID 225238878. Retrieved 21 December 2021. Material was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
Unvala 1930. Unvala, J. M. (1930). "Doura-Eropos.: Based on "Fouilles de Doura-Eropos (1922–3) par Franz Cumont, Paris, 1926"". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 6 (1): 133–149. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00090984. S2CID 195514175.
Rostovtzeff 1933. Rostovtzeff, M. (1933). "Hadad and Atargatis at Palmyra". American Journal of Archaeology. 37 (1): 58–63. doi:10.2307/498042. JSTOR 498042. S2CID 191373119.
Jones 1955. Jones, A. H. M. (1955). "M. I. Rostovtzeff, A. R. Bellinger, F. E. Brown, and C. B. Welles, The Excavations at Dura-Europos Conducted by Yale University and the French Academy of inscriptions and letters, Preliminary Report of the Ninth Season of Work, 1935–6. Part III, The Palace of the Dux Ripae and the Dolicheneum. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1952. Pp. XVI + 134, 24 plates and 11 text-figures (including plans, elevations, and reconstructions). No price stated". The Journal of Roman Studies. 45 (1–2): 201–202. doi:10.2307/298783. ISSN 1753-528X. JSTOR 298783. S2CID 250354239. Retrieved 17 December 2021.

settoreweb.com

"Fondazione Benetton Studi e Ricerche". Archived from the original on 2011-04-03. Retrieved 2010-08-06.

stlcc.edu

users.stlcc.edu

"Dura Europos – Godesses [sic]". users.stlcc.edu. Retrieved 26 December 2021.

thesundaytimes.co.uk

"Loot, sell, bulldoze: Isis grinds history to dust". The Sunday Times. Archived from the original on November 10, 2014.

unesco.org

whc.unesco.org

Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. "Dura Europos". UNESCO World Heritage Centre.
"Mari & Europos-Dura sites of Euphrates Valley". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 26 December 2021.

uva.nl

pure.uva.nl

Dirven 2011, p. 214. Dirven, Lucinda (2011). "Strangers and Sojourners. The religious behavior of Palmyrenes and other foreigners in Dura-Europos". In Brody, Lisa R.; Hoffman, Gail L. (eds.). Dura-Europos : crossroads of antiquity (PDF). Chestnut Hill, Mass.: McMullen Museum of Art, Boston College. ISBN 978-1-892850-16-4.

vdocument.in

The description of the fall is heavily dependent on (Hopkins 1947) Hopkins, Clark (1947). "The Siege of Dura". The Classical Journal. 42 (5): 251–259. ISSN 0009-8353.

web.archive.org

"History of Dura Europos". Archived from the original on 2009-01-23. Retrieved 2009-02-18.
Gutmann 1988. Gutmann, Joseph (1988). "The Dura Europos Synagogue Paintings and Their Influence on Later Christian and Jewish Art" (PDF). Artibus et Historiae. 9 (17): 25–29. doi:10.2307/1483314. JSTOR 1483314. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 August 2018. Retrieved 23 December 2021.
James, Simon (23 January 2009). "Dura-Europos, 'Pompeii of the Syrian Desert'". le.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 2009-01-23. Retrieved 23 December 2021.
"Fondazione Benetton Studi e Ricerche". Archived from the original on 2011-04-03. Retrieved 2010-08-06.
"Loot, sell, bulldoze: Isis grinds history to dust". The Sunday Times. Archived from the original on November 10, 2014.
Curry, Andrew (2015-09-01). "Here Are the Ancient Sites ISIS Has Damaged and Destroyed". National Geographic. Archived from the original on 2015-09-04.

worldcat.org

search.worldcat.org

More recent analysis (MacDonald 1986, p. 68) has thrown this into doubt. MacDonald, David (1986). "Dating the Fall of Dura-Europos". Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte. 35 (1): 45–68. ISSN 0018-2311. JSTOR 4435949. Retrieved 23 December 2021.
(MacDonald 1986, p. 68) prefers 257 as the fall, based on the lateness in the year of the issue from the mint of the coins found at Dura which provided the year 256. He also argues that a garrison of Sassanid forces probably remained in the city for perhaps a year after the locals had been deported. MacDonald, David (1986). "Dating the Fall of Dura-Europos". Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte. 35 (1): 45–68. ISSN 0018-2311. JSTOR 4435949. Retrieved 23 December 2021.
Dirven 1999, pp. 1–2. Dirven, Lucinda (1999). The Palmyrenes of Dura-Europos: A Study of Religious Interaction in Roman Syria. Religions in the Graeco–Roman World. Vol. 138. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-11589-7. ISSN 0927-7633.
Dirven 1999, pp. 3–4. Dirven, Lucinda (1999). The Palmyrenes of Dura-Europos: A Study of Religious Interaction in Roman Syria. Religions in the Graeco–Roman World. Vol. 138. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-11589-7. ISSN 0927-7633.
Dirven 1999, p. 3. Dirven, Lucinda (1999). The Palmyrenes of Dura-Europos: A Study of Religious Interaction in Roman Syria. Religions in the Graeco–Roman World. Vol. 138. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-11589-7. ISSN 0927-7633.
The description of the fall is heavily dependent on (Hopkins 1947) Hopkins, Clark (1947). "The Siege of Dura". The Classical Journal. 42 (5): 251–259. ISSN 0009-8353.
Dirven 1999, p. 2. Dirven, Lucinda (1999). The Palmyrenes of Dura-Europos: A Study of Religious Interaction in Roman Syria. Religions in the Graeco–Roman World. Vol. 138. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-11589-7. ISSN 0927-7633.
Welles et al. 1959, pp. 191–412. Welles, C. Bradford; Fink, Robert O; Gilliam, J. F; Henning, W. B (1959). The Parchments and papyri. Yale University Press. OCLC 6729104.
Welles et al. 1959, pp. 74–75. Welles, C. Bradford; Fink, Robert O; Gilliam, J. F; Henning, W. B (1959). The Parchments and papyri. Yale University Press. OCLC 6729104.
Welles et al. 1959, pp. 69–70. Welles, C. Bradford; Fink, Robert O; Gilliam, J. F; Henning, W. B (1959). The Parchments and papyri. Yale University Press. OCLC 6729104.
Welles et al. 1959, pp. 73–74. Welles, C. Bradford; Fink, Robert O; Gilliam, J. F; Henning, W. B (1959). The Parchments and papyri. Yale University Press. OCLC 6729104.
Welles et al. 1959, p. 6. Welles, C. Bradford; Fink, Robert O; Gilliam, J. F; Henning, W. B (1959). The Parchments and papyri. Yale University Press. OCLC 6729104.
Welles et al. 1959, p. 12. Welles, C. Bradford; Fink, Robert O; Gilliam, J. F; Henning, W. B (1959). The Parchments and papyri. Yale University Press. OCLC 6729104.
Welles et al. 1959, p. 47. Welles, C. Bradford; Fink, Robert O; Gilliam, J. F; Henning, W. B (1959). The Parchments and papyri. Yale University Press. OCLC 6729104.
Dirven 1999, p. 42. Dirven, Lucinda (1999). The Palmyrenes of Dura-Europos: A Study of Religious Interaction in Roman Syria. Religions in the Graeco–Roman World. Vol. 138. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-11589-7. ISSN 0927-7633.
Dirven 1999, p. 200. Dirven, Lucinda (1999). The Palmyrenes of Dura-Europos: A Study of Religious Interaction in Roman Syria. Religions in the Graeco–Roman World. Vol. 138. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-11589-7. ISSN 0927-7633.
Jones 1955. Jones, A. H. M. (1955). "M. I. Rostovtzeff, A. R. Bellinger, F. E. Brown, and C. B. Welles, The Excavations at Dura-Europos Conducted by Yale University and the French Academy of inscriptions and letters, Preliminary Report of the Ninth Season of Work, 1935–6. Part III, The Palace of the Dux Ripae and the Dolicheneum. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1952. Pp. XVI + 134, 24 plates and 11 text-figures (including plans, elevations, and reconstructions). No price stated". The Journal of Roman Studies. 45 (1–2): 201–202. doi:10.2307/298783. ISSN 1753-528X. JSTOR 298783. S2CID 250354239. Retrieved 17 December 2021.
Downey 1977. Downey, Susan B. (1977). The stone and plaster sculpture. Los Angeles: Institute of Archaeology, University of California. p. 164. ISBN 0-917956-04-4. OCLC 4389924.
Downey 1977, p. 164. Downey, Susan B. (1977). The stone and plaster sculpture. Los Angeles: Institute of Archaeology, University of California. p. 164. ISBN 0-917956-04-4. OCLC 4389924.
Bonatz, Kühne & Mahmoud 1998. Bonatz, Dominik; Kühne, Hartmut; Mahmoud, As'ad (1998). Rivers and steppes. Cultural heritage and environment of the Syrian Jezireh. Catalogue to the Museum of Deir ez-Zor. Damascus: Ministry of Culture. OCLC 638775287.

worldcat.org

Welles et al. 1959, pp. 191–412. Welles, C. Bradford; Fink, Robert O; Gilliam, J. F; Henning, W. B (1959). The Parchments and papyri. Yale University Press. OCLC 6729104.
Welles et al. 1959, pp. 74–75. Welles, C. Bradford; Fink, Robert O; Gilliam, J. F; Henning, W. B (1959). The Parchments and papyri. Yale University Press. OCLC 6729104.
Welles et al. 1959, pp. 69–70. Welles, C. Bradford; Fink, Robert O; Gilliam, J. F; Henning, W. B (1959). The Parchments and papyri. Yale University Press. OCLC 6729104.
Welles et al. 1959, pp. 73–74. Welles, C. Bradford; Fink, Robert O; Gilliam, J. F; Henning, W. B (1959). The Parchments and papyri. Yale University Press. OCLC 6729104.
Welles et al. 1959, p. 6. Welles, C. Bradford; Fink, Robert O; Gilliam, J. F; Henning, W. B (1959). The Parchments and papyri. Yale University Press. OCLC 6729104.
Welles et al. 1959, p. 12. Welles, C. Bradford; Fink, Robert O; Gilliam, J. F; Henning, W. B (1959). The Parchments and papyri. Yale University Press. OCLC 6729104.
Welles et al. 1959, p. 47. Welles, C. Bradford; Fink, Robert O; Gilliam, J. F; Henning, W. B (1959). The Parchments and papyri. Yale University Press. OCLC 6729104.
Downey 1977. Downey, Susan B. (1977). The stone and plaster sculpture. Los Angeles: Institute of Archaeology, University of California. p. 164. ISBN 0-917956-04-4. OCLC 4389924.
Downey 1977, p. 164. Downey, Susan B. (1977). The stone and plaster sculpture. Los Angeles: Institute of Archaeology, University of California. p. 164. ISBN 0-917956-04-4. OCLC 4389924.

yale.edu

artgallery.yale.edu

"Ceiling Tile with Heliodoros, an Actuarius". artgallery.yale.edu. Yale University Art Gallery. Retrieved 20 December 2021.
"Julius Terentius Performing a Sacrifice – Yale University Art Gallery". artgallery.yale.edu. Retrieved 18 December 2021.
"Relief of Aphrodite in a niche". artgallery.yale.edu. Yale University Art Gallery. Retrieved 20 December 2021.
"Nike or Winged Goddess of Victory". artgallery.yale.edu. Yale University Art Gallery. Retrieved 26 December 2021.
"Horse Armor". artgallery.yale.edu. Yale University Art Gallery. Retrieved 22 December 2021.
"Scutum (Shield) – Yale University Art Gallery". artgallery.yale.edu.

news.yale.edu

Connolly, Bess (2 November 2015). "An ancient Roman shield gets a makeover thanks to a Yale team". YaleNews. Retrieved 22 December 2021.

yalealumnimagazine.com

"Heavy metal from the ancient Romans". yalealumnimagazine.com. Retrieved 22 December 2021.