Early Christianity (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Early Christianity" in English language version.

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Eusebius, Church History 3, 5, 3; Epiphanius, Panarion 29,7,7–8; 30, 2, 7; On Weights and Measures 15. On the flight to Pella see: Jonathan Bourgel, "'The Jewish Christians' Move from Jerusalem as a pragmatic choice", in: Dan Jaffé (ed), Studies in Rabbinic Judaism and Early Christianity, (Leyden: Brill, 2010), pp. 107–138 (https://www.academia.edu/4909339/THE_JEWISH_CHRISTIANS_MOVE_FROM_JERUSALEM_AS_A_PRAGMATIC_CHOICE).

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; English: 6^th place)

Fredriksen 1999, p. 121. Fredriksen, Paula (1999). Jesus of Nazareth, King of the Jews: A Jewish Life and the Emergence of Christianity. Vintage Books. ISBN 978-0-679-76746-6.
Fredriksen 1999, pp. 119–121. Fredriksen, Paula (1999). Jesus of Nazareth, King of the Jews: A Jewish Life and the Emergence of Christianity. Vintage Books. ISBN 978-0-679-76746-6.
Chadwick 1993, p. 13. Chadwick, Henry (1993). The Early Church. The Penguin History of the Church. Vol. 1 (revised ed.). Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-023199-1.
Chadwick 1993, pp. 15–16. Chadwick, Henry (1993). The Early Church. The Penguin History of the Church. Vol. 1 (revised ed.). Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-023199-1.
Brown, Raymond E. (1997). Introduction to the New Testament. New York: Anchor Bible. p. 334. ISBN 978-0-385-24767-2.
Plummer, Alfred (1887). The Church of the Early Fathers: External History. Longmans, Green and Company. pp. 109. church of africa carthage.
Benham, William (1887). The Dictionary of Religion. Cassell. pp. 1013.

armenianhistory.info (Global: low place; English: low place)

Babayan, Yuri. "Armenian History, Chapter III". Archived from the original on 2011-08-03. Retrieved 2010-01-08.

biblica.com (Global: 2,877^th place; English: 1,532^nd place)

Paul, for example, greets a house church in Romans 16:5.

blueletterbible.org (Global: 5,095^th place; English: 3,844^th place)

"Introduction to the Epistles to the Corinthians - Study Resources". Blue Letter Bible. Retrieved 2024-04-28.

bnr.bg (Global: 5,480^th place; English: 8,364^th place)

"The Saint Athanasius Monastery of Chirpan, the oldest cloister in Europe" (in Bulgarian). Bulgarian National Radio. 22 June 2017. Retrieved 30 August 2018.

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

McGrath 2013, p. 14. McGrath, Alister (2013). Christian History: An Introduction. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-118-33780-6.
MacCulloch 2010, p. 66–69. MacCulloch, Diarmaid (2010). Christianity: The First Three Thousand Years. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-1-101-18999-3.
Bond 2012, pp. 57–59. Bond, Helen K. (2012). The Historical Jesus: A Guide for the Perplexed. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 978-0-567-12510-1.
Bond 2012, pp. 42 & 48. Bond, Helen K. (2012). The Historical Jesus: A Guide for the Perplexed. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 978-0-567-12510-1.
Bond 2012, pp. 78 & 88. Bond, Helen K. (2012). The Historical Jesus: A Guide for the Perplexed. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 978-0-567-12510-1.
Wilken 2012, pp. 9–10. Wilken, Robert Louis (2012). The First Thousand Years: A Global History of Christianity. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-11884-1.
Bond 2012, pp. 89 & 95. Bond, Helen K. (2012). The Historical Jesus: A Guide for the Perplexed. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 978-0-567-12510-1.
Wilken 2012, p. 10. Wilken, Robert Louis (2012). The First Thousand Years: A Global History of Christianity. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-11884-1.
Bond 2012, p. 96. Bond, Helen K. (2012). The Historical Jesus: A Guide for the Perplexed. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 978-0-567-12510-1.
McGrath 2013, p. 6. McGrath, Alister (2013). Christian History: An Introduction. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-118-33780-6.
MacCulloch 2010, pp. 80–81. MacCulloch, Diarmaid (2010). Christianity: The First Three Thousand Years. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-1-101-18999-3.
Bond 2012, p. 109. Bond, Helen K. (2012). The Historical Jesus: A Guide for the Perplexed. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 978-0-567-12510-1.
Wilken 2012, p. 16. Wilken, Robert Louis (2012). The First Thousand Years: A Global History of Christianity. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-11884-1.
MacCulloch 2010, pp. 91–95. MacCulloch, Diarmaid (2010). Christianity: The First Three Thousand Years. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-1-101-18999-3.
McGrath 2013, p. 7. McGrath, Alister (2013). Christian History: An Introduction. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-118-33780-6.
Bond 2012, pp. 38 & 40–41. Bond, Helen K. (2012). The Historical Jesus: A Guide for the Perplexed. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 978-0-567-12510-1.
Annals 15.44.3 quoted in Bond (2012, p. 38). Bond, Helen K. (2012). The Historical Jesus: A Guide for the Perplexed. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 978-0-567-12510-1.
McGrath 2013, p. 10. McGrath, Alister (2013). Christian History: An Introduction. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-118-33780-6.
McGrath 2013, p. 12. McGrath, Alister (2013). Christian History: An Introduction. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-118-33780-6.
McGrath 2013, p. 2. McGrath, Alister (2013). Christian History: An Introduction. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-118-33780-6.
McGrath 2013, pp. 7–9. McGrath, Alister (2013). Christian History: An Introduction. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-118-33780-6.
Bokenkotter, Thomas (2004). A Concise History of the Catholic Church (Revised and expanded ed.). Doubleday. pp. 19–21. ISBN 978-0-385-50584-0.
Cross, F. L.; Livingstone, E. A., eds. (2005). "James, St.". The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (3rd Revised ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 862. doi:10.1093/acref/9780192802903.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-280290-3.
González 2010, p. 27. González, Justo L. (2010). The Story of Christianity. Vol. 1 The Early Church to the Dawn of the Reformation (revised and updated ed.). HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-185588-7.
González 2010, pp. 28–29. González, Justo L. (2010). The Story of Christianity. Vol. 1 The Early Church to the Dawn of the Reformation (revised and updated ed.). HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-185588-7.
González 2010, p. 33. González, Justo L. (2010). The Story of Christianity. Vol. 1 The Early Church to the Dawn of the Reformation (revised and updated ed.). HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-185588-7.
Cross, F. L.; Livingstone, E. A., eds. (2005). "Paul the Apostle". The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (3rd Revised ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 1243–45. doi:10.1093/acref/9780192802903.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-280290-3.
Fredriksen, Paula (2018). When Christians Were Jews: The First Generation. London: Yale University Press. pp. 10–11. ISBN 978-0-300-19051-9.
Black, C. Clifton; Smith, D. Moody; Spivey, Robert A., eds. (2019) [1969]. "Paul: Apostle to the Gentiles". Anatomy of the New Testament (8th ed.). Minneapolis: Fortress Press. pp. 187–226. doi:10.2307/j.ctvcb5b9q.17. ISBN 978-1-5064-5711-6. OCLC 1082543536. S2CID 242771713.
Klutz, Todd (2002) [2000]. "Part II: Christian Origins and Development – Paul and the Development of Gentile Christianity". In Esler, Philip F. (ed.). The Early Christian World. Routledge Worlds (1st ed.). New York and London: Routledge. pp. 178–190. ISBN 978-1-032-19934-4.
Seifrid, Mark A. (1992). "'Justification by Faith' and The Disposition of Paul's Argument". Justification by Faith: The Origin and Development of a Central Pauline Theme. Novum Testamentum, Supplements. Leiden: Brill Publishers. pp. 210–211, 246–247. ISBN 978-90-04-09521-2. ISSN 0167-9732.
Annals 15.44 quoted in González (2010, p. 45). González, Justo L. (2010). The Story of Christianity. Vol. 1 The Early Church to the Dawn of the Reformation (revised and updated ed.). HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-185588-7.
Edward Kessler (18 February 2010). An Introduction to Jewish-Christian Relations. Cambridge University Press. pp. 45–. ISBN 978-1-139-48730-6.
González 2010, pp. 44–48. González, Justo L. (2010). The Story of Christianity. Vol. 1 The Early Church to the Dawn of the Reformation (revised and updated ed.). HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-185588-7.
Pearson, Birger A. (2006) [1990]. "Friedländer Revisited: Alexandrian Judaism and Gnostic Origins". Gnosticism, Judaism, and Egyptian Christianity. Studies in Antiquity and Christianity. Minneapolis, Minnesota: Fortress Press. p. 11. ISBN 9781451404340. Retrieved 12 May 2025. Friedländer put forth the thesis that Gnosticism is a pre-Christian phenomenon which originated in antinomian circles in the Jewish community of Alexandria.
Bleeker, Claas Jouco (1970) [1967]. "The Egyptian Background of Gnosticism". In Bianchi, Ugo (ed.). The Origins of Gnosticism / Le origini dello gnosticismo: Colloquium of Messina, 13–18 April 1966. Texts and Discussions. Published with the Help of the Consiglo Nazionale delle Ricerche della Repubblica Italiana. Numen Book Series, volume 12. Leiden: E. J. Brill. p. 230. ISBN 9789004378032. Retrieved 12 May 2025. Though Egypt undoubtedly is one of the oldest centres of gnosticism, it can not be called the country of its origin. This privilege could with more right be claimed by Syria or by Iran.
van den Broek, Roelof (26 October 2020) [1996]. "Preface". In van den Broek, Roelof (ed.). Studies in Gnosticism and Alexandrian Christianity. Nag Hammadi and Manichaean Studies ISSN 0929-2470, volume 39. Leiden: Brill. p. vii. ISBN 9789004439689. Retrieved 12 May 2025. Ancient Gnosticism and the beginnings of Alexandrian Christianity are closely connected [...] gnostic teachers played an important part in at least some groups of Alexandrian Christians and [...] their ideas were influential in the formation of an early Alexandrian theology.
Ferguson, Everett, ed. (8 October 2013) [1990]. Encyclopedia of Early Christianity. Garland reference library of the humanities, volume 1839 (2, reprint ed.). Routledge. p. 467. ISBN 9781136611582. Retrieved 12 May 2025. Gnostic Christian teachers had ties to Alexandria, which had an extensive, educated, and pluralistic Jewish community.
Freeman, Charles (2009). A New History of Early Christianity. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 56–57. ISBN 978-0-300-12581-8.
Ekonomou, Andrew J. (2007). Byzantine Rome and the Greek Popes: Eastern Influences on Rome and the Papacy from Gregory the Great to Zacharias, A.D. 590-752. Lanham: Lexington Books. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-7391-3386-6.

britannica.com (Global: 40^th place; English: 58^th place)

Encyclopædia Britannica "Quinisext Council". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved February 14, 2010. "The Western Church and the Pope were not represented at the council. Justinian, however, wanted the Pope as well as the Eastern bishops to sign the canons. Pope Sergius I (687–701) refused to sign, and the canons were never fully accepted by the Western Church".
"Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church | church, Ethiopia". Encyclopedia Britannica. In the early 21st century the church claimed more than 30 million adherents in Ethiopia.

calameo.com (Global: 3,525^th place; English: 8,552^nd place)

Khalaf, Salim G. (March 2013). "Jesus Visits Phoenicea". Touristica International. No. 49. pp. 22–35. Retrieved May 28, 2024.

ccel.org (Global: 1,688^th place; English: 1,180^th place)

It was still known as Aelia at the time of the First Council of Nicaea, which marks the end of the Early Christianity period (Canon VII of the First Council of Nicaea).
Eusebius' History of the Church Book IV, chapter V, verses 3–4
Socrates' Church History at CCEL.org: Book I, Chapter XVII: The Emperor's Mother Helena having come to Jerusalem, searches for and finds the Cross of Christ, and builds a Church.
Schaff's Seven Ecumenical Councils: First Nicaea: Canon VII: "Since custom and ancient tradition have prevailed that the Bishop of Aelia [i.e., Jerusalem] should be honoured, let him, saving its due dignity to the Metropolis, have the next place of honour."; "It is very hard to determine just what was the "precedence" granted to the Bishop of Aelia, nor is it clear which is the metropolis referred to in the last clause. Most writers, including Hefele, Balsamon, Aristenus and Beveridge consider it to be Cæsarea; while Zonaras thinks Jerusalem to be intended, a view recently adopted and defended by Fuchs; others again suppose it is Antioch that is referred to."
Quinisext Canon 36 from Schaff's Seven Ecumenical Councils at ccel.org: "we decree that the see of Constantinople shall have equal privileges with the see of Old Rome, and shall be highly regarded in ecclesiastical matters as that is, and shall be second after it. After Constantinople shall be ranked the See of Alexandria, then that of Antioch, and afterwards the See of Jerusalem."
Philip Schaff's History of the Christian Church, volume 3, section 79: "The Time of the Easter Festival": "...this was the second main object of the first ecumenical council in 325. The result of the transactions on this point, the particulars of which are not known to us, does not appear in the canons (probably out of consideration for the numerous Quartodecimanians), but is doubtless preserved in the two circular letters of the council itself and the emperor Constantine. [Socrates: Hist. Eccl. i. 9; Theodoret: H. E. i. 10; Eusebius: Vita Const ii. 17.]"
Irenaeus Against Heresies 3.3.2: the "...Church founded and organized at Rome by the two most glorious apostles, Peter and Paul; as also [by pointing out] the faith preached to men, which comes down to our time by means of the successions of the bishops. ...The blessed apostles, then, having founded and built up the Church, committed into the hands of Linus the office of the episcopate."
"Irenaeus Against Heresies 3.3.2". ...[the] Church founded and organized at Rome by the two most glorious apostles, Peter and Paul; as also [by pointing out] the faith preached to men, which comes down to our time by means of the successions of the bishops. ...The blessed apostles, then, having founded and built up the Church, committed into the hands of Linus the office of the episcopate.
Schaff's Seven Ecumenical Councils: The Seventh: Letter to Pope Hadrian: "Therefore, O most holy Head (Caput)", "And after this, may there be no further schism and separation in the one holy Catholic and Apostolic Church, of which Christ our true God is the Head."; Pope Hadrian's letter: "the holy Catholic and Apostolic Roman Church your spiritual mother ... the head of all Churches"; Canon IV: "For Peter the supreme head (ἡ κερυφαία ἀκρότης) of the Apostles"; Letter to the Emperor and Empress: "Christ our God (who is the head of the Church)".
"Patriarch (ecclesiastical). A title dating from the 6th cent., for the bishops of the five chief sees of Christendom ... Their jurisdiction extended over the adjoining territories ... The earliest bishops exercising such powers, though not so named, were those of Rome (over the whole or part of Italy, Alexandria (over Egypt and Libya), and Antioch (over large parts of Asia Minor))" [Cross, F. L., ed. The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005, article Patriarch (ecclesiastical)]. "Nobody can maintain that the bishops of Antioch and Alexandria were called patriarchs then, or that the jurisdiction they had then was co-extensive with what they had afterward, when they were so called" (ffoulkes, Dictionary of Christian Antiquities, quoted in Volume XIV of Philip Schaff's The Seven Ecumenical Councils).

centuryone.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Pixner, Bargil (May–June 1990). "The Church of the Apostles found on Mount Zion". Biblical Archaeology Review. Vol. 16, no. 3. Archived from the original on 9 March 2018 – via CenturyOne Foundation.

cirp.org (Global: 6,248^th place; English: 9,253^rd place)

Hodges, Frederick M. (2001). "The Ideal Prepuce in Ancient Greece and Rome: Male Genital Aesthetics and Their Relation to Lipodermos, Circumcision, Foreskin Restoration, and the Kynodesme" (PDF). Bulletin of the History of Medicine. 75 (Fall 2001). Johns Hopkins University Press: 375–405. doi:10.1353/bhm.2001.0119. PMID 11568485. S2CID 29580193. Retrieved 3 January 2020.
Rubin, Jody P. (July 1980). "Celsus' Decircumcision Operation: Medical and Historical Implications". Urology. 16 (1). Elsevier: 121–124. doi:10.1016/0090-4295(80)90354-4. PMID 6994325. Retrieved 3 January 2020.
Schultheiss, Dirk; Truss, Michael C.; Stief, Christian G.; Jonas, Udo (1998). "Uncircumcision: A Historical Review of Preputial Restoration". Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 101 (7). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins: 1990–8. doi:10.1097/00006534-199806000-00037. PMID 9623850. Retrieved 13 February 2020.

csa.gov.et (Global: 6,441^st place; English: 4,536^th place)

Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, Population Census Commission (4 June 2012). "Summary and Statistical Report of the 2007 Population and Housing Census Results" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 June 2012. Orthodox 32,138,126
Numbers for all groups except the Mekane Yesus are taken from the 2007 Ethiopian census, Table 3.3 Population by Religion, Sex, and Five Year Age Groups: 2007 Archived November 13, 2012, at the Wayback Machine

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Mitchell 2006, pp. 109, 112, 114–115 & 117. Mitchell, Margaret M. (2006). "Gentile Christianity". In Mitchell, Margaret M.; Young, Frances M. (eds.). The Cambridge History of Christianity. Vol. 1: Origins to Constantine. Cambridge University Press. pp. 103–124. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521812399. ISBN 978-1-139-05483-6.
Hopkins 1998, p. 195. Hopkins, Keith (1998). "Christian Number and Its Implications". Journal of Early Christian Studies. 6 (2). Johns Hopkins University Press: 185–226. doi:10.1353/earl.1998.0035. ISSN 1086-3184. S2CID 170769034. Project MUSE 9960.
Cross, F. L.; Livingstone, E. A., eds. (2005). "James, St.". The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (3rd Revised ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 862. doi:10.1093/acref/9780192802903.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-280290-3.
Mitchell 2006, p. 103. Mitchell, Margaret M. (2006). "Gentile Christianity". In Mitchell, Margaret M.; Young, Frances M. (eds.). The Cambridge History of Christianity. Vol. 1: Origins to Constantine. Cambridge University Press. pp. 103–124. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521812399. ISBN 978-1-139-05483-6.
Marcus 2006, p. 88. Marcus, Joel (2006). "Jewish Christianity". In Mitchell, Margaret M.; Young, Frances M. (eds.). The Cambridge History of Christianity. Vol. 1: Origins to Constantine. Cambridge University Press. pp. 87–102. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521812399. ISBN 978-1-139-05483-6.
Cross, F. L.; Livingstone, E. A., eds. (2005). "Paul the Apostle". The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (3rd Revised ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 1243–45. doi:10.1093/acref/9780192802903.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-280290-3.
Hodges, Frederick M. (2001). "The Ideal Prepuce in Ancient Greece and Rome: Male Genital Aesthetics and Their Relation to Lipodermos, Circumcision, Foreskin Restoration, and the Kynodesme" (PDF). Bulletin of the History of Medicine. 75 (Fall 2001). Johns Hopkins University Press: 375–405. doi:10.1353/bhm.2001.0119. PMID 11568485. S2CID 29580193. Retrieved 3 January 2020.
Rubin, Jody P. (July 1980). "Celsus' Decircumcision Operation: Medical and Historical Implications". Urology. 16 (1). Elsevier: 121–124. doi:10.1016/0090-4295(80)90354-4. PMID 6994325. Retrieved 3 January 2020.
Schultheiss, Dirk; Truss, Michael C.; Stief, Christian G.; Jonas, Udo (1998). "Uncircumcision: A Historical Review of Preputial Restoration". Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 101 (7). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins: 1990–8. doi:10.1097/00006534-199806000-00037. PMID 9623850. Retrieved 13 February 2020.
Vana, Liliane (May 2013). Trigano, Shmuel (ed.). "Les lois noaẖides: Une mini-Torah pré-sinaïtique pour l'humanité et pour Israël" [The Noahid Laws: A Pre-Sinaitic Mini-Torah for Humanity and for Israel]. Pardés: Études et culture juives (in French). 52 (2). Paris: Éditions in Press: 211–236. doi:10.3917/parde.052.0211. eISSN 2271-1880. ISBN 978-2-84835-260-2. ISSN 0295-5652 – via Cairn.info.
Black, C. Clifton; Smith, D. Moody; Spivey, Robert A., eds. (2019) [1969]. "Paul: Apostle to the Gentiles". Anatomy of the New Testament (8th ed.). Minneapolis: Fortress Press. pp. 187–226. doi:10.2307/j.ctvcb5b9q.17. ISBN 978-1-5064-5711-6. OCLC 1082543536. S2CID 242771713.
Dunn, James D. G. (Autumn 1993). Reinhartz, Adele (ed.). "Echoes of Intra-Jewish Polemic in Paul's Letter to the Galatians". Journal of Biblical Literature. 112 (3). Society of Biblical Literature: 459–477. doi:10.2307/3267745. ISSN 0021-9231. JSTOR 3267745.
Thiessen, Matthew (September 2014). Breytenbach, Cilliers; Thom, Johan (eds.). "Paul's Argument against Gentile Circumcision in Romans 2:17-29". Novum Testamentum. 56 (4). Leiden: Brill Publishers: 373–391. doi:10.1163/15685365-12341488. eISSN 1568-5365. ISSN 0048-1009. JSTOR 24735868.
Marcus 2006, pp. 91–92. Marcus, Joel (2006). "Jewish Christianity". In Mitchell, Margaret M.; Young, Frances M. (eds.). The Cambridge History of Christianity. Vol. 1: Origins to Constantine. Cambridge University Press. pp. 87–102. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521812399. ISBN 978-1-139-05483-6.
Marcus 2006, pp. 99–102. Marcus, Joel (2006). "Jewish Christianity". In Mitchell, Margaret M.; Young, Frances M. (eds.). The Cambridge History of Christianity. Vol. 1: Origins to Constantine. Cambridge University Press. pp. 87–102. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521812399. ISBN 978-1-139-05483-6.
Hewson, Robert H. (1975). ""The Primary History of Armenia": An Examination of the Validity of an Immemorially Transmitted Historical Tradition". History in Africa. 2: 91–100. doi:10.2307/3171466. JSTOR 3171466.

eb.com (Global: 5,420^th place; English: 5,395^th place)

academic.eb.com

"Britannica Academic".

evolpub.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Sozomen, Hermias (2018). Walford, Edward (ed.). The Ecclesiastical History of Sozomen. Merchantville, NJ: Evolution Publishing. p. 59. ISBN 978-1-935228-15-8.

iranica.com (Global: 5,960^th place; English: low place)

Christianity^{[permanent dead link]} Encyclopædia Iranica

jewishencyclopedia.com (Global: 1,019^th place; English: 784^th place)

Kohler, Kaufmann; Hirsch, Emil G.; Jacobs, Joseph; Friedenwald, Aaron; Broydé, Isaac. "Circumcision: In Apocryphal and Rabbinical Literature". Jewish Encyclopedia. Kopelman Foundation. Retrieved 3 January 2020. Contact with Grecian life, especially at the games of the arena [which involved nudity], made this distinction obnoxious to the Hellenists, or antinationalists; and the consequence was their attempt to appear like the Greeks by epispasm ("making themselves foreskins"; I Macc. i. 15; Josephus, "Ant." xii. 5, § 1; Assumptio Mosis, viii.; I Cor. vii. 18; Tosef., Shab. xv. 9; Yeb. 72a, b; Yer. Peah i. 16b; Yeb. viii. 9a). All the more did the law-observing Jews defy the edict of Antiochus Epiphanes prohibiting circumcision (I Macc. i. 48, 60; ii. 46); and the Jewish women showed their loyalty to the Law, even at the risk of their lives, by themselves circumcising their sons.
Jewish Encyclopedia: Academies in Palestine
Jewish Encyclopedia: Alexandria, Egypt – Ancient

jhu.edu (Global: 699^th place; English: 479^th place)

muse.jhu.edu

Hopkins 1998, p. 195. Hopkins, Keith (1998). "Christian Number and Its Implications". Journal of Early Christian Studies. 6 (2). Johns Hopkins University Press: 185–226. doi:10.1353/earl.1998.0035. ISSN 1086-3184. S2CID 170769034. Project MUSE 9960.

jstor.org (Global: 26^th place; English: 20^th place)

Bockmuehl, Markus (January 1995). "The Noachide Commandments and New Testament Ethics: with Special Reference to Acts 15 and Pauline Halakhah". Revue Biblique. 102 (1). Leuven: Peeters Publishers: 72–101. ISSN 0035-0907. JSTOR 44076024.
Dunn, James D. G. (Autumn 1993). Reinhartz, Adele (ed.). "Echoes of Intra-Jewish Polemic in Paul's Letter to the Galatians". Journal of Biblical Literature. 112 (3). Society of Biblical Literature: 459–477. doi:10.2307/3267745. ISSN 0021-9231. JSTOR 3267745.
Thiessen, Matthew (September 2014). Breytenbach, Cilliers; Thom, Johan (eds.). "Paul's Argument against Gentile Circumcision in Romans 2:17-29". Novum Testamentum. 56 (4). Leiden: Brill Publishers: 373–391. doi:10.1163/15685365-12341488. eISSN 1568-5365. ISSN 0048-1009. JSTOR 24735868.
Hewson, Robert H. (1975). ""The Primary History of Armenia": An Examination of the Validity of an Immemorially Transmitted Historical Tradition". History in Africa. 2: 91–100. doi:10.2307/3171466. JSTOR 3171466.

newadvent.org (Global: 471^st place; English: 409^th place)

St. James the Less Catholic Encyclopedia: "Then we lose sight of James till St. Paul, three years after his conversion (A.D. 37), went up to Jerusalem. ... On the same occasion, the "pillars" of the Church, James, Peter, and John "gave to me (Paul) and Barnabas the right hands of fellowship; that we should go unto the Gentiles, and they unto the circumcision" (Galatians 2:9)."
Catholic Encyclopedia: Jerusalem (A.D. 71–1099): "Epiphanius (d. 403) says that when the Emperor Hadrian came to Jerusalem in 130 he found the Temple and the whole city destroyed save for a few houses, among them the one where the Apostles had received the Holy Ghost. This house, says Epiphanius, is "in that part of Sion which was spared when the city was destroyed" – therefore in the "upper part ("De mens. et pond.", cap. xiv). From the time of Cyril of Jerusalem, who speaks of "the upper Church of the Apostles, where the Holy Ghost came down upon them" (Catech., ii, 6; P.G., XXXIII), there are abundant witnesses of the place. A great basilica was built over the spot in the fourth century; the crusaders built another church when the older one had been destroyed by Hakim in 1010. It is the famous Coenaculum or Cenacle – now a Moslem shrine – near the Gate of David, and supposed to be David's tomb (Nebi Daud)."; Epiphanius' Weights and Measures at tertullian.org.14: "For this Hadrian..."
Catholic Encyclopedia: Jerusalem (AD. 71–1099)
Catholic Encyclopedia Alexandria: "An important seaport of Egypt, on the left bank of the Nile. It was founded by Alexander the Great to replace the small borough called Racondah or Rakhotis, 331 B.C. The Ptolemies, Alexander's successors on the throne of Egypt, soon made it the intellectual and commercial metropolis of the world. Cæsar who visited it 46 B.C. left it to Queen Cleopatra, but when Octavius went there in 30 B.C. he transformed the Egyptian kingdom into a Roman province. Alexandria continued prosperous under the Roman rule but declined a little under that of Constantinople. ... Christianity was brought to Alexandria by the Evangelist St. Mark. It was made illustrious by a lineage of learned doctors such as Pantænus, Clement of Alexandria, and Origen; it has been governed by a series of great bishops amongst whom Athanasius and Cyril must be mentioned."
Catholic Encyclopedia: Asia Minor: Spread of Christianity in Asia Minor: "Asia Minor was certainly the first part of the Roman world to accept as a whole the principles and the spirit of the Christian religion, and it was not unnatural that the warmth of its conviction should eventually fire the neighbouring Armenia and make it, early in the fourth century, the first of the ancient states formally to accept the religion of Christ (Eusebius, Hist. Eccl., IX, viii, 2)."
Catholic Encyclopedia: Jerusalem (A.D. 71–1099): "As the rank of the various sees among themselves was gradually arranged according to the divisions of the empire, Caesarea became the metropolitan see; the Bishop of Ælia [Jerusalem as renamed by Hadrian] was merely one of its suffragans. The bishops from the siege under Hadrian (135) to Constantine (312) were:".
Catholic Encyclopedia: Caesarea Palaestinae
Catholic Encyclopedia: St. Barnabas
Philippi: Catholic Encyclopedia "Philippi was the first European town in which St. Paul preached the Faith. He arrived there with Silas, Timothy, and Luke about the end of 52 A.D., on the occasion of his second Apostolic voyage."
Catholic Encyclopedia: Reggio di Calabria: "Through a misinterpretation of Acts 27:13, St. Paul was said to have preached the Gospel there, and to have consecrated his companion, St. Stephen, bishop; it is probable, however, that it was evangelized at an early period. The first bishop known is Mark, legate of Pope Sylvester at the Council of Nicaea (325)."

nih.gov (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Hodges, Frederick M. (2001). "The Ideal Prepuce in Ancient Greece and Rome: Male Genital Aesthetics and Their Relation to Lipodermos, Circumcision, Foreskin Restoration, and the Kynodesme" (PDF). Bulletin of the History of Medicine. 75 (Fall 2001). Johns Hopkins University Press: 375–405. doi:10.1353/bhm.2001.0119. PMID 11568485. S2CID 29580193. Retrieved 3 January 2020.
Rubin, Jody P. (July 1980). "Celsus' Decircumcision Operation: Medical and Historical Implications". Urology. 16 (1). Elsevier: 121–124. doi:10.1016/0090-4295(80)90354-4. PMID 6994325. Retrieved 3 January 2020.
Schultheiss, Dirk; Truss, Michael C.; Stief, Christian G.; Jonas, Udo (1998). "Uncircumcision: A Historical Review of Preputial Restoration". Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 101 (7). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins: 1990–8. doi:10.1097/00006534-199806000-00037. PMID 9623850. Retrieved 13 February 2020.

openlibrary.org (Global: 325^th place; English: 255^th place)

Koch, Glenn A. (1990). "Jewish Christianity". In Fergusson, Everett (ed.). Encyclopedia of early Christianity (first ed.). New York & London: Garland Publishing. p. 490. ISBN 978-0-8240-5745-9. OCLC 20055584. OL 18366162M.

oremus.org (Global: 826^th place; English: 452^nd place)

bible.oremus.org

St. James the Less Catholic Encyclopedia: "Then we lose sight of James till St. Paul, three years after his conversion (A.D. 37), went up to Jerusalem. ... On the same occasion, the "pillars" of the Church, James, Peter, and John "gave to me (Paul) and Barnabas the right hands of fellowship; that we should go unto the Gentiles, and they unto the circumcision" (Galatians 2:9)."
Acts 11:26
Titus 3:12
Acts 18:1–2; The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (Oxford University Press 2005 ISBN 978-0-19-280290-3), article Priscilla, St
Romans 16
Acts 8:26–27

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Dickens, Mark. "The Church of the East" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-04-25. Retrieved 2010-01-08.
Dickens, Mark (1999). "The Church Of The East" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 April 2017. Retrieved 2023-04-25. We are Christians by the one name of the Messiah. As regards our customs our brethren abstain from everything that is contrary to their profession.... Parthian Christians do not take two wives.... Our Bactrian sisters do not practice promiscuity with strangers. Persians do not take their daughters to wife. Medes do not desert their dying relations or bury them alive. Christians in Edessa do not kill their wives or sisters who commit fornication but keep them apart and commit them to the judgement of God. Christians in Hatra do not stone thieves.

pewforum.org (Global: 926^th place; English: 945^th place)

"Orthodox Christianity in the 21st Century". Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. 8 November 2017. Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church has an estimated 36 million adherents, nearly 14% of the world's total Orthodox population.

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"Ethiopia: An outlier in the Orthodox Christian world". Pew Research Center. 28 November 2017.

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Hopkins 1998, p. 195. Hopkins, Keith (1998). "Christian Number and Its Implications". Journal of Early Christian Studies. 6 (2). Johns Hopkins University Press: 185–226. doi:10.1353/earl.1998.0035. ISSN 1086-3184. S2CID 170769034. Project MUSE 9960.
Hodges, Frederick M. (2001). "The Ideal Prepuce in Ancient Greece and Rome: Male Genital Aesthetics and Their Relation to Lipodermos, Circumcision, Foreskin Restoration, and the Kynodesme" (PDF). Bulletin of the History of Medicine. 75 (Fall 2001). Johns Hopkins University Press: 375–405. doi:10.1353/bhm.2001.0119. PMID 11568485. S2CID 29580193. Retrieved 3 January 2020.
Black, C. Clifton; Smith, D. Moody; Spivey, Robert A., eds. (2019) [1969]. "Paul: Apostle to the Gentiles". Anatomy of the New Testament (8th ed.). Minneapolis: Fortress Press. pp. 187–226. doi:10.2307/j.ctvcb5b9q.17. ISBN 978-1-5064-5711-6. OCLC 1082543536. S2CID 242771713.

stthoma.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Thomas the Apostole". stthoma.com. Archived from the original on 8 February 2011. Retrieved 25 April 2010.

tertullian.org (Global: 4,606^th place; English: 3,553^rd place)

Catholic Encyclopedia: Jerusalem (A.D. 71–1099): "Epiphanius (d. 403) says that when the Emperor Hadrian came to Jerusalem in 130 he found the Temple and the whole city destroyed save for a few houses, among them the one where the Apostles had received the Holy Ghost. This house, says Epiphanius, is "in that part of Sion which was spared when the city was destroyed" – therefore in the "upper part ("De mens. et pond.", cap. xiv). From the time of Cyril of Jerusalem, who speaks of "the upper Church of the Apostles, where the Holy Ghost came down upon them" (Catech., ii, 6; P.G., XXXIII), there are abundant witnesses of the place. A great basilica was built over the spot in the fourth century; the crusaders built another church when the older one had been destroyed by Hakim in 1010. It is the famous Coenaculum or Cenacle – now a Moslem shrine – near the Gate of David, and supposed to be David's tomb (Nebi Daud)."; Epiphanius' Weights and Measures at tertullian.org.14: "For this Hadrian..."

tufts.edu (Global: 155^th place; English: 138^th place)

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ἐκκλησία. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project.

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Pixner, Bargil (May–June 1990). "The Church of the Apostles found on Mount Zion". Biblical Archaeology Review. Vol. 16, no. 3. Archived from the original on 9 March 2018 – via CenturyOne Foundation.
Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, Population Census Commission (4 June 2012). "Summary and Statistical Report of the 2007 Population and Housing Census Results" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 June 2012. Orthodox 32,138,126
Numbers for all groups except the Mekane Yesus are taken from the 2007 Ethiopian census, Table 3.3 Population by Religion, Sex, and Five Year Age Groups: 2007 Archived November 13, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
St-Paul-Outside-the-Walls homepage Archived July 20, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
"In the life of Peter there is no starting point for a chain of succession to the leadership of the church at large." While Cullmann believed the Matthew 16:18 text is entirely valid and is in no way spurious, he says it cannot be used as "warrant of the papal succession."— "Religion: Peter & the Rock." Time, December 7, 1953. Time.com Accessed October 8, 2009
First Council of Nicaea Archived 2008-09-15 at the Wayback Machine, canon VI
Babayan, Yuri. "Armenian History, Chapter III". Archived from the original on 2011-08-03. Retrieved 2010-01-08.
"Thomas the Apostole". stthoma.com. Archived from the original on 8 February 2011. Retrieved 25 April 2010.
Dickens, Mark. "The Church of the East" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-04-25. Retrieved 2010-01-08.
Dickens, Mark (1999). "The Church Of The East" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 April 2017. Retrieved 2023-04-25. We are Christians by the one name of the Messiah. As regards our customs our brethren abstain from everything that is contrary to their profession.... Parthian Christians do not take two wives.... Our Bactrian sisters do not practice promiscuity with strangers. Persians do not take their daughters to wife. Medes do not desert their dying relations or bury them alive. Christians in Edessa do not kill their wives or sisters who commit fornication but keep them apart and commit them to the judgement of God. Christians in Hatra do not stone thieves.

wm.edu (Global: 4,553^rd place; English: 2,680^th place)

bxabeg.people.wm.edu

Berhanu Abegaz, "Ethiopia: A Model Nation of Minorities" (accessed 6 April 2006)

worldcat.org (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

search.worldcat.org

Hopkins 1998, p. 195. Hopkins, Keith (1998). "Christian Number and Its Implications". Journal of Early Christian Studies. 6 (2). Johns Hopkins University Press: 185–226. doi:10.1353/earl.1998.0035. ISSN 1086-3184. S2CID 170769034. Project MUSE 9960.
Vana, Liliane (May 2013). Trigano, Shmuel (ed.). "Les lois noaẖides: Une mini-Torah pré-sinaïtique pour l'humanité et pour Israël" [The Noahid Laws: A Pre-Sinaitic Mini-Torah for Humanity and for Israel]. Pardés: Études et culture juives (in French). 52 (2). Paris: Éditions in Press: 211–236. doi:10.3917/parde.052.0211. eISSN 2271-1880. ISBN 978-2-84835-260-2. ISSN 0295-5652 – via Cairn.info.
Bockmuehl, Markus (January 1995). "The Noachide Commandments and New Testament Ethics: with Special Reference to Acts 15 and Pauline Halakhah". Revue Biblique. 102 (1). Leuven: Peeters Publishers: 72–101. ISSN 0035-0907. JSTOR 44076024.
Black, C. Clifton; Smith, D. Moody; Spivey, Robert A., eds. (2019) [1969]. "Paul: Apostle to the Gentiles". Anatomy of the New Testament (8th ed.). Minneapolis: Fortress Press. pp. 187–226. doi:10.2307/j.ctvcb5b9q.17. ISBN 978-1-5064-5711-6. OCLC 1082543536. S2CID 242771713.
Seifrid, Mark A. (1992). "'Justification by Faith' and The Disposition of Paul's Argument". Justification by Faith: The Origin and Development of a Central Pauline Theme. Novum Testamentum, Supplements. Leiden: Brill Publishers. pp. 210–211, 246–247. ISBN 978-90-04-09521-2. ISSN 0167-9732.
Dunn, James D. G. (Autumn 1993). Reinhartz, Adele (ed.). "Echoes of Intra-Jewish Polemic in Paul's Letter to the Galatians". Journal of Biblical Literature. 112 (3). Society of Biblical Literature: 459–477. doi:10.2307/3267745. ISSN 0021-9231. JSTOR 3267745.
Thiessen, Matthew (September 2014). Breytenbach, Cilliers; Thom, Johan (eds.). "Paul's Argument against Gentile Circumcision in Romans 2:17-29". Novum Testamentum. 56 (4). Leiden: Brill Publishers: 373–391. doi:10.1163/15685365-12341488. eISSN 1568-5365. ISSN 0048-1009. JSTOR 24735868.
Koch, Glenn A. (1990). "Jewish Christianity". In Fergusson, Everett (ed.). Encyclopedia of early Christianity (first ed.). New York & London: Garland Publishing. p. 490. ISBN 978-0-8240-5745-9. OCLC 20055584. OL 18366162M.

Early Christianity (English Wikipedia)

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