Early Caliphate navy (English Wikipedia)

Powers 2017, p. 225. Powers, Timothy (2017). "Julfar and the Ports of Northern Oman". The Ports of Oman: 225. Retrieved 7 November 2021.″
Jankowiak 2013, p. 275. Jankowiak, Marek (2013). "The First Arab Siege of Constantinople". In Zuckerman, Constantin (ed.). Travaux et mémoires, Vol. 17: Constructing the Seventh Century. Paris: Association des Amis du Centre d’Histoire et Civilisation de Byzance. pp. 237–320.
Jankowiak 2013, p. 266. Jankowiak, Marek (2013). "The First Arab Siege of Constantinople". In Zuckerman, Constantin (ed.). Travaux et mémoires, Vol. 17: Constructing the Seventh Century. Paris: Association des Amis du Centre d’Histoire et Civilisation de Byzance. pp. 237–320.
Jankowiak 2013, p. 268. Jankowiak, Marek (2013). "The First Arab Siege of Constantinople". In Zuckerman, Constantin (ed.). Travaux et mémoires, Vol. 17: Constructing the Seventh Century. Paris: Association des Amis du Centre d’Histoire et Civilisation de Byzance. pp. 237–320.
title=Petersen, 2001, p. 68 Archived 2019-03-24 at the Wayback Machine

al-bab.com

Taylor 2003. Taylor, James (2003). "Traditional Arab sailing ships". The British-Yemeni Society. Archived from the original on 15 July 2012. Retrieved 3 November 2021.

al-eman.com

ibn Yahya Baladhuri 2021 ibn Yahya Baladhuri, Ahmad (2021). Futuh al Buldan (Conquest of Countries) revised version:Oman (in Arabic). al-Eman website. Retrieved 25 November 2021.

al-maktaba.org

Ibn Ja'far 1981 Ibn Ja'far, Qudamah (1981). الخراج وصناعة الكتابة (First ed.). Baghdad: Dar Al-Rasheed. Retrieved 23 November 2021.
Ibn Khaldun 2018, p. 110 Ibn Khaldun, Abū Zayd 'Abd ar-Raḥmān ibn Muḥammad (2018). Tarikh Ibn Khaldun; c 2 s 2. al Maktaba. Retrieved 21 November 2021.
Ibn Miskawayh 2000, p. 371 Ibn Miskawayh, Abū ʿAlī Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad ibn Yaʿqūb (2000). كتاب تجارب الأمم وتعاقب الهمم [The Book of Nations Experiences and the Succession of Determination]. al Maktaba al Shamilat. Retrieved 21 November 2021.
al Lakika'i 2018, p. 549 al Lakika'i, Abu Rabi' (2018). كتاب الاكتفاء بما تضمنه من مغازي رسول الله – صلى الله عليه وسلم – والثلاثة الخلفاء. Al Maktaba. Retrieved 21 November 2021.

alghurabaa.org

"The letters of the Prophet Muhammed beyond Arabia" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 December 2010. Retrieved 18 June 2012.

amazon.com

Sa'd 1967, p. 201. Sa'd, Ibn (1967). Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd, Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 201. ASIN B0007JAWMK.

archive.org

Abed & Hellyer 2001, p. 80. Abed, Ibrahim; Hellyer, Peter (2001). United Arab Emirates : a new perspective. Abed, Ibrahim., Hellyer, Peter. London: Trident Press. ISBN 1900724472. OCLC 47140175.
Miles 1919, p. 26-29. Miles, Samuel Barrett (1919). The Countries and Tribes of the Persian Gulf. Harrison and sons. p. 26-29.
Abed & Hellyer 2001, p. 81. Abed, Ibrahim; Hellyer, Peter (2001). United Arab Emirates : a new perspective. Abed, Ibrahim., Hellyer, Peter. London: Trident Press. ISBN 1900724472. OCLC 47140175.
Baloch 1946, pp. 261–262. Baloch, Nabi Bakhsh Khan (July 1946). "The Probable Date of the First Arab Expeditions to India". Islamic Culture. 20 (3): 250–266.
Baloch 1953, p. 243. Baloch, Nabi Bakhsh (October 1953). "Muhammad ibn al-Qasim: A Study of His Family Background and Personality". Islamic Culture: 242–271.
Ishaq 1945, p. 112. Ishaq, Mohammad (April 1945). "A Peep into the First Arab Expeditions to India under the Companions of the Prophet". Islamic Culture. 19 (2): 109–114.
Ishaq 1945, p. 110. Ishaq, Mohammad (April 1945). "A Peep into the First Arab Expeditions to India under the Companions of the Prophet". Islamic Culture. 19 (2): 109–114.
Baloch 1946, pp. 250, 266. Baloch, Nabi Bakhsh Khan (July 1946). "The Probable Date of the First Arab Expeditions to India". Islamic Culture. 20 (3): 250–266.
Baloch 1946, p. 263, note 1. Baloch, Nabi Bakhsh Khan (July 1946). "The Probable Date of the First Arab Expeditions to India". Islamic Culture. 20 (3): 250–266.
Baloch 1946, p. 250–266. Baloch, Nabi Bakhsh Khan (July 1946). "The Probable Date of the First Arab Expeditions to India". Islamic Culture. 20 (3): 250–266.
Baloch 1946, p. 242–271. Baloch, Nabi Bakhsh Khan (July 1946). "The Probable Date of the First Arab Expeditions to India". Islamic Culture. 20 (3): 250–266.
Baloch 1946, p. 266. Baloch, Nabi Bakhsh Khan (July 1946). "The Probable Date of the First Arab Expeditions to India". Islamic Culture. 20 (3): 250–266.
Le Strange 1890. Le Strange, G. (1890). Palestine Under the Moslems: A Description of Syria and the Holy Land from A.D. 650 to 1500. London: Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund. OCLC 1004386.
Carter et al. 2004, p. 345–347. Carter, Terry; Dunston, Lara; Jousiffe, Ann; Jenkins, Siona (2004). lonely planet: Syria & Lebanon (2nd ed.). Melbourne: Lonely Planet Publications. pp. 345–347. ISBN 1-86450-333-5.
Al-Tabari, Abu Jaafar Muhammad bin Jarir ; Investigation: Muhammad Abu Al-Fadl Ibrahim ( 1387 AH – 1967 AD ). A History of Messengers and Kings (PDF) . Part IV (2nd ed.). Cairo – Egypt : House of Knowledge Pages 290–292. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 12, 2019 . See it on March 23, 2020 .
Goldschmidt, Arthur (2002). A concise history of the Middle East. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. pp. 79. ISBN 0-8133-3885-9.

archive.today

Burlingame 2013. Burlingame, Liz (23 August 2013). "Sunken Treasures: The World's Most Valuable Shipwreck Discoveries". The Weather Channel. Archived from the original on 13 December 2013.
"History". Lapithos Municipality. Archived from the original on 10 September 2018. Retrieved 8 June 2015.

books.google.com

Hinds 1996, p. 133. Hinds, Martin (1996). Studies in Early Islamic History. Darwin Press. ISBN 978-0-87850-109-0.
Blankinship 1994, p. 1-36. Blankinship, Khalid Yahya (1994). The End of the Jihad State: The Reign of Hisham Ibn 'Abd al-Malik and the Collapse of the Umayyads (Illustrated ed.). SUNY Press. ISBN 0791418278. Retrieved 3 November 2021.
Sallabi 2007, p. 298, Quoting Tarikh khulafa. Sallabi, ʻAlī Muḥammad Muḥammad (2007). The Biography of ʻUthmân Ibn ʻAffân, Dhun-Noorayn. Darrussalam. ISBN 9789960994222. Retrieved 1 November 2021.
Kaegi 2008, pp. 384–385. Kaegi, Walter E. (2008). "Confronting Islam: Emperors versus Caliphs (641–c. 850)". In Shepard, Jonathan (ed.). The Cambridge History of the Byzantine Empire c. 500–1492. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 365–394. ISBN 978-0-521-83231-1. Archived from the original on 23 May 2020. Retrieved 15 July 2016.
Treadgold 1997, p. 938 (Note #1). Treadgold, Warren (1997). A History of the Byzantine State and Society. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-2630-2.
Imaduddin 1981, p. 69 Imaduddin, S.M. (1981). Muslim Spain 711-1492 A.D. A Sociological Study (Hardcover). Brill. ISBN 9789004061316. Retrieved 29 November 2021.
Khalilieh 1998, p. quoting Tarikh al Bahriyya wal Islamiyya fii Misr wal Sham by Ahmad Abaddy and Esayyed Salem.. Khalilieh, Hassan Salih (1998). Islamic Maritime Law. Brill. ISBN 9789004109551. Retrieved 30 October 2021.
Hoyland 2015, p. 85. Hoyland, Robert G. (2015). In God's Path: The Arab Conquests and the Creation of an Islamic Empire. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-991636-8.
Treadgold 1988, pp. 285–286. Treadgold, Warren (1988). The Byzantine Revival, 780–842. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. p. 268. ISBN 978-0-8047-1462-4.
Abun-Nasr 1987, pp. 55–58. Abun-Nasr, Jamil M. (1987), A History of the Maghrib in the Islamic Period, Cambridge, New York, Melbourne: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-33767-4
Blankinship 1994, p. 1-11(INTRODUCTION). Blankinship, Khalid Yahya (1994). The End of the Jihad State: The Reign of Hisham Ibn 'Abd al-Malik and the Collapse of the Umayyads (Illustrated ed.). SUNY Press. ISBN 0791418278. Retrieved 3 November 2021.
Blankinship 1994, p. 11-36. Blankinship, Khalid Yahya (1994). The End of the Jihad State: The Reign of Hisham Ibn 'Abd al-Malik and the Collapse of the Umayyads (Illustrated ed.). SUNY Press. ISBN 0791418278. Retrieved 3 November 2021.
Hall 2015. Hall, Harry Reginald (2015). The Ancient History of the Near East From the Earliest Times to the Battle of Salamis. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781317271659. Retrieved 7 November 2021.
Charles Henry Stanley Davis (1893). Henry Stanley Davis, Charles (ed.). Biblia Devoted to Biblical Archaeology and Oriental Research (Archaeology -- Periodicals, Bible -- Abridgments -- Antiquities, Bible -- Antiquities, Bible -- Periodicals -- Antiquities, Excavations (Archaeology) -- Periodicals, Excavations (Archaeology)., Oriental philology -- Periodicals). Vol. 8. Biblia Publishing Company; Harvard University. p. 43. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
François Lenormant; Elisabeth Chevallier (1871). Medes and Persians, Phoenicians, and Arabians (History, Ancient). J.B. Lippincott. p. 314. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
Oppert 1879, p. 23. Oppert, Gustav Salomon (1879). On the Ancient Commerce of India (India -- Commerce, India -- Commerce -- History). Higginbotham & Company; University of Wisconsins. p. 23. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
Fage 1975, p. 164. Fage, J. D. (1975). The Cambridge History of Africa Volume 5. Cambridge. ISBN 9780521207010. Retrieved 30 October 2021.
Bowersock 2013. Bowersock, Glen W. (2013). The Throne of Adulis: Red Sea Wars on the Eve of Islam. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-973932-5.
Agius 2008, p. 56. Agius, Dionisius A. (2008). Classic Ships of Islam: From Mesopotamia to the Indian Ocean. BRILL. ISBN 978-9004158634. Retrieved 31 October 2021.
Curzon 2018, p. 388. Curzon, George Nathaniel (2018). Persia and the Persian Question, Volume 2 (Illustrated, reprint ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1108080859. Retrieved 4 November 2021.
Maisel & Shoup 2009, p. 193. Maisel, Sebastian; Shoup, John A. (February 2009). Saudi Arabia and the Gulf Arab States Today: An Encyclopedia of Life in the Arab States. Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-34442-8.
Abu Khalil 2004, p. 231. Abu Khalil, Shawqi (1 March 2004). Atlas of the Prophet's biography: places, nations, landmarks. Dar-us-Salam. ISBN 978-9960-897-71-4.
Abu Khalil 2004, p. 244. Abu Khalil, Shawqi (1 March 2004). Atlas of the Prophet's biography: places, nations, landmarks. Dar-us-Salam. ISBN 978-9960-897-71-4.
Rahman al-Mubarakpuri 2005, p. 269. Rahman al-Mubarakpuri, Saifur (2005), The Sealed Nectar, Darussalam Publications, p. 269, ISBN 9798694145923
Sa'd 1967, p. 201. Sa'd, Ibn (1967). Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd, Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 201. ASIN B0007JAWMK.
The Encyclopaedia of Islam: Supplement, المجلدات 1-5. Brill. 22 August 2008. p. 194. Retrieved 10 November 2021.
Ibn Abdullah al-Maghlouth 2015, p. 56 Ibn Abdullah al-Maghlouth, Sami (2015). أطلس حروب الردة: في عهد الخليفة الراشد أبي بكر الصديق- المغلوث – الصفحة 56 [Atlas of Wars of Apostasy: During the Era of the Rightly Guided Caliph Abu Bakr Al-Siddiq] (in Arabic). العبيكان للنشر. ISBN 9786035038249.
Jabr (2004, p. 66) Jabr, Hessa Abdel Rahman (2004). الحياة الاقتصادية في فارس: خلال الفترة من 232-334 هـ/846-945 م [Economic life in Persia : during the period from 232-334 AH / 846-945 AD]. King Faisal Center for Research and Islamic Studies. ISBN 9960726568. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
Kennedy (2010, p. 124) Kennedy, Hugh (2010). The Great Arab Conquests: How the Spread of Islam Changed the World We Live In. Hachette UK. ISBN 978-0297865599. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
al Kandahlawi 2013, p. 441. al Kandahlawi, Muhammad (2013). Biography of Companion [حياة الصحابة]. Dar Al Kotob Al Ilmiyah دار الكتب العلمية. ISBN 9782745147615. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
Hinds 1996, p. 202 Hinds, Martin (1996). Studies in Early Islamic History. Darwin Press. ISBN 978-0-87850-109-0.
Muir (1924, p. 127) Muir, William (1924). Studies in History, Economics, and Public Law, Volume 68, Issue 2 Volume 68, Issue 2 of Columbia Studies in the Social Sciences , Columbia University. Faculty of Political Science Studies in History, Economics, and Public Law , Columbia University. Faculty of Political Science. Columbia University Press. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
SABIQ 2017, p. 458 SABIQ, SAYYID (2017). FIQIH SUNNAH 4; quoting Abu Shayban Hadith regarding the spoils of war according to Islam in Mushannad Abi Shayban (in Indonesian). Republika Penerbit. p. 458. ISBN 9786020822624. Retrieved 24 November 2021.
Sabiq 2021, p. 84 Sabiq, Sayyid (2021). Fikih Sunnah – Jilid 5 (Ebook) (in Indonesian). Cakrawala Publishing; quoting Abu Shayban and Abu Dawud. p. 84. Retrieved 25 November 2021.
al-Maghlouth 2015 al-Maghlouth, Sami ibn Abdullah (2015). أطلس الفتوحات الإسلامية [Atlas of Islamic Conquests] (Sami ibn Abdullah al Maghlouth ed.). al 'Abkan publishing. ISBN 978-9960548517. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
ليوا: مجلة شهرية تصدر عن مركز الوثائق والبحوث، ديوان رئيس الدولة, المجلد 2،العدد 3. United Arab Emirates. Office of the President of the State. Documentation and Research Center. 2010. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
Abru 2019, p. 102 Abru, Hafiz (2019). Jagrāfiyā-yi Ḥāfiẓ-i Abrū. Volume 2 : Mushtamil bar jaghrāfiyā-yi tārīkhi-yi Midītirana, Armanistān, Firingistān, Jazīra, ʿIrāq, Khūzistān wa Fārs. BRILL. ISBN 978-9004402348. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
Le Strange 2014, p. 112 Le Strange, Guy (2014). Fārs-nāma of Ibnu l-Balkhī. Casemate Publishers. ISBN 9781909724679.^{[permanent dead link]}
ليوا: مجلة شهرية تصدر عن مركز الوثائق والبحوث، ديوان رئيس الدولة, المجلد 2،العدد 3. United Arab Emirates. Office of the President of the State. Documentation and Research Center. 2010. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
Pourshariati 2021, p. 354 Pourshariati, Parvaneh (2021). Decline and Fall of the Sasanian Empire The Sasanian-Parthian Confederacy and the Arab Conquest of Iran (in Arabic). Translated by Anis Abdel Khaleq Mahmoud. Arab Center for Research and Policy Studies. ISBN 978-6144453704. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
Pourshariati 2021, p. 270 Pourshariati, Parvaneh (2021). Decline and Fall of the Sasanian Empire The Sasanian-Parthian Confederacy and the Arab Conquest of Iran (in Arabic). Translated by Anis Abdel Khaleq Mahmoud. Arab Center for Research and Policy Studies. ISBN 978-6144453704. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
Ibn Yahya Baladhuri 1866, p. 331 Ibn Yahya Baladhuri, Ahmad (1866). كتاب فتوح البلدان(Futuh al Buldan). E.J BRILL. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
Agius 2008, p. 248. Agius, Dionisius A. (2008). Classic Ships of Islam: From Mesopotamia to the Indian Ocean. BRILL. ISBN 978-9004158634. Retrieved 31 October 2021.
Tabari 1989, p. 129. Tabari, Muhammad ibn Jarir (1989). The History of Al-Tabari Vol. 13 The Conquest of Iraq, Southwestern Persia, and Egypt: The Middle Years of 'Umar's Caliphate A.D. 636-642/A.H. 15-21 (G. H. A. Juynboll ed.). State university of New York Press. ISBN 9780887068775. Retrieved 1 November 2021.
as-Sallabi 2007. as-Sallabi, Ali Muhammad (2007). ʻUmar Ibn Al-Khaṭṭâb: His Life and Times, Volume 1. International Islamic Publishing House. ISBN 978-9960987101. Retrieved 1 November 2021.
Kennedy 2014. Kennedy, Hugh (2014) [First published 1996]. Muslim Spain and Portugal: A Political History of Al-Andalus. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-87041-8.
El-Hareir & Mbaye 2012, p. 601–602. El-Hareir, Idris; Mbaye, Ravane (2012), The Spread of Islam Throughout the World, UNESCO, ISBN 978-92-3-104153-2
Malagaris 2020 Malagaris, George (2020). Biruni. India: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-099247-7. Retrieved 29 November 2021.
Humphrey 1990, p. 285. Humphrey, R. Stephen (January 1990). The History of al-Tabari Vol. 15: The Crisis of the Early Caliphate: The Reign of 'Uthman A.D. 644-656/A.H. 24-35. SUNY press. ISBN 9780791401545.
Al Ghazali 2015. Al Ghazali (2015). Muawiyah – Sebuah Biografi Awal. PTS Publications & Distributors Sdn Bhd. ISBN 978-9674114466. Retrieved 26 January 2020.
Sallabi 2007, p. 654. Sallabi, ʻAlī Muḥammad Muḥammad (2007). The Biography of ʻUthmân Ibn ʻAffân, Dhun-Noorayn. Darrussalam. ISBN 9789960994222. Retrieved 1 November 2021.
Akram 1977, p. 206. Akram, A. I. (1977). The Muslim Conquest of Egypt and North Africa. Ferozsons. ISBN 978-969-0-00224-2.
Treadgold 1997, p. 313. Treadgold, Warren (1997). A History of the Byzantine State and Society. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-2630-2.
Treadgold 1997, pp. 325, 327. Treadgold, Warren (1997). A History of the Byzantine State and Society. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-2630-2.
Sallabi 2007, p. 298. Sallabi, ʻAlī Muḥammad Muḥammad (2007). The Biography of ʻUthmân Ibn ʻAffân, Dhun-Noorayn. Darrussalam. ISBN 9789960994222. Retrieved 1 November 2021.
Akram 1977, p. 201 Akram, A. I. (1977). The Muslim Conquest of Egypt and North Africa. Ferozsons. ISBN 978-969-0-00224-2.
Ibn al-Dabbaj, al-Khayali & ibn Mahmud 2005, p. 73 Ibn al-Dabbaj, Abu al-Qasim; al-Khayali, Abdul Majid; ibn Mahmud, Abdurrahman (2005). معالم الإيمان في معرفة أهل القيروان / Volumes 1-2 [Signs of faith in the knowledge of the people of Kairouan] (Professor, Doctorate) (in Arabic). Beirut, Lebanon: Dar al Kotob al Ilmiyah. ISBN 9782745144850. Retrieved 22 December 2021.
Muḥammad Lamīlam 1985, pp. 38–39 Muḥammad Lamīlam, ʻAbd al-ʻAzīz (1985). حسان ابن النعمان الغساني ودوره في فتح بلاد المغرب [Hassan Ibn al-Nu'man al-Ghassani and his role in the conquest of the Maghreb] (Ebook) (in Arabic). مؤسسة الرسالة،. Retrieved 22 December 2021.
Conrad 1992, p. 358. Conrad, Lawrence (1992). The Byzantine and Early Islamic Near East (Averil Cameron, Fellow of the British Academy Warden Keble College Averil Cameron, Geoffrey R. D. King, John F. Haldon, Lawrence I. Conrad, Workshop on Late Antiquity And Early Isl ed.). Darwin Press. ISBN 9780878500802. Retrieved 9 November 2021.
Coetzee & Eysturlid 2013, p. 228. Coetzee, Daniel; Eysturlid, Lee W. (2013). Philosophers of War: The Evolution of History's Greatest Military Thinkers [2 Volumes]: The Evolution of History's Greatest Military Thinkers. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9780313070334. Retrieved 20 October 2021.
Conrad 1992, p. 359. Conrad, Lawrence (1992). The Byzantine and Early Islamic Near East (Averil Cameron, Fellow of the British Academy Warden Keble College Averil Cameron, Geoffrey R. D. King, John F. Haldon, Lawrence I. Conrad, Workshop on Late Antiquity And Early Isl ed.). Darwin Press. ISBN 9780878500802. Retrieved 9 November 2021.
M. Shaw & J. Demy 2017, p. 201 M. Shaw, Jeffrey; J. Demy, Timothy (2017). War and Religion: An Encyclopedia of Faith and Conflict [3 Volumes] (Ebook). ABC Clio. p. 201. ISBN 9781610695176. Retrieved 29 November 2021.
Wynbrandt 2009, p. 46 Wynbrandt, James (2009). A Brief History of Pakistan. Facts on File. ISBN 9780816061846. Retrieved 29 November 2021.
Avari 2013, pp. 20–21 Avari, Burjor (2013). Islamic Civilization in South Asia A History of Muslim Power and Presence in the Indian Subcontinent (Hardcover). Routledge. pp. 20–21. ISBN 9780415580618. Retrieved 29 November 2021.
Wink 2002, p. 206 Wink, André (2002) [first published 1996], Al-Hind: The Making of the Indo-Islamic World (Third ed.), Brill, ISBN 978-0391041738
Wink 2002, p. 206. Wink, André (2002) [first published 1996], Al-Hind: The Making of the Indo-Islamic World (Third ed.), Brill, ISBN 978-0391041738
Wink 2002, p. 207. Wink, André (2002) [first published 1996], Al-Hind: The Making of the Indo-Islamic World (Third ed.), Brill, ISBN 978-0391041738
Bhandarkar 1929, pp. 29–30; Wink 2002, p. 208;Blankinship 1994, pp. 132–133 Bhandarkar, D. R. (1929). "Indian Studies No. I: Slow Progress of Islam Power in Ancient India". Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute. 10 (1/2): 25–44. JSTOR 41682407. Wink, André (2002) [first published 1996], Al-Hind: The Making of the Indo-Islamic World (Third ed.), Brill, ISBN 978-0391041738 Blankinship, Khalid Yahya (1994). The End of the Jihad State: The Reign of Hisham Ibn 'Abd al-Malik and the Collapse of the Umayyads (Illustrated ed.). SUNY Press. ISBN 0791418278. Retrieved 3 November 2021.
Blankinship 1994, p. 133-134. Blankinship, Khalid Yahya (1994). The End of the Jihad State: The Reign of Hisham Ibn 'Abd al-Malik and the Collapse of the Umayyads (Illustrated ed.). SUNY Press. ISBN 0791418278. Retrieved 3 November 2021.
Blankinship 1994, pp. 147–148. Blankinship, Khalid Yahya (1994). The End of the Jihad State: The Reign of Hisham Ibn 'Abd al-Malik and the Collapse of the Umayyads (Illustrated ed.). SUNY Press. ISBN 0791418278. Retrieved 3 November 2021.
Blankinship 1994, p. 187. Blankinship, Khalid Yahya (1994). The End of the Jihad State: The Reign of Hisham Ibn 'Abd al-Malik and the Collapse of the Umayyads (Illustrated ed.). SUNY Press. ISBN 0791418278. Retrieved 3 November 2021.
Blankinship 1994, p. 188. Blankinship, Khalid Yahya (1994). The End of the Jihad State: The Reign of Hisham Ibn 'Abd al-Malik and the Collapse of the Umayyads (Illustrated ed.). SUNY Press. ISBN 0791418278. Retrieved 3 November 2021.
Blankinship 1994, p. 203-204. Blankinship, Khalid Yahya (1994). The End of the Jihad State: The Reign of Hisham Ibn 'Abd al-Malik and the Collapse of the Umayyads (Illustrated ed.). SUNY Press. ISBN 0791418278. Retrieved 3 November 2021.
Kennedy 2014, p. 45. Kennedy, Hugh (2014) [First published 1996]. Muslim Spain and Portugal: A Political History of Al-Andalus. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-87041-8.
Agius 2008, p. 525. Agius, Dionisius A. (2008). Classic Ships of Islam: From Mesopotamia to the Indian Ocean. BRILL. ISBN 978-9004158634. Retrieved 31 October 2021.
Barnes & Parkins 2002, p. 8. Barnes, Ruth; Parkins, David (2002). Ships and the Development of MaritimeTechnology on the Indian Ocean. Psychology Press. ISBN 0700712356. Retrieved 7 November 2021.
Azra 2006, pp. 155–158. Azra, Azyumardi (2006). Islam in the Indonesian World: An Account of Institutional Formation; Fatimi, s. Q. (1963). "Two Letters From the Maharaja to the Khalifah.", Islamabad: Islamic Studies. Mizan Pustaka. ISBN 9789794334300.
Naili Anafah (2018). Hukum Pidana Islam Kerajaan Demak Abad 15 (ebook) (in Indonesian). Hasfa. p. 42. ISBN 9786027693098. Retrieved 10 April 2024.
Akram 1977, p. 206 Akram, A. I. (1977). The Muslim Conquest of Egypt and North Africa. Ferozsons. ISBN 978-969-0-00224-2.
Johnston & Greenwood 1999, p. 1. Johnston, James-Howard; Greenwood, Tim (1999). The Armenian history attributed to Sebeos Part 1. Liverpool University Press. ISBN 9780853235644. Retrieved 3 November 2021.
Meri 2018. Meri, Josef W. (2018). Routledge Revivals: Medieval Islamic Civilization (2006): An Encyclopedia – Volume II, Volume 2 Volume 16 of Routledge Revivals: Routledge Encyclopedias of the Middle Ages. Routledge. ISBN 978-1351668132. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
'Ali 2018, p. 3. 'Ali, Abdul (2018). The Image of Mahatma Gandhi in Modern Arabic Literature (English ed.). Educreation Publishing. Retrieved 24 October 2021.
Akbar Shāh Ḵẖān Najībābādī, History of Islam, Volume 1, p. 194. Quote: "Again, the Holy Prophet «P sent Dihyah bin Khalifa Kalbi to the Byzantine king Heraclius, Hatib bin Abi Baltaeh to the king of Egypt and Alexandria; Allabn Al-Hazermi to Munzer bin Sawa the king of Bahrain; Amer bin Aas to the king of Oman. Salit bin Amri to Hozah bin Ali— the king of Yamama; Shiya bin Wahab to Haris bin Ghasanni to the king of Damascus"
Ibrahim Abed; Peter Hellyer (2001). United Arab Emirates, a New Perspective. Trident Press. pp. 83–84. ISBN 978-1-900724-47-0.
Robert Geran Landen (8 December 2015). Oman Since 1856 (1967). Princeton Legacy Library. ISBN 9781400878277.
"Oman". E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam 1913-1936. Encyclopedia of Islam. Leiden: E. J. Brill. 1913. ISBN 9004082654. {{cite encyclopedia}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
Agius 2008, pp. 55–60. Agius, Dionisius A. (2008). Classic Ships of Islam: From Mesopotamia to the Indian Ocean. BRILL. ISBN 978-9004158634. Retrieved 31 October 2021.
Kennedy 2004, p. 45. Kennedy, Hugh N. (2004). The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the 6th to the 11th Century (Second ed.). Harlow: Longman. ISBN 978-0-582-40525-7.
Wink 2002, pp. 201–205. Wink, André (2002) [first published 1996], Al-Hind: The Making of the Indo-Islamic World (Third ed.), Brill, ISBN 978-0391041738
Wink 2002, p. 164. Wink, André (2002) [first published 1996], Al-Hind: The Making of the Indo-Islamic World (Third ed.), Brill, ISBN 978-0391041738
Khalilieh 1998, p. 5. Khalilieh, Hassan Salih (1998). Islamic Maritime Law. Brill. ISBN 9789004109551. Retrieved 30 October 2021.
Heck 2006, p. 293, quoting Ibn Abd al-Hakam 1922, p. 163-164; al-Muqaddasi 1906 p. 97, 195; Maqrizi 1959. vol.3 p.25. Heck, Gene W. (2006). Charlemagne, Muhammad, and the Arab Roots of Capitalism. De Gruyter. ISBN 9783110192292. Retrieved 27 October 2021.
Tabari 1992, p. 183, note 682. Tabari, Muhammad ibn Jarir (1992). The History of al-Tabari Vol. 12: The Battle of al-Qadisiyyah and the Conquest of Syria and Palestine A.D. 635-637/A.H. 14-15. Bibliotheca persica. Vol. 12 (Yohanan Friedmann ed.). State University of New York Press. ISBN 9780791407332. LCCN 87150411.
Al-Baladhuri 2011. Al-Baladhuri, Ahmad ibn Yahya ibn Jabir (2011). The Origins of the Islamic State: Being a Translation from the Arabic Accompanied With Annotations, Geographic and Historic Notes of the Kitab Futuh Al-buldan. Cosimo, Inc. ISBN 9781616405342. Retrieved 26 January 2020.
Mohamed Abdel Latif, Abdel Shafi (2007). بحوث فى السيرة النبوية والتاريخ الإسلامى : قراءة ورؤية جديدة [Researches in the Biography of the Prophet and Islamic History: A new reading and vision] (Islam -- History, Islamic Empire -- History, Islamic Empire -- History -- 622-661 -- 661-750) (in Arabic). Dar Al Salam for printing, publishing, distribution and translation. p. 46. ISBN 9789773424060. Retrieved 27 January 2022. ... أنشئت في عهد والي مصر مسلمة بن مخلد الأنصاري (47- 62 هـ/ 667- 681 م) من قبل الخليفة معاوية بن أبي سفيان. وقد بدأ العمل في دار صناعتها سنة (54 هـ/ 674 م) ...
Kennedy 2007, pp. 332–334. Kennedy, Hugh (2007). The Great Arab Conquests: How the Spread of Islam Changed the World We Live In. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-306-81740-3.
Tabari & Humphrey 1990, p. 74. Tabari, Muhammad ibn Jarir; Humphrey, R. Stephen (1990). The History of Al-Tabari Vol. 15 The Crisis of the Early Caliphate: The Reign of 'Uthman A.D. 644-656/A.H. 24-35 (Stephen Humphrey ed.). State university of New York Press. p. 74. ISBN 9780791401552. Retrieved 1 November 2021.
Agius 2008, p. Quoting old treaties of Arab seafaring principles. Agius, Dionisius A. (2008). Classic Ships of Islam: From Mesopotamia to the Indian Ocean. BRILL. ISBN 978-9004158634. Retrieved 31 October 2021.
Ulrich (2008a, p. 99) Ulrich, Brian John (2008a). Constructing Al-Azd Tribal Identity and Society in the Early Islamic Centuries. the University of Wisconsin – Madison. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
Khalilieh 1998. Khalilieh, Hassan Salih (1998). Islamic Maritime Law. Brill. ISBN 9789004109551. Retrieved 30 October 2021.
El-Hasan 2019, p. 681. El-Hasan, Hasan Afif (2019). Killing the Arab Spring. Algora Publishing. ISBN 9781628943498. Retrieved 7 November 2021.
Lane 2016, p. 185. Lane, Edward W. (2016). Manners and Customs of the Modern Egyptians. Cosimo Classics. p. 185. ISBN 9781616405045. Retrieved 7 November 2021.
Ahmed & Iskandar 2001, p. 226. Ahmed, Maqbul; Iskandar, A.Z. (2001). Science and Technology in Islam: Technology and applied sciences. UNESCO. ISBN 9789231038310. Retrieved 27 October 2021.
Agius 2008. Agius, Dionisius A. (2008). Classic Ships of Islam: From Mesopotamia to the Indian Ocean. BRILL. ISBN 978-9004158634. Retrieved 31 October 2021.
Agius 2008, p. 265-275. Agius, Dionisius A. (2008). Classic Ships of Islam: From Mesopotamia to the Indian Ocean. BRILL. ISBN 978-9004158634. Retrieved 31 October 2021.
Haroon 2000, p. 1. Haroon, Asif (2000). Muhammad Bin Qasim to General Pervez Musharraf: Chapter – 1 Triumphs and Tribulations of the Muslim History 712 A.D. ISBN 9789698122102. Retrieved 3 November 2021.
Agius 2008, p. 387. Agius, Dionisius A. (2008). Classic Ships of Islam: From Mesopotamia to the Indian Ocean. BRILL. ISBN 978-9004158634. Retrieved 31 October 2021.
Thompson, Howard-Johnston & Greenwood 1999, p. L. Thompson, Robert W.; Howard-Johnston, J. D.; Greenwood, Tim (1999). The Armenian History Attributed to Sebeos, Part 1. Ebsco Publishing. ISBN 1846312590. Retrieved 24 November 2021.
Price 2008, p. 464. Price, Neil (31 October 2008). "The Vikings in Spain, North Africa and the Mediterranean". In Stefan Brink; Neil Price (eds.). The Viking World. Routledge. pp. 462–469. ISBN 978-1-134-31826-1.
Agius 2008, p. 419. Agius, Dionisius A. (2008). Classic Ships of Islam: From Mesopotamia to the Indian Ocean. BRILL. ISBN 978-9004158634. Retrieved 31 October 2021.
Fitz & Monteiro 2018. Fitz, Francisco García; Monteiro, João Gouveia (2018). War in the Iberian Peninsula, 700–1600 (Illustrated ed.). Routledge. ISBN 978-1351778862. Retrieved 3 November 2021.
Agius 2008, p. 345. Agius, Dionisius A. (2008). Classic Ships of Islam: From Mesopotamia to the Indian Ocean. BRILL. ISBN 978-9004158634. Retrieved 31 October 2021.
Khalilieh 2019, p. 180-183. Khalilieh, Hassan Salih (2019). Islamic Law of the Sea: Freedom of Navigation and Passage Rights in Islamic Thought. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781108481458. Retrieved 3 November 2021.
Khalilieh 2019, p. 183. Khalilieh, Hassan Salih (2019). Islamic Law of the Sea: Freedom of Navigation and Passage Rights in Islamic Thought. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781108481458. Retrieved 3 November 2021.
Julien, Histoire de L'Afrique du Nord (Paris: Payor 1931; revised by de Tourneau 1952), translated as History of North Africa (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul 1970; New York: Praeger 1970) at 42.
Lev, Yaacov (1991). State and Society in Fatimid Egypt (Volume 1 dari Arab history and civilization. Studies and texts: 0925–2908 ed.). BRILL. p. 5. ISBN 9004093443.
UNESCO (2011). El Hareir, Idris; M'Baye, El Hadji Ravane (eds.). The Spread of Islam Throughout the World. UNESCO. p. 441. ISBN 978-9231041532.
Partner 1972, p. 57. Partner, Peter (1972). The Lands of St. Peter: The Papal State in the Middle Ages and the Early Renaissance, Volume 10. University of California Press. p. 57. ISBN 9780520021815. Retrieved 27 March 2021. [A]lthough it was not at this time usual for Muslims to desecrate Christian Churches for the sake of desecrating them, excavation has revealed that the tomb of the apostle was wantonly smashed

brill.com

referenceworks.brill.com

Kramers 2000, p. 766. Kramers, J. H. (2000). "Ubulla". In Bearman, P. J.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E. & Heinrichs, W. P. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume X: T–U. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 765–766. ISBN 978-90-04-11211-7.
Hinds 1993, p. 264. Hinds, M. (1993). "Muʿāwiya I b. Abī Sufyān". In Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W. P. & Pellat, Ch. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume VII: Mif–Naz. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 263–268. ISBN 978-90-04-09419-2.

brillonline.com

referenceworks.brillonline.com

Watt 2012, p. 434. Watt, W. Montgomery (24 April 2012). "Kuraysh". The Encyclopaedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume V: Khe-Mahi. Brill. p. 434. Retrieved 30 October 2021.
"Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition: Burullus". Brill Online. Brill. 24 April 2012. Retrieved 6 November 2021.

britannica.com

"Beirut". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 23 February 2008.

cambridge.org

Ibrahim 1982. Ibrahim, Mahmood (1982). "Social and Economic Conditions in Per-Islamic Mecca". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 14 (3): 343–358. doi:10.1017/S0020743800051977. S2CID 162561504. Retrieved 31 October 2021.
Kennedy 2008, p. 69. Kennedy, Hugh (2008). "Egypt as a province in the Islamic caliphate, 641–868". 3 – Egypt as a province in the Islamic caliphate, 641–868. Cambridge University Press. pp. 62–85. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521471374.004. ISBN 9781139053372. Retrieved 3 November 2021.

dergipark.org.tr

Avci 2015, p. 10. Avci, Casim (2015). "MILITARY EXPEDITIONS LAUNCHED BY MUSLIM ARABS TO THE BYZANTINE CAPITAL OF CONSTANTINOPLE". Marmara Türkiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi. 2 (2). doi:10.16985/MTAD.2016225597 (inactive 12 July 2025). Retrieved 20 October 2021.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2025 (link)ISSN 2148-6743

doi.org

Christides 2008, p. 11. Christides, Vasilidos (2008). "Un exemple d'incompétence navale : la bataille dite "des mâts"". Dans Stratégique. 1 (2): 213–229. doi:10.3917/strat.089.0213. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
Khalilieh... 2005, p. 315. Khalilieh..., Hassan S. (2005). "The Enigma of Tantura B: Historical Documentation and the Lack of Circumstantial Documentary Evidence". International Journal of Nautical Archaeology. 34 (2): 314–322. Bibcode:2005IJNAr..34..314K. doi:10.1111/j.1095-9270.2005.00063.x. S2CID 162227030. Retrieved 6 November 2021.
Bosworth 1996, pp. 157–158. Bosworth, C. Edmund (July 1996). "Arab Attacks on Rhodes in the Pre-Ottoman Period". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. 6 (2): 157–164. doi:10.1017/S1356186300007161. JSTOR 25183178. S2CID 163550092.
Frastuti 2020, p. 122. Frastuti, Melia (2020). "Reformasi Sistem Administrasi Pemerintahan, Penakhlukkan di Darat Dan Dilautan Pada Era Bani Umayyah". Jurnal Kajian Ekonomi Hukum Syariah. 6 (2): 119–127. doi:10.37567/shar-e.v6i2.227. S2CID 234578454.
Azeem 2020, p. 67-82; Quoting Syed Sulaiman Nadvi revealed Arabs' devotion to seafaring and maritime trade. See Syed Sulaiman Nadvi, Arbon ki Jahazrani [Arab Navigation] (Azamgarh: Mu'arif Press, 1935),. Azeem, Tuba (2020). "Muslims' Share of the Waves: Law, War, and Tradition". Policy Perspectives. 17 (2): 67–82. doi:10.13169/polipers.17.2.0067. JSTOR 10.13169/polipers.17.2.0067. S2CID 242104698. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
Van Beek 1960, pp. 136–139. Van Beek, Gus W. (1960). "Pre-Islamic South Arabian Shipping in the Indian Ocean-A Surrejoinder". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 80 (2): 136–139. doi:10.2307/595591. JSTOR 595591. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
Ibrahim 1982. Ibrahim, Mahmood (1982). "Social and Economic Conditions in Per-Islamic Mecca". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 14 (3): 343–358. doi:10.1017/S0020743800051977. S2CID 162561504. Retrieved 31 October 2021.
Simon (2002), p. 313-315. Simon, Robert (2002). "Aelius Gallus' Campaign and the Arab Trade in the Augustan Age". Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. 55 (4): 313–315. doi:10.1556/AOrient.55.2002.4.1. JSTOR 23658231. Retrieved 30 October 2021.
Daryaee 2009. Daryaee, Touraj (2009). "The Study of Ancient Iran in the Twentieth Century". Iranian Studies. 42 (4): 579–589. doi:10.1080/00210860903106303. S2CID 162196559. Retrieved 4 November 2021.
Avci 2015, p. 10. Avci, Casim (2015). "MILITARY EXPEDITIONS LAUNCHED BY MUSLIM ARABS TO THE BYZANTINE CAPITAL OF CONSTANTINOPLE". Marmara Türkiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi. 2 (2). doi:10.16985/MTAD.2016225597 (inactive 12 July 2025). Retrieved 20 October 2021.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2025 (link)ISSN 2148-6743
Lynch 2016, p. 539. Lynch, Ryan J. (2016). "Cyprus and Its Legal and Historiographical Significance in Early Islamic History". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 136 (3): 535–550. doi:10.7817/jameroriesoci.136.3.0535. JSTOR 10.7817/jameroriesoci.136.3.0535.
Bosworth 1996, p. 157. Bosworth, C. Edmund (July 1996). "Arab Attacks on Rhodes in the Pre-Ottoman Period". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. 6 (2): 157–164. doi:10.1017/S1356186300007161. JSTOR 25183178. S2CID 163550092.
Lynch 2016, p. 540. Lynch, Ryan J. (2016). "Cyprus and Its Legal and Historiographical Significance in Early Islamic History". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 136 (3): 535–550. doi:10.7817/jameroriesoci.136.3.0535. JSTOR 10.7817/jameroriesoci.136.3.0535.
O'Sullivan 2016. O'Sullivan, Shaun (2016). "Sebeos' account of an Arab attack on Constantinople in 654". Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies. 28: 67–88. doi:10.1179/byz.2004.28.1.67. S2CID 161590308. Retrieved 1 November 2021.
Bosworth 1996, p. 158. Bosworth, C. Edmund (July 1996). "Arab Attacks on Rhodes in the Pre-Ottoman Period". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. 6 (2): 157–164. doi:10.1017/S1356186300007161. JSTOR 25183178. S2CID 163550092.
Pourkerman & Marriner 2021. Pourkerman, Majid; Marriner, Nick (2021). "Late Holocene relative sea-level fluctuations and crustal mobility at Bataneh (Najirum) archaeological site, Persian Gulf, Iran". Geoarcheology. 36 (1): 740–754. Bibcode:2021Gearc..36..740P. doi:10.1002/gea.21860. hdl:11585/818139. S2CID 233560160. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
Kennedy & Baladhuri 2011, p. 177. Kennedy, Hugh; Baladhuri, ʾAḥmad ibn Yaḥyā ibn Jabir (2011). "The Feeding of the Five Hundred Thousand: Cities and Agriculture in Early Islamic Mesopotamia". Iraq. 73: 177–199. doi:10.1017/S0021088900000152. JSTOR 23350021. S2CID 128901895.
Sabah 2014, p. 50–79. Sabah, Jasim (2014). "Dibba: an ancient port on the Gulf of Oman in the early Roman era". Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy. 25: 50–79. doi:10.1111/aae.12037.
Gil 1972. Gil, Moshe (1972). "The Rādhānite Merchants and the Land of Rādhān". Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient. 17 (3): 299–328. doi:10.2307/3632174. JSTOR 3632174. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
Dmitriev 2017, p. 727–737. Dmitriev, Vladimir A. (1 November 2017). "The Sasanian Navy revisited: An unwritten chapter in Iran's military history". International Journal of Maritime History. 29 (4): 727–737. doi:10.1177/0843871417726966. ISSN 0843-8714. S2CID 158676495.
Jandora 1986, p. 112. Jandora, John W. (1986). "Developments in Islamic Warfare: The Early Conquests". Studia Islamica (64): 101–113. doi:10.2307/1596048. JSTOR 1596048.
Khalilieh 2008. Khalilieh, Hassan Shalih (2008). "The Ribāṭ of Arsūf and the Coastal Defence System in Early Islamic Palestine1". Journal of Islamic Studies. 19 (2). doi:10.1093/jis/etn006. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
Christides 2008, p. 9. Christides, Vasilidos (2008). "Un exemple d'incompétence navale : la bataille dite "des mâts"". Dans Stratégique. 1 (2): 213–229. doi:10.3917/strat.089.0213. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
Kennedy 2008, p. 69. Kennedy, Hugh (2008). "Egypt as a province in the Islamic caliphate, 641–868". 3 – Egypt as a province in the Islamic caliphate, 641–868. Cambridge University Press. pp. 62–85. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521471374.004. ISBN 9781139053372. Retrieved 3 November 2021.
O'Sullivan 2004, p. 67–88. O'Sullivan, Shaun (2004). "Sebeos' account of an Arab attack on Constantinople in 654". Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies. 28 (1): 67–88. doi:10.1179/byz.2004.28.1.67. ISSN 0307-0131. S2CID 161590308.
Khalilieh... 2005, p. 315 quoting Scott, 1932, 5: 81, Digest XIX, 2, 13, 2; 2 Goitein, 1967, 1: 296; Udovitch, 1978: 521–2. Khalilieh..., Hassan S. (2005). "The Enigma of Tantura B: Historical Documentation and the Lack of Circumstantial Documentary Evidence". International Journal of Nautical Archaeology. 34 (2): 314–322. Bibcode:2005IJNAr..34..314K. doi:10.1111/j.1095-9270.2005.00063.x. S2CID 162227030. Retrieved 6 November 2021.
Dmitriev 2019. Dmitriev, Vladimir (2019). "They are in the habit of sailing in big crafts': what kinds of warships did the Sasanids use?". International Journal of Maritime History. 31 (2): 222–232. doi:10.1177/0843871419842050. S2CID 198712052.
Dmitriev 2017. Dmitriev, Vladimir A. (1 November 2017). "The Sasanian Navy revisited: An unwritten chapter in Iran's military history". International Journal of Maritime History. 29 (4): 727–737. doi:10.1177/0843871417726966. ISSN 0843-8714. S2CID 158676495.
Sadasivan 2011, p. 99 Sadasivan, Balaji (2011). "Chapter 11. Arab Storm". The Dancing Girl: A History of Early India (illustrated ed.). Iseas Publishing. p. 99. doi:10.1355/9789814311687. ISBN 978-9814311670. Retrieved 30 November 2021.
Azeem 2020, p. referencing Hassan S. Khalilieh, Admiralty and Maritime Laws in the Mediterranean Sea (ca. 800-1050): The Kitab Akriyat Al-Sufun Vis-a-Vis the Nomos Rhodion Nautikos (Leiden: Brill, 2006), 19;—, "Legal Aspects from a Cairo Geniza Responsum on the Islamic Law of the Sea: Practice and Theory", The Jewish Quarterly Review 96 no. 2 (2006): 180-202, https://doi.org/10.1353/jqr.2006.0006; and—, "Human Jettison, Contribution for Lives, and Life Salvage in Byzantine and Early Islamic Maritime Laws in the Mediterranean", Byzantion 75 (2005): 225-235, https://www.jstor.org/stable/44172998. Much of the work on Islamic maritime law is attributed to Maliki School of Thought, due to the Mediterranean surroundings that influenced Maliki jurists to devise rules relevant to maritime domain.. Azeem, Tuba (2020). "Muslims' Share of the Waves: Law, War, and Tradition". Policy Perspectives. 17 (2): 67–82. doi:10.13169/polipers.17.2.0067. JSTOR 10.13169/polipers.17.2.0067. S2CID 242104698. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
Azeem 2020, p. 9.9 quoting Ahmed Al-Dawoody, “Islamic Law and International Humanitarian Law: An Introduction to the Main Principles,” International Review of the Red Cross 99, no. 906 (2017): 1-24,. Azeem, Tuba (2020). "Muslims' Share of the Waves: Law, War, and Tradition". Policy Perspectives. 17 (2): 67–82. doi:10.13169/polipers.17.2.0067. JSTOR 10.13169/polipers.17.2.0067. S2CID 242104698. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
Outka 2003, p. 132. Outka, Gene (2003). Islamic Ethics of Life: Abortion, War, and Euthanasia. University of South Carolina Press. p. 132. doi:10.2307/j.ctv1fcf8kj. ISBN 9781570034718. JSTOR j.ctv1fcf8kj. S2CID 243532856. Retrieved 3 November 2021.

ebscohost.com

web.s.ebscohost.com

Hossain 2020, p. 465,quoting Khalilieh 2019. Hossain, Ishtiaq (2020). "Transgressing the Terms of Covenant in the Islamic Jurisprudence of International Relations: The Cases of Socotra and Cyprus in Comparison; authored by Anke Iman Bouzenita". Intellectual Discourse. 28 (2). Retrieved 7 November 2021.
Hossain 2020, p. 465, quoting Khalilieh 2019. Hossain, Ishtiaq (2020). "Transgressing the Terms of Covenant in the Islamic Jurisprudence of International Relations: The Cases of Socotra and Cyprus in Comparison; authored by Anke Iman Bouzenita". Intellectual Discourse. 28 (2). Retrieved 7 November 2021.
Hossain 2020, p. 465. Hossain, Ishtiaq (2020). "Transgressing the Terms of Covenant in the Islamic Jurisprudence of International Relations: The Cases of Socotra and Cyprus in Comparison; authored by Anke Iman Bouzenita". Intellectual Discourse. 28 (2). Retrieved 7 November 2021.
Hossain 2020, p. 465 quoting Kaegi 2010. Hossain, Ishtiaq (2020). "Transgressing the Terms of Covenant in the Islamic Jurisprudence of International Relations: The Cases of Socotra and Cyprus in Comparison; authored by Anke Iman Bouzenita". Intellectual Discourse. 28 (2). Retrieved 7 November 2021.
Hossain 2020, p. 465, Quoting Khalilieh 2019. Hossain, Ishtiaq (2020). "Transgressing the Terms of Covenant in the Islamic Jurisprudence of International Relations: The Cases of Socotra and Cyprus in Comparison; authored by Anke Iman Bouzenita". Intellectual Discourse. 28 (2). Retrieved 7 November 2021.

edu.uz

uzjournals.edu.uz

Khakimov 2020, p. 33-35. Khakimov, Saidilyos (2020). "Arbitration (Tahkim) And Reconciliation (Sulh) In Islam As Alternative Dispute Resolution Mechanisms". The Light of Islam, ISLOM ZIYOSI, IIAU. 2020 (4). Archived from the original on 4 November 2021. Retrieved 4 November 2021.

handle.net

hdl.handle.net

Christides 2013. Christides, Vassilios (2013). "Roman and Byzantine naval power in decline in the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean : research article". Ekklesiastikos Pharos. 95 (1): 80–106. hdl:10520/EJC146453. Retrieved 30 October 2021.
Pourkerman & Marriner 2021. Pourkerman, Majid; Marriner, Nick (2021). "Late Holocene relative sea-level fluctuations and crustal mobility at Bataneh (Najirum) archaeological site, Persian Gulf, Iran". Geoarcheology. 36 (1): 740–754. Bibcode:2021Gearc..36..740P. doi:10.1002/gea.21860. hdl:11585/818139. S2CID 233560160. Retrieved 2 November 2021.

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Khalilieh... 2005, p. 315. Khalilieh..., Hassan S. (2005). "The Enigma of Tantura B: Historical Documentation and the Lack of Circumstantial Documentary Evidence". International Journal of Nautical Archaeology. 34 (2): 314–322. Bibcode:2005IJNAr..34..314K. doi:10.1111/j.1095-9270.2005.00063.x. S2CID 162227030. Retrieved 6 November 2021.
Pourkerman & Marriner 2021. Pourkerman, Majid; Marriner, Nick (2021). "Late Holocene relative sea-level fluctuations and crustal mobility at Bataneh (Najirum) archaeological site, Persian Gulf, Iran". Geoarcheology. 36 (1): 740–754. Bibcode:2021Gearc..36..740P. doi:10.1002/gea.21860. hdl:11585/818139. S2CID 233560160. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
Khalilieh... 2005, p. 315 quoting Scott, 1932, 5: 81, Digest XIX, 2, 13, 2; 2 Goitein, 1967, 1: 296; Udovitch, 1978: 521–2. Khalilieh..., Hassan S. (2005). "The Enigma of Tantura B: Historical Documentation and the Lack of Circumstantial Documentary Evidence". International Journal of Nautical Archaeology. 34 (2): 314–322. Bibcode:2005IJNAr..34..314K. doi:10.1111/j.1095-9270.2005.00063.x. S2CID 162227030. Retrieved 6 November 2021.

nrs.harvard.edu

Greek 2019, p. 42-43. Greek, Eric E. (May 2019). "The Myth of Charles Martel: Why the Islamic Caliphate Ceased Military Operations in Western Europe After the Battle of Tours". Harvard library. Harvard. Retrieved 20 October 2021.
Greek 2019, p. 42. Greek, Eric E. (May 2019). "The Myth of Charles Martel: Why the Islamic Caliphate Ceased Military Operations in Western Europe After the Battle of Tours". Harvard library. Harvard. Retrieved 20 October 2021.
Greek 2019, p. 1. Greek, Eric E. (May 2019). "The Myth of Charles Martel: Why the Islamic Caliphate Ceased Military Operations in Western Europe After the Battle of Tours". Harvard library. Harvard. Retrieved 20 October 2021.

hup.harvard.edu

Picard 2018, p. 43. Picard, Christophe (2018). Sea of the Caliphs The Mediterranean in the Medieval Islamic World (Nicholas Elliot Translation ed.). Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674660465. Retrieved 3 November 2021.

iranicaonline.org

Potts 2012. Potts, Daniel T. (2012). Arabia, ii. The Sasanians and Arabia.
Bosworth 1983, pp. 226–228. Bosworth, C. E. (1983). "Abnāʾ". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. I, Fasc. 3. pp. 226–228.
Characene and Charax; Encyclopedia Iranica accessed on 2 November 2021

islamciv.com

Newell 2020. Newell, Abdul Karim (2020). "The First Muslim Navy: Sailing on the Sea Like Kings on Thrones". Islamciv. Retrieved 31 October 2021.
Newell 2020, p. Quoting As-Sallabi, 'The Biography of Uthman bin Affan,’ Op.cit., p.298. Newell, Abdul Karim (2020). "The First Muslim Navy: Sailing on the Sea Like Kings on Thrones". Islamciv. Retrieved 31 October 2021.
Newell 2020, p. quoting Sunan Sa’eed Bin Mansoor: 2648, 2/244 and refer to "Al-Mughni", Ibn Qudaamah: 10/502. Newell, Abdul Karim (2020). "The First Muslim Navy: Sailing on the Sea Like Kings on Thrones". Islamciv. Retrieved 31 October 2021.
Newell 2020, p. Quoting Theophanes. Newell, Abdul Karim (2020). "The First Muslim Navy: Sailing on the Sea Like Kings on Thrones". Islamciv. Retrieved 31 October 2021.
Newell 2020, p. Quoting Hourani. Newell, Abdul Karim (2020). "The First Muslim Navy: Sailing on the Sea Like Kings on Thrones". Islamciv. Retrieved 31 October 2021.
Newell 2020, p. quoting Khalilieh. Newell, Abdul Karim (2020). "The First Muslim Navy: Sailing on the Sea Like Kings on Thrones". Islamciv. Retrieved 31 October 2021.
Newell 2020, p. quoting Hourani. Newell, Abdul Karim (2020). "The First Muslim Navy: Sailing on the Sea Like Kings on Thrones". Islamciv. Retrieved 31 October 2021.
Newell 2020, p. Quoting George Hourani. Newell, Abdul Karim (2020). "The First Muslim Navy: Sailing on the Sea Like Kings on Thrones". Islamciv. Retrieved 31 October 2021.

issuu.com

Indra Wardhana (11 January 2020). Sejarah perjuangan kaum Arab dalam pergerakan kemerdekaan 1945 dan setelah kemerdekaan (in Indonesian). pp. 3–4, 13–14. ISBN 9785210732798. Retrieved 10 April 2024.

jstor.org

Bosworth 1996, pp. 157–158. Bosworth, C. Edmund (July 1996). "Arab Attacks on Rhodes in the Pre-Ottoman Period". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. 6 (2): 157–164. doi:10.1017/S1356186300007161. JSTOR 25183178. S2CID 163550092.
Azeem 2020, p. 67-82; Quoting Syed Sulaiman Nadvi revealed Arabs' devotion to seafaring and maritime trade. See Syed Sulaiman Nadvi, Arbon ki Jahazrani [Arab Navigation] (Azamgarh: Mu'arif Press, 1935),. Azeem, Tuba (2020). "Muslims' Share of the Waves: Law, War, and Tradition". Policy Perspectives. 17 (2): 67–82. doi:10.13169/polipers.17.2.0067. JSTOR 10.13169/polipers.17.2.0067. S2CID 242104698. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
Van Beek 1960, pp. 136–139. Van Beek, Gus W. (1960). "Pre-Islamic South Arabian Shipping in the Indian Ocean-A Surrejoinder". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 80 (2): 136–139. doi:10.2307/595591. JSTOR 595591. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
Simon (2002), p. 313-315. Simon, Robert (2002). "Aelius Gallus' Campaign and the Arab Trade in the Augustan Age". Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. 55 (4): 313–315. doi:10.1556/AOrient.55.2002.4.1. JSTOR 23658231. Retrieved 30 October 2021.
Abu Saleh 1979, p. 55-56, quoting Sirhan b. Said; Kashf al-Ghumma al-Jami' li Akhbar al-Umma; Damascus; al-Maktaba al-Zahiriyya, MS. History, folio 217a p. 452. Abu Saleh, Abdullah (1979). "The Political Situation in Eastern Arabia at the Advent of Islam". Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies. 9: 55–56, quoting Sirhan b. Said, Kashf al-Ghumma al-Jami' li Akhbar al-Umma, Damascus, al-Maktaba al-Zahiriyya, MS. History, folio 217a p. 452. JSTOR 41223215. Retrieved 7 November 2021.
al-Naboodah 1992, p. 82-84, quoting al Dinawari 1962 p.67;Ibn Hisham; al-Firdausi 1932 vol II p. 122; al-Tabari vol III 1940 p. 316; al-Mubarakpuri 1973. p 76. al-Naboodah, H. M. (1992). "The Commercial Activity of Bahrain and Oman in the Early Middle Ages". Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies. 22: 82–84, quoting al Dinawari 1962 p.67, Ibn Hisham, al-Firdausi 1932 vol II p. 122, al-Tabari vol III 1940 p. 316, al-Mubarakpuri 1973. p 76. JSTOR 41223384. Retrieved 7 November 2021.
Piacentini 2002, p. 166. Piacentini, Valeria F. (2002). "Arab expeditions overseas in the seventh century AD – working hypotheses on the dissolution of the Sasanian state apparatus along the eastern seaboard of the Arabian Peninsula". Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies. 32: 165–173. JSTOR 41223731.
Piacentini 2002, p. 165-173. Piacentini, Valeria F. (2002). "Arab expeditions overseas in the seventh century AD – working hypotheses on the dissolution of the Sasanian state apparatus along the eastern seaboard of the Arabian Peninsula". Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies. 32: 165–173. JSTOR 41223731.
Lynch 2016, p. 539. Lynch, Ryan J. (2016). "Cyprus and Its Legal and Historiographical Significance in Early Islamic History". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 136 (3): 535–550. doi:10.7817/jameroriesoci.136.3.0535. JSTOR 10.7817/jameroriesoci.136.3.0535.
Bosworth 1996, p. 157. Bosworth, C. Edmund (July 1996). "Arab Attacks on Rhodes in the Pre-Ottoman Period". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. 6 (2): 157–164. doi:10.1017/S1356186300007161. JSTOR 25183178. S2CID 163550092.
Lynch 2016, p. 540. Lynch, Ryan J. (2016). "Cyprus and Its Legal and Historiographical Significance in Early Islamic History". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 136 (3): 535–550. doi:10.7817/jameroriesoci.136.3.0535. JSTOR 10.7817/jameroriesoci.136.3.0535.
Bosworth 1996, p. 158. Bosworth, C. Edmund (July 1996). "Arab Attacks on Rhodes in the Pre-Ottoman Period". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. 6 (2): 157–164. doi:10.1017/S1356186300007161. JSTOR 25183178. S2CID 163550092.
Moosvi, Shireen (2011). "The Medieval State and Caste". Social Scientist. 39 (7/8): 3–8. JSTOR 41289417.
Bhandarkar 1929, pp. 29–30; Wink 2002, p. 208;Blankinship 1994, pp. 132–133 Bhandarkar, D. R. (1929). "Indian Studies No. I: Slow Progress of Islam Power in Ancient India". Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute. 10 (1/2): 25–44. JSTOR 41682407. Wink, André (2002) [first published 1996], Al-Hind: The Making of the Indo-Islamic World (Third ed.), Brill, ISBN 978-0391041738 Blankinship, Khalid Yahya (1994). The End of the Jihad State: The Reign of Hisham Ibn 'Abd al-Malik and the Collapse of the Umayyads (Illustrated ed.). SUNY Press. ISBN 0791418278. Retrieved 3 November 2021.
Kennedy & Baladhuri 2011, p. 177. Kennedy, Hugh; Baladhuri, ʾAḥmad ibn Yaḥyā ibn Jabir (2011). "The Feeding of the Five Hundred Thousand: Cities and Agriculture in Early Islamic Mesopotamia". Iraq. 73: 177–199. doi:10.1017/S0021088900000152. JSTOR 23350021. S2CID 128901895.
Ulrich 2008b. Ulrich, Brian (2008b). "The Azd migrations reconsidered: narratives of ʿAmr Muzayqiya and Mālik b. Fahm in historiographic context by Brian Ulrich (21 July 2007)". Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies. 38. JSTOR: 311–318. JSTOR 41223958.
Gil 1972. Gil, Moshe (1972). "The Rādhānite Merchants and the Land of Rādhān". Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient. 17 (3): 299–328. doi:10.2307/3632174. JSTOR 3632174. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
Jandora 1986, p. 112. Jandora, John W. (1986). "Developments in Islamic Warfare: The Early Conquests". Studia Islamica (64): 101–113. doi:10.2307/1596048. JSTOR 1596048.
Khalilieh 1999, volume 42, p. 226. Khalilieh, Hassan Shalih (1999). "The Ribât System and Its Role in Coastal Navigation". Journal of Islamic Studies. 42 (2): 212–225. JSTOR 3632336. Retrieved 7 November 2021.
Christides 1988, p. 132. Christides, Vasilios (1988). "Naval History and Naval Technology in Medieval Times the Need for Interdisciplinary Studies". Byzantion. 58 (2): 309–332. JSTOR 44171055. Retrieved 22 October 2021.
Mohammed 2019, p. 23-24. Mohammed, Etimad Jassim (2019). "Weapons and war tools in Umayyad poetry". Research and Islamic Studies Journal. 43. JSTOR 4515613. Retrieved 30 October 2021.
Azeem 2020, p. referencing Hassan S. Khalilieh, Admiralty and Maritime Laws in the Mediterranean Sea (ca. 800-1050): The Kitab Akriyat Al-Sufun Vis-a-Vis the Nomos Rhodion Nautikos (Leiden: Brill, 2006), 19;—, "Legal Aspects from a Cairo Geniza Responsum on the Islamic Law of the Sea: Practice and Theory", The Jewish Quarterly Review 96 no. 2 (2006): 180-202, https://doi.org/10.1353/jqr.2006.0006; and—, "Human Jettison, Contribution for Lives, and Life Salvage in Byzantine and Early Islamic Maritime Laws in the Mediterranean", Byzantion 75 (2005): 225-235, https://www.jstor.org/stable/44172998. Much of the work on Islamic maritime law is attributed to Maliki School of Thought, due to the Mediterranean surroundings that influenced Maliki jurists to devise rules relevant to maritime domain.. Azeem, Tuba (2020). "Muslims' Share of the Waves: Law, War, and Tradition". Policy Perspectives. 17 (2): 67–82. doi:10.13169/polipers.17.2.0067. JSTOR 10.13169/polipers.17.2.0067. S2CID 242104698. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
Azeem 2020, p. 9.9 quoting Ahmed Al-Dawoody, “Islamic Law and International Humanitarian Law: An Introduction to the Main Principles,” International Review of the Red Cross 99, no. 906 (2017): 1-24,. Azeem, Tuba (2020). "Muslims' Share of the Waves: Law, War, and Tradition". Policy Perspectives. 17 (2): 67–82. doi:10.13169/polipers.17.2.0067. JSTOR 10.13169/polipers.17.2.0067. S2CID 242104698. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
Outka 2003, p. 132. Outka, Gene (2003). Islamic Ethics of Life: Abortion, War, and Euthanasia. University of South Carolina Press. p. 132. doi:10.2307/j.ctv1fcf8kj. ISBN 9781570034718. JSTOR j.ctv1fcf8kj. S2CID 243532856. Retrieved 3 November 2021.

lapithos.org.cy

"History". Lapithos Municipality. Archived from the original on 10 September 2018. Retrieved 8 June 2015.

loc.gov

lccn.loc.gov

Tabari 1992, p. 183, note 682. Tabari, Muhammad ibn Jarir (1992). The History of al-Tabari Vol. 12: The Battle of al-Qadisiyyah and the Conquest of Syria and Palestine A.D. 635-637/A.H. 14-15. Bibliotheca persica. Vol. 12 (Yohanan Friedmann ed.). State University of New York Press. ISBN 9780791407332. LCCN 87150411.

mediasumutku.com

"Koin Dirham Umayyah dan Alquran Tertua Ada di Pameran MTQ ke-37 Sumut". Media Sumutku smartnews. 2020. Retrieved 17 November 2021.

muslim-library.com

al-Dhahabi, Al Arna'ut & Al-Arqsoussi 1982 al-Dhahabi, Muhammad ibn Ahmad; Al Arna'ut, Shuaib; Al-Arqsoussi, Muhammad Naim (1982). Siyar a'lam Nubala part I. ktab INC. Retrieved 19 November 2021.

naval-encyclopedia.com

Bocquele, David (1997). "Medieval ships: Transition and influences". Naval Encyclopedia. Retrieved 30 November 2021.

noor-book.com

Ibn Manzoor 2007, p. 187 page screenshot Ibn Manzoor, Muhammad Bin Makram ash-shhyr (2007). A brief history of Damascus Sakba (in Arabic). Noor Book. p. 187. Retrieved 29 November 2021.
al-Afani 2003, p. 423 al-Afani, Sayid Hussain (2003). فرسان النهار من الصحابة الأخيار – ج 5 [Knights of the day of the companions good guys] (in Arabic). Riyadh: Dar al Majid Asiri. Retrieved 22 December 2021.
Abdullah Annan 1997, p. 25 Abdullah Annan, Muhammad (1997). The State of Islam in Andalusia. Cairo: Maktaba al Khanji. Retrieved 30 November 2021.
Abdullah Annan 1997, pp. 25–26 Abdullah Annan, Muhammad (1997). The State of Islam in Andalusia. Cairo: Maktaba al Khanji. Retrieved 30 November 2021.
Abdullah Annan 1997, p. 26 Abdullah Annan, Muhammad (1997). The State of Islam in Andalusia. Cairo: Maktaba al Khanji. Retrieved 30 November 2021.

oup.com

academic.oup.com

Khalilieh 2008. Khalilieh, Hassan Shalih (2008). "The Ribāṭ of Arsūf and the Coastal Defence System in Early Islamic Palestine1". Journal of Islamic Studies. 19 (2). doi:10.1093/jis/etn006. Retrieved 2 November 2021.

oxfordislamicstudies.com

Fromherz, Allen. "Islam and the Sea". Oxford Islamic studies. Oxford. Archived from the original on 27 January 2014. Retrieved 31 October 2021.
Fromherz, Allen. "Islam and the Sea". Oxford Islamic studies. Oxford. Archived from the original on 27 January 2014. Retrieved 3 November 2021.

republika.co.id

khazanah.republika.co.id

Muhammad Hafil (2020). "Catatan Hamka Soal Hubungan Muawiyah dan Ratu Sima di Jawa" (in Indonesian). Republika. Retrieved 10 April 2024.

researchgate.net

Daryaee 2009. Daryaee, Touraj (2009). "The Study of Ancient Iran in the Twentieth Century". Iranian Studies. 42 (4): 579–589. doi:10.1080/00210860903106303. S2CID 162196559. Retrieved 4 November 2021.
Azraai Jamsari et al. 2013, pp. 79–83 Azraai Jamsari, Ezad; Sidik Mat Sidek, Roziah; Zulfazdlee, Mohamad; Sulaiman, Adibah (2013). "The History of the Muslim Naval Army During the 'Abbasid Era". Advances in Natural and Applied Science. 7 (1). ISSN 1995-0772. Retrieved 5 December 2021.
Pourkerman & Marriner 2021. Pourkerman, Majid; Marriner, Nick (2021). "Late Holocene relative sea-level fluctuations and crustal mobility at Bataneh (Najirum) archaeological site, Persian Gulf, Iran". Geoarcheology. 36 (1): 740–754. Bibcode:2021Gearc..36..740P. doi:10.1002/gea.21860. hdl:11585/818139. S2CID 233560160. Retrieved 2 November 2021.

rjfahuinib.org

Lukmanul Hakim (2015). "DARI PERSIA HINGGA CINA: Diskursus tentang Teori Kedatangan Islam di Melayu Nusantara". Khazanah: Jurnal Sejarah Dan Kebudayaan Islam (in Indonesian and English). VIII (15): 9–10. ISSN 2614-3798. Retrieved 11 April 2024.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

Khalilieh... 2005, p. 315. Khalilieh..., Hassan S. (2005). "The Enigma of Tantura B: Historical Documentation and the Lack of Circumstantial Documentary Evidence". International Journal of Nautical Archaeology. 34 (2): 314–322. Bibcode:2005IJNAr..34..314K. doi:10.1111/j.1095-9270.2005.00063.x. S2CID 162227030. Retrieved 6 November 2021.
Bosworth 1996, pp. 157–158. Bosworth, C. Edmund (July 1996). "Arab Attacks on Rhodes in the Pre-Ottoman Period". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. 6 (2): 157–164. doi:10.1017/S1356186300007161. JSTOR 25183178. S2CID 163550092.
Frastuti 2020, p. 122. Frastuti, Melia (2020). "Reformasi Sistem Administrasi Pemerintahan, Penakhlukkan di Darat Dan Dilautan Pada Era Bani Umayyah". Jurnal Kajian Ekonomi Hukum Syariah. 6 (2): 119–127. doi:10.37567/shar-e.v6i2.227. S2CID 234578454.
Azeem 2020, p. 67-82; Quoting Syed Sulaiman Nadvi revealed Arabs' devotion to seafaring and maritime trade. See Syed Sulaiman Nadvi, Arbon ki Jahazrani [Arab Navigation] (Azamgarh: Mu'arif Press, 1935),. Azeem, Tuba (2020). "Muslims' Share of the Waves: Law, War, and Tradition". Policy Perspectives. 17 (2): 67–82. doi:10.13169/polipers.17.2.0067. JSTOR 10.13169/polipers.17.2.0067. S2CID 242104698. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
Ibrahim 1982. Ibrahim, Mahmood (1982). "Social and Economic Conditions in Per-Islamic Mecca". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 14 (3): 343–358. doi:10.1017/S0020743800051977. S2CID 162561504. Retrieved 31 October 2021.
Daryaee 2009. Daryaee, Touraj (2009). "The Study of Ancient Iran in the Twentieth Century". Iranian Studies. 42 (4): 579–589. doi:10.1080/00210860903106303. S2CID 162196559. Retrieved 4 November 2021.
Bosworth 1996, p. 157. Bosworth, C. Edmund (July 1996). "Arab Attacks on Rhodes in the Pre-Ottoman Period". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. 6 (2): 157–164. doi:10.1017/S1356186300007161. JSTOR 25183178. S2CID 163550092.
O'Sullivan 2016. O'Sullivan, Shaun (2016). "Sebeos' account of an Arab attack on Constantinople in 654". Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies. 28: 67–88. doi:10.1179/byz.2004.28.1.67. S2CID 161590308. Retrieved 1 November 2021.
Bosworth 1996, p. 158. Bosworth, C. Edmund (July 1996). "Arab Attacks on Rhodes in the Pre-Ottoman Period". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. 6 (2): 157–164. doi:10.1017/S1356186300007161. JSTOR 25183178. S2CID 163550092.
Pourkerman & Marriner 2021. Pourkerman, Majid; Marriner, Nick (2021). "Late Holocene relative sea-level fluctuations and crustal mobility at Bataneh (Najirum) archaeological site, Persian Gulf, Iran". Geoarcheology. 36 (1): 740–754. Bibcode:2021Gearc..36..740P. doi:10.1002/gea.21860. hdl:11585/818139. S2CID 233560160. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
Kennedy & Baladhuri 2011, p. 177. Kennedy, Hugh; Baladhuri, ʾAḥmad ibn Yaḥyā ibn Jabir (2011). "The Feeding of the Five Hundred Thousand: Cities and Agriculture in Early Islamic Mesopotamia". Iraq. 73: 177–199. doi:10.1017/S0021088900000152. JSTOR 23350021. S2CID 128901895.
Dmitriev 2017, p. 727–737. Dmitriev, Vladimir A. (1 November 2017). "The Sasanian Navy revisited: An unwritten chapter in Iran's military history". International Journal of Maritime History. 29 (4): 727–737. doi:10.1177/0843871417726966. ISSN 0843-8714. S2CID 158676495.
O'Sullivan 2004, p. 67–88. O'Sullivan, Shaun (2004). "Sebeos' account of an Arab attack on Constantinople in 654". Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies. 28 (1): 67–88. doi:10.1179/byz.2004.28.1.67. ISSN 0307-0131. S2CID 161590308.
Khalilieh... 2005, p. 315 quoting Scott, 1932, 5: 81, Digest XIX, 2, 13, 2; 2 Goitein, 1967, 1: 296; Udovitch, 1978: 521–2. Khalilieh..., Hassan S. (2005). "The Enigma of Tantura B: Historical Documentation and the Lack of Circumstantial Documentary Evidence". International Journal of Nautical Archaeology. 34 (2): 314–322. Bibcode:2005IJNAr..34..314K. doi:10.1111/j.1095-9270.2005.00063.x. S2CID 162227030. Retrieved 6 November 2021.
Dmitriev 2019. Dmitriev, Vladimir (2019). "They are in the habit of sailing in big crafts': what kinds of warships did the Sasanids use?". International Journal of Maritime History. 31 (2): 222–232. doi:10.1177/0843871419842050. S2CID 198712052.
Dmitriev 2017. Dmitriev, Vladimir A. (1 November 2017). "The Sasanian Navy revisited: An unwritten chapter in Iran's military history". International Journal of Maritime History. 29 (4): 727–737. doi:10.1177/0843871417726966. ISSN 0843-8714. S2CID 158676495.
Azeem 2020, p. referencing Hassan S. Khalilieh, Admiralty and Maritime Laws in the Mediterranean Sea (ca. 800-1050): The Kitab Akriyat Al-Sufun Vis-a-Vis the Nomos Rhodion Nautikos (Leiden: Brill, 2006), 19;—, "Legal Aspects from a Cairo Geniza Responsum on the Islamic Law of the Sea: Practice and Theory", The Jewish Quarterly Review 96 no. 2 (2006): 180-202, https://doi.org/10.1353/jqr.2006.0006; and—, "Human Jettison, Contribution for Lives, and Life Salvage in Byzantine and Early Islamic Maritime Laws in the Mediterranean", Byzantion 75 (2005): 225-235, https://www.jstor.org/stable/44172998. Much of the work on Islamic maritime law is attributed to Maliki School of Thought, due to the Mediterranean surroundings that influenced Maliki jurists to devise rules relevant to maritime domain.. Azeem, Tuba (2020). "Muslims' Share of the Waves: Law, War, and Tradition". Policy Perspectives. 17 (2): 67–82. doi:10.13169/polipers.17.2.0067. JSTOR 10.13169/polipers.17.2.0067. S2CID 242104698. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
Azeem 2020, p. 9.9 quoting Ahmed Al-Dawoody, “Islamic Law and International Humanitarian Law: An Introduction to the Main Principles,” International Review of the Red Cross 99, no. 906 (2017): 1-24,. Azeem, Tuba (2020). "Muslims' Share of the Waves: Law, War, and Tradition". Policy Perspectives. 17 (2): 67–82. doi:10.13169/polipers.17.2.0067. JSTOR 10.13169/polipers.17.2.0067. S2CID 242104698. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
Outka 2003, p. 132. Outka, Gene (2003). Islamic Ethics of Life: Abortion, War, and Euthanasia. University of South Carolina Press. p. 132. doi:10.2307/j.ctv1fcf8kj. ISBN 9781570034718. JSTOR j.ctv1fcf8kj. S2CID 243532856. Retrieved 3 November 2021.

shiaonlinelibrary.com

ibn Jarir Tabari (2021, p. 646) ibn Jarir Tabari, Muhammad (2021). History of al-Tabari part 2. Shia Online Library. Retrieved 19 November 2021.

su.edu.pk

lms.su.edu.pk

Mohyuddin, Zafar. "Muslim Rule in India (711-1526) -HIST-6209; referencing Tanvir Anjum. Muslims in India (711-1526). Islamabad: Allama Iqbal Open University Press, 2013; Fouzia Farooq Ahmed. Muslim Rule in Medieval India: Power and Religion in the Delhi Sultanate. London: I.B. Tauris, 2016". University of Sardogha. Archived from the original on 19 October 2021. Retrieved 2 November 2021.

sunnah.com

al-Sijistānī, Abū Dāwūd (Dā’ūd) Sulaymān ibn al-Ash‘ath ibn Isḥāq al-Azdī. "15 Jihad (Kitab Al-Jihad) : (857) Chapter: The Virtues of Jihad at Sea". Sunnah.com. Sahih Al-Albani. Retrieved 3 November 2021.
Al-Tirmidhi, Abū ʿĪsā Muḥammad ibn ʿĪsā as-Sulamī aḍ-Ḍarīr al-Būghī. "The Book on Legal Punishments (Al-Hudud) : Chapter: What Has Been Related About The Hands No Being Cut in Battles". Sunnah.com. Darussalam. Retrieved 3 November 2021.
Al-Nasa'i, Abū 'Abd ar-Raḥmān Aḥmad ibn Shu`ayb ibn Alī ibn Sīnān. "46 The Book of Cutting off the Hand of the Thief : (16) Chapter: Cutting (The thief's hand off) while traveling". Sunnah.com. Darussalam. Retrieved 3 November 2021.

tandfonline.com

Khalilieh... 2005, p. 315. Khalilieh..., Hassan S. (2005). "The Enigma of Tantura B: Historical Documentation and the Lack of Circumstantial Documentary Evidence". International Journal of Nautical Archaeology. 34 (2): 314–322. Bibcode:2005IJNAr..34..314K. doi:10.1111/j.1095-9270.2005.00063.x. S2CID 162227030. Retrieved 6 November 2021.
Khalilieh... 2005, p. 315 quoting Scott, 1932, 5: 81, Digest XIX, 2, 13, 2; 2 Goitein, 1967, 1: 296; Udovitch, 1978: 521–2. Khalilieh..., Hassan S. (2005). "The Enigma of Tantura B: Historical Documentation and the Lack of Circumstantial Documentary Evidence". International Journal of Nautical Archaeology. 34 (2): 314–322. Bibcode:2005IJNAr..34..314K. doi:10.1111/j.1095-9270.2005.00063.x. S2CID 162227030. Retrieved 6 November 2021.

tebyan.net

library.tebyan.net

Ibn A'tham al-Kufi 1991, p. 366-367. Ibn A'tham al-Kufi, Abu Muhammad Ahmad (1991). The Book of Al-Futuh . Part Two (1st ed.) (Arabic ed.). Dar al-Adwa. pp. 366–367. Retrieved 1 November 2021.

thewire.in

"The Significance of the 1819 Allah Bund Earthquake, 200 Years on". thewire.in. Retrieved 15 June 2019.

translate.goog

web-archive-org.translate.goog

Nazar 1970, p. 813 Nazar, Hussein (1970). "دراسة في قبيلة الأزد – حسين نصار – الصفحة 813 – مجلة العرب، السنة الخامسة، سبتمبر 1970" [A Study of the Azd Tribe-Hussein Nazar]. p. 813. Retrieved 20 November 2021.

tsv.fi

ojs.tsv.fi

Lankila 2013, pp. 98–99. Lankila, Tommi P. (2013). "The Saracen Raid of Rome in 846: An Example of Maritime Ghazw". In Sylvia Akar; Jaakko Hämeen-Anttila; Inka Nokso-Koivisto (eds.). Travelling through Time: Essays in honour of Kaj Öhrnberg. Studia Orientalia, vol. 114. Helsinki: Societas Orientalis Fennica. pp. 93–120.

tufts.edu

perseus.tufts.edu

^{[Quran 5:4 (Translated by Safiur Rahman Mubarakpuri)]}

turcomat.org

Hezariyan 2021, pp. 6720–6724 Hezariyan, Hojjatollah (2021). "A Historical Study of the Persian Gulf and Indo-Arab Trade Until the 5th Century AH". Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education. 12 (11). ISSN 1309-4653. Retrieved 20 December 2021.
Hezariyana & Pourbakhtiar 2021. Hezariyana, Hojjatollah; Pourbakhtiar, Ghaffar (2021). "A Historical Study of the Persian Gulf and Indo-Arab Trade until the 5th century AH". Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics, Education. 12 (11). Retrieved 2 November 2021.

uchicago.edu

oi.uchicago.edu

"Aqaba Project". The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. Archived from the original on 4 January 2014.

uibk.ac.at

diglib.uibk.ac.at

Thureau-Dangin 1907, p. 66, 72, 76, 78, 104, 106, 134, 164, 166. Thureau-Dangin, Francois (1907). Die sumerischen und akkadischen Königsinschriften [The Sumerian and Akkadian royal inscriptions]. Leipzig: Hinrichs. pp. 66, 72, 76, 78, 104, 106, 134, 164, 166. Archived from the original on 7 November 2021. Retrieved 7 November 2021.

umj.ac.id

jurnal.umj.ac.id

Abbas 2017. Abbas, Sirajuddin (2017). "DAKWAH WALI SONGO DAN ISLAMISASI DI JAWA; Quoting Sejarah dan keagungan Mazhab Syafi'i; Pustaka Tarbiyah, Jakarta, 1972 p.221". Misykat Al-Anwar, Jurnal Kajian Islam Dan Masyarakat. 28 (1). Retrieved 2 November 2021.

waqfeya.net

Khattab 2010, p. 325. Khattab, Mahmud Sheet (2010). دة فتح العراق والجزيرة [Leaders of the Conquest of Iraq and Al-Jazeera]. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
Ibn Athir 1987, p. 539 Ibn Athir, Ali (1987). at-Tarikh; Part: 2. دار الكتب العلمية. Retrieved 21 November 2021.
Ibn Taghribirdi 1992, p. 254 Ibn Taghribirdi, Jamal al-Din Yusuf (1992). النجوم الزاهرة فى ملوك مصر والقاهرة [Al-Nujūm al-Zāhirah fī Mulūk Miṣr wa-al-Qāhirah] (in Arabic). Beirut: Dar al Ilmiya. Retrieved 30 November 2021.
al-Hamidi 2008, p. 338 al-Hamidi, Abu Abdullah bin Abi Nasr Muhammad bin Fattouh (2008). Bashar Awad, Maarouf (ed.). جذوة المقتبس في تاريخ علماء الأندلس (in Arabic). Dar al Gharib al Islami. Retrieved 30 November 2021.
Ibn Idhari 1980, p. 42 Ibn Idhari, Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad (1980). البيان المغرب في اختصار أخبار ملوك الأندلس والمغرب . Dar as-Shaqaffah. Retrieved 30 November 2021.
Ibn Taghribirdi 1992, p. 277 Ibn Taghribirdi, Jamal al-Din Yusuf (1992). النجوم الزاهرة فى ملوك مصر والقاهرة [Al-Nujūm al-Zāhirah fī Mulūk Miṣr wa-al-Qāhirah] (in Arabic). Beirut: Dar al Ilmiya. Retrieved 30 November 2021.
Ibn Taghribirdi 1992, p. 289 Ibn Taghribirdi, Jamal al-Din Yusuf (1992). النجوم الزاهرة فى ملوك مصر والقاهرة [Al-Nujūm al-Zāhirah fī Mulūk Miṣr wa-al-Qāhirah] (in Arabic). Beirut: Dar al Ilmiya. Retrieved 30 November 2021.
Khattab (2010, p. 332) Khattab, Mahmud Sheet (2010). دة فتح العراق والجزيرة [Leaders of the Conquest of Iraq and Al-Jazeera]. Retrieved 19 November 2021.

washington.edu

depts.washington.edu

Schoff (1912), §8. Schoff, Wilfred Harvey, ed. (1912), The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea: Travel and Trade in the Indian Ocean by a Merchant of the First Century, New York: Longmans, Green, & Co., ISBN 978-81-215-0699-1 {{citation}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)

weather.com

Burlingame 2013. Burlingame, Liz (23 August 2013). "Sunken Treasures: The World's Most Valuable Shipwreck Discoveries". The Weather Channel. Archived from the original on 13 December 2013.

web.archive.org

Kaegi 2008, pp. 384–385. Kaegi, Walter E. (2008). "Confronting Islam: Emperors versus Caliphs (641–c. 850)". In Shepard, Jonathan (ed.). The Cambridge History of the Byzantine Empire c. 500–1492. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 365–394. ISBN 978-0-521-83231-1. Archived from the original on 23 May 2020. Retrieved 15 July 2016.
Fromherz, Allen. "Islam and the Sea". Oxford Islamic studies. Oxford. Archived from the original on 27 January 2014. Retrieved 31 October 2021.
Thureau-Dangin 1907, p. 66, 72, 76, 78, 104, 106, 134, 164, 166. Thureau-Dangin, Francois (1907). Die sumerischen und akkadischen Königsinschriften [The Sumerian and Akkadian royal inscriptions]. Leipzig: Hinrichs. pp. 66, 72, 76, 78, 104, 106, 134, 164, 166. Archived from the original on 7 November 2021. Retrieved 7 November 2021.
Ibn Manzoor 2007, p. 187 page screenshot Ibn Manzoor, Muhammad Bin Makram ash-shhyr (2007). A brief history of Damascus Sakba (in Arabic). Noor Book. p. 187. Retrieved 29 November 2021.
Khakimov 2020, p. 33-35. Khakimov, Saidilyos (2020). "Arbitration (Tahkim) And Reconciliation (Sulh) In Islam As Alternative Dispute Resolution Mechanisms". The Light of Islam, ISLOM ZIYOSI, IIAU. 2020 (4). Archived from the original on 4 November 2021. Retrieved 4 November 2021.
Fromherz, Allen. "Islam and the Sea". Oxford Islamic studies. Oxford. Archived from the original on 27 January 2014. Retrieved 3 November 2021.
Mohyuddin, Zafar. "Muslim Rule in India (711-1526) -HIST-6209; referencing Tanvir Anjum. Muslims in India (711-1526). Islamabad: Allama Iqbal Open University Press, 2013; Fouzia Farooq Ahmed. Muslim Rule in Medieval India: Power and Religion in the Delhi Sultanate. London: I.B. Tauris, 2016". University of Sardogha. Archived from the original on 19 October 2021. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
"The letters of the Prophet Muhammed beyond Arabia" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 December 2010. Retrieved 18 June 2012.
title=Petersen, 2001, p. 68 Archived 2019-03-24 at the Wayback Machine
"Aqaba Project". The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. Archived from the original on 4 January 2014.
"Beirut". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 23 February 2008.
"Alamlam Online" (in Arabic). alalamonline.net. 10 March 2010. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 13 August 2013.
Taylor 2003. Taylor, James (2003). "Traditional Arab sailing ships". The British-Yemeni Society. Archived from the original on 15 July 2012. Retrieved 3 November 2021.

worldcat.org

search.worldcat.org

Guilland 1959, p. 110. Guilland, Rodolphe (1959). "L'Expedition de Maslama contre Constantinople (717–718)". Études byzantines (in French). Paris: Publications de la Faculté des Lettres et Sciences Humaines de Paris: 109–133. OCLC 603552986.
Abed & Hellyer 2001, p. 80. Abed, Ibrahim; Hellyer, Peter (2001). United Arab Emirates : a new perspective. Abed, Ibrahim., Hellyer, Peter. London: Trident Press. ISBN 1900724472. OCLC 47140175.
Vasiliev 1935, p. 131-207. Vasiliev, Alexander A. (1935). Byzance et les Arabes, Tome I: La dynastie d'Amorium (820–867). Corpus Bruxellense Historiae Byzantinae (in French). French ed.: Henri Grégoire, Marius Canard. Brussels: Éditions de l'Institut de philologie et d'histoire orientales. p. 90. OCLC 181731396.
Hezariyan 2021, pp. 6720–6724 Hezariyan, Hojjatollah (2021). "A Historical Study of the Persian Gulf and Indo-Arab Trade Until the 5th Century AH". Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education. 12 (11). ISSN 1309-4653. Retrieved 20 December 2021.
Savran 2018, p. 140. Savran, Scott (2018). Arabs and Iranians in the Islamic Conquest Narrative Memory and Identity Construction in Islamic Historiography, 750–1050. London New York Routledge. p. 140. OCLC 1132615999.
Abed & Hellyer 2001, p. 81. Abed, Ibrahim; Hellyer, Peter (2001). United Arab Emirates : a new perspective. Abed, Ibrahim., Hellyer, Peter. London: Trident Press. ISBN 1900724472. OCLC 47140175.
Humphreys 1990, pp. 73–74. Ṭabarī, Abū Ğa`far Muḥammad ibn Ğarīr; Humphreys, R Stephen (1990). The History of al-Ṭabarī : (Ta'rīkh al-rusul wa-al-mulūk), The Crisis of the Early Caliphate : The Reign of Uthman, A.D. 644-656/A.H. 24-35. Bibliotheca Persica. Vol. 15. Albany, N.Y.: State University of New York Press. ISBN 0791401545. OCLC 754956093.
Donner 2014, p. 40. Donner, Fred M. (2014). Early Islamic Conquests. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 9781306988872. OCLC 885020145.
Azraai Jamsari et al. 2013, pp. 79–83 Azraai Jamsari, Ezad; Sidik Mat Sidek, Roziah; Zulfazdlee, Mohamad; Sulaiman, Adibah (2013). "The History of the Muslim Naval Army During the 'Abbasid Era". Advances in Natural and Applied Science. 7 (1). ISSN 1995-0772. Retrieved 5 December 2021.
Lukmanul Hakim (2015). "DARI PERSIA HINGGA CINA: Diskursus tentang Teori Kedatangan Islam di Melayu Nusantara". Khazanah: Jurnal Sejarah Dan Kebudayaan Islam (in Indonesian and English). VIII (15): 9–10. ISSN 2614-3798. Retrieved 11 April 2024.
Dmitriev 2017, p. 727–737. Dmitriev, Vladimir A. (1 November 2017). "The Sasanian Navy revisited: An unwritten chapter in Iran's military history". International Journal of Maritime History. 29 (4): 727–737. doi:10.1177/0843871417726966. ISSN 0843-8714. S2CID 158676495.
Le Strange 1890. Le Strange, G. (1890). Palestine Under the Moslems: A Description of Syria and the Holy Land from A.D. 650 to 1500. London: Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund. OCLC 1004386.
O'Sullivan 2004, p. 67–88. O'Sullivan, Shaun (2004). "Sebeos' account of an Arab attack on Constantinople in 654". Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies. 28 (1): 67–88. doi:10.1179/byz.2004.28.1.67. ISSN 0307-0131. S2CID 161590308.
Dmitriev 2017. Dmitriev, Vladimir A. (1 November 2017). "The Sasanian Navy revisited: An unwritten chapter in Iran's military history". International Journal of Maritime History. 29 (4): 727–737. doi:10.1177/0843871417726966. ISSN 0843-8714. S2CID 158676495.
Vasiliev 1935, pp. 127–128. Vasiliev, Alexander A. (1935). Byzance et les Arabes, Tome I: La dynastie d'Amorium (820–867). Corpus Bruxellense Historiae Byzantinae (in French). French ed.: Henri Grégoire, Marius Canard. Brussels: Éditions de l'Institut de philologie et d'histoire orientales. p. 90. OCLC 181731396.
Vasiliev 1935, pp. 128–129. Vasiliev, Alexander A. (1935). Byzance et les Arabes, Tome I: La dynastie d'Amorium (820–867). Corpus Bruxellense Historiae Byzantinae (in French). French ed.: Henri Grégoire, Marius Canard. Brussels: Éditions de l'Institut de philologie et d'histoire orientales. p. 90. OCLC 181731396.

worldcat.org

Avci 2015, p. 10. Avci, Casim (2015). "MILITARY EXPEDITIONS LAUNCHED BY MUSLIM ARABS TO THE BYZANTINE CAPITAL OF CONSTANTINOPLE". Marmara Türkiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi. 2 (2). doi:10.16985/MTAD.2016225597 (inactive 12 July 2025). Retrieved 20 October 2021.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2025 (link)ISSN 2148-6743

yale.edu

religiousstudies.yale.edu

Harold Outka, Gene. "Religious Studies". Yale University. Retrieved 3 November 2021.

zenodo.org

Lynch 2016, p. 539. Lynch, Ryan J. (2016). "Cyprus and Its Legal and Historiographical Significance in Early Islamic History". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 136 (3): 535–550. doi:10.7817/jameroriesoci.136.3.0535. JSTOR 10.7817/jameroriesoci.136.3.0535.
Lynch 2016, p. 540. Lynch, Ryan J. (2016). "Cyprus and Its Legal and Historiographical Significance in Early Islamic History". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 136 (3): 535–550. doi:10.7817/jameroriesoci.136.3.0535. JSTOR 10.7817/jameroriesoci.136.3.0535.