Early history of video games (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Early history of video games" in English language version.

refsWebsite

Global rank English rank

35web.archive.org

1^st place

7archive.org

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4videogamehistorian.wordpress.com

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4worldcat.org

5^th place

4bitsavers.org

4,153^rd place

2,291^st place

4trailing-edge.com

low place

8,128^th place

2doi.org

2^nd place

2nytimes.com

7^th place

1lifewire.com

5,910^th place

4,171^st place

1espacenet.com

800^th place

676^th place

1news.google.com

59^th place

45^th place

1spacing.ca

low place

1jstor.org

26^th place

20^th place

1ibm.com

1,131^st place

850^th place

1computerhistory.org

2,213^th place

1,495^th place

1warwick.ac.uk

4,378^th place

2,689^th place

1about.com

216^th place

186^th place

1alpha60.de

low place

1books.google.com

3^rd place

1chicagotribune.com

95^th place

70^th place

1osti.gov

2,036^th place

1,254^th place

1science20.com

low place

1nbcnews.com

137^th place

101^st place

1wheels.org

low place

1polygon.com

180^th place

133^rd place

1onet.pl

611^th place

2,026^th place

1acriticalhit.com

low place

1stanford.edu

179^th place

183^rd place

1si.edu

340^th place

295^th place

1gamehistory.org

low place

1archive.today

14^th place

11up.com

1,288^th place

813^th place

1ralphbaer.com

low place

1up.com

Edwards, Benj (2007-05-15). "Videogames Turn 40 Years Old". 1UP.com. Ziff Davis. Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2015-01-26.

about.com

classicgames.about.com

Cohen, D. S. (2014-09-20). "OXO aka Noughts and Crosses - The First Video Game". About.com. IAC. Archived from the original on 2015-12-22. Retrieved 2015-12-18.

acriticalhit.com

Willaert, Kate (September 9, 2019). "The Sumerian Game: The Most Important Video Game You've Never Heard Of". A Critical Hit. Archived from the original on September 9, 2019. Retrieved September 10, 2019.

alpha60.de

Link, David (2012). "Programming ENTER: Christopher Strachey's Draughts Program" (PDF). Resurrection (60). Computer Conservation Society: 23–31. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-02-14. Retrieved 2015-12-20.

archive.org

Ceruzzi, pp. 20–40 Ceruzzi, John (2003). A History of Modern Computing (2nd ed.). MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-53203-7.
"Mainframes to Minis to Micros". The Computer Chronicles. Season 1. Episode 1. September 1983. Event occurs at 4:52.
Greenlaw, Herron, Rawdon, ch. "Introduction" Greenlaw, Paul S.; Herron, Lowell W.; Rawdon, Richard H. (1962). Business simulation in industrial and university education. Prentice Hall.
Rabin Rabin, Steve (2005-06-14). Introduction to Game Development. Charles River Media. ISBN 978-1-58450-377-4.
Fiedler, David (August 1983). "The History of Unix". Byte. 8 (8). McGraw-Hill: 188. ISSN 0360-5280.
"The Great Videogame Swindle?". Next Generation. No. 23. Imagine Media. November 1996. pp. 211–229. ISSN 1078-9693.
Goldberg; Vendel, pp. 40–44 Goldberg, Marty; Vendel, Curt (2012-11-25). Atari Inc.: Business Is Fun. Syzygy Press. ISBN 978-0-9855974-0-5.

archive.today

Edwards, Benj (2007-05-15). "Videogames Turn 40 Years Old". 1UP.com. Ziff Davis. Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2015-01-26.

bitsavers.org

"The TX-0: Its Past and Present". The Computer Museum Report. 8. The Computer Museum. Spring 1984. Archived from the original on 2011-06-29. Retrieved 2015-11-04.
"Catalog of Programs for IBM Data Processing Systems" (PDF). IBM. April 1962. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-04-22. Retrieved 2015-12-18.
"1963 Papers and Proceedings of the Digital Equipment Computer Users Society" (PDF). Digital Equipment Computer Users Society. 1964. pp. 205–213. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-08-29. Retrieved 2015-12-18.
"Dice Game" (PDF). Decuscope. 3 (2). Digital Equipment Computer Users Society: 46. 1964. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-08-19. Retrieved 2012-03-21.

books.google.com

Strachey, C. S. (September 1952). Logical or non-mathematical programmes. Association for Computing Machinery '52: Proceedings of the 1952 ACM National Meeting (Toronto). p. 47. doi:10.1145/800259.808992. Archived from the original on 2021-04-18. Retrieved 2015-12-17.

chicagotribune.com

archives.chicagotribune.com

Gibbons, Roy (1954-06-27). "Meet Midac and Midsac: Dice, Pool Shooting Fools". Chicago Tribune. p. 1. Archived from the original on 2015-12-23. Retrieved 2015-12-18.

computerhistory.org

"Opening Moves: Origins of Computer Chess - First Tests". Computer History Museum. Archived from the original on 2015-12-22. Retrieved 2013-04-04.

doi.org

Redheffer, Raymond (1948). "A Machine for Playing the Game Nim". American Mathematical Monthly. 55 (6 (June/July 1948)): 343–349. doi:10.2307/2304959. ISSN 0002-9890. JSTOR 2304959.
Strachey, C. S. (September 1952). Logical or non-mathematical programmes. Association for Computing Machinery '52: Proceedings of the 1952 ACM National Meeting (Toronto). p. 47. doi:10.1145/800259.808992. Archived from the original on 2021-04-18. Retrieved 2015-12-17.

espacenet.com

worldwide.espacenet.com

US patent 2455992, Goldsmith Jr., Thomas T. & Mann, Estle Ray, "Cathode Ray Tube Amusement Device", issued 1948-12-14

gamehistory.org

Willaert, Kate (2018-01-10). "In Search of the First Video Game Commercial". Video Game History Foundation. Archived from the original on 2018-01-12. Retrieved 2018-01-12.

ibm.com

www-03.ibm.com

"IBM100 - The IBM 700 Series". IBM100. IBM. 2011. Archived from the original on 2015-12-22. Retrieved 2015-12-18.

jstor.org

Redheffer, Raymond (1948). "A Machine for Playing the Game Nim". American Mathematical Monthly. 55 (6 (June/July 1948)): 343–349. doi:10.2307/2304959. ISSN 0002-9890. JSTOR 2304959.

lifewire.com

Cohen, D. S. "Cathode-Ray Tube Amusement Device". Lifewire. Dotdash Meredith. Archived from the original on 2021-05-18. Retrieved 2023-03-27.

nbcnews.com

Kalning, Kristin (2008-10-23). "The anatomy of the first video game". MSNBC. Comcast. Archived from the original on 2015-11-20. Retrieved 2009-03-23.

news.google.com

Simmons, Marlene (1975-10-09). "Bertie the Brain programmer heads science council". Ottawa Citizen. p. 17. Archived from the original on 2021-03-08. Retrieved 2015-12-18.

nytimes.com

Lambert, Bruce (2008-11-07). "Brookhaven Honors a Pioneer Video Game". The New York Times. p. LI1. Archived from the original on 2018-04-11. Retrieved 2009-03-23.
Markoff, John (2002-02-28). "A Long Time Ago, in a Lab Far Away..." The New York Times. p. G9. Archived from the original on 2015-11-25. Retrieved 2015-12-18.

onet.pl

gry.onet.pl

Głowacki, Jacek (2013-03-18). "Słyszeliście kiedyś o "Marienbad", pierwszej polskiej grze wideo w historii? Nie? No to koniecznie musicie nadrobić zaległości!" [Have you ever heard of "Marienbad", the first Polish video game ever? No? Well, you must catch up!]. Onet Gry (in Polish). Archived from the original on 2018-01-07. Retrieved 2018-03-19.

osti.gov

"Video Games—Did They Begin at Brookhaven?". Office of Scientific and Technical Information. 1981. Archived from the original on 2015-11-03. Retrieved 2008-11-11.

polygon.com

Wells, Matthew (2022-07-28). "The nuclear war origins behind some of the earliest computer lab games". Polygon. Vox Media. Archived from the original on 2022-07-28. Retrieved 2022-07-28.

ralphbaer.com

Baer, Ralph. "Genesis: How the Home Video Games Industry Began". Ralph H. Baer Consultants. Archived from the original on 2015-10-16. Retrieved 2015-01-26.

science20.com

Campbell, Hank (2009-01-27). "What Was The First Computer Game?". Science 2.0. ION Publications. Archived from the original on 2015-11-21.

si.edu

Bushnell, Nolan; Weaver, Christopher (2017-11-17). "Nolan Bushnell: Transcript of an interview conducted by Christopher Weaver" (PDF). Lemelson Center for the Study of Invention and Innovation. Smithsonian Institution. p. 33. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-05-20. Retrieved 2021-05-20.

spacing.ca

Bateman, Chris (2014-08-13). "Meet Bertie the Brain, the world's first arcade game, built in Toronto". Spacing Magazine. Archived from the original on 2015-12-22. Retrieved 2014-11-16.

stanford.edu

infolab.stanford.edu

"Galaxy-Game machine". Infolab.stanford.edu. Stanford University. Archived from the original on 2015-12-22. Retrieved 2013-04-04.

trailing-edge.com

pdp-10.trailing-edge.com

Kemeny, John (1965-01-13). "basbal.dem". Digital Equipment Computer Users Society. Archived from the original on 2015-12-22.
Bethurum, Larry (1966-01-23). "bingo.gam". Digital Equipment Computer Users Society. Archived from the original on 2015-12-22.
Bacheller, Charles (May 1967). "bskbal.gam". Digital Equipment Computer Users Society. Archived from the original on 2015-12-22.
Bergmann, Jacob (August 1967). "baseba.gam". Digital Equipment Computer Users Society. Archived from the original on 2015-12-22.

videogamehistorian.wordpress.com

Smith, Alexander (2014-01-22). "The Priesthood At Play: Computer Games in the 1950s". They Create Worlds. Archived from the original on 2015-12-22. Retrieved 2015-12-18.
Smith, Alexander (2021-03-10). "Worldly Wednesdays: The First Real-Time Games". They Create Worlds. Archived from the original on 2021-03-10. Retrieved 2021-03-10.
Smith, Alexander (2014-07-10). "People Get Ready, There's a Train A-Coming". They Create Worlds. Archived from the original on 2015-12-22. Retrieved 2015-12-18.
Smith, Alexander (2014-08-07). "One, Two, Three, Four I Declare a Space War". They Create Worlds. Archived from the original on 2015-12-22. Retrieved 2015-12-18.

warwick.ac.uk

dcs.warwick.ac.uk

Campbell-Kelly, Martin (2001). "A Tutorial Guide to the EDSAC Simulator" (PDF). University of Warwick. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-12-22. Retrieved 2015-12-18.

web.archive.org

Smith, Alexander (2014-01-22). "The Priesthood At Play: Computer Games in the 1950s". They Create Worlds. Archived from the original on 2015-12-22. Retrieved 2015-12-18.
Cohen, D. S. "Cathode-Ray Tube Amusement Device". Lifewire. Dotdash Meredith. Archived from the original on 2021-05-18. Retrieved 2023-03-27.
Simmons, Marlene (1975-10-09). "Bertie the Brain programmer heads science council". Ottawa Citizen. p. 17. Archived from the original on 2021-03-08. Retrieved 2015-12-18.
Bateman, Chris (2014-08-13). "Meet Bertie the Brain, the world's first arcade game, built in Toronto". Spacing Magazine. Archived from the original on 2015-12-22. Retrieved 2014-11-16.
"IBM100 - The IBM 700 Series". IBM100. IBM. 2011. Archived from the original on 2015-12-22. Retrieved 2015-12-18.
"Opening Moves: Origins of Computer Chess - First Tests". Computer History Museum. Archived from the original on 2015-12-22. Retrieved 2013-04-04.
Campbell-Kelly, Martin (2001). "A Tutorial Guide to the EDSAC Simulator" (PDF). University of Warwick. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-12-22. Retrieved 2015-12-18.
Cohen, D. S. (2014-09-20). "OXO aka Noughts and Crosses - The First Video Game". About.com. IAC. Archived from the original on 2015-12-22. Retrieved 2015-12-18.
Link, David (2012). "Programming ENTER: Christopher Strachey's Draughts Program" (PDF). Resurrection (60). Computer Conservation Society: 23–31. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-02-14. Retrieved 2015-12-20.
Strachey, C. S. (September 1952). Logical or non-mathematical programmes. Association for Computing Machinery '52: Proceedings of the 1952 ACM National Meeting (Toronto). p. 47. doi:10.1145/800259.808992. Archived from the original on 2021-04-18. Retrieved 2015-12-17.
Smith, Alexander (2021-03-10). "Worldly Wednesdays: The First Real-Time Games". They Create Worlds. Archived from the original on 2021-03-10. Retrieved 2021-03-10.
Gibbons, Roy (1954-06-27). "Meet Midac and Midsac: Dice, Pool Shooting Fools". Chicago Tribune. p. 1. Archived from the original on 2015-12-23. Retrieved 2015-12-18.
"Video Games—Did They Begin at Brookhaven?". Office of Scientific and Technical Information. 1981. Archived from the original on 2015-11-03. Retrieved 2008-11-11.
Campbell, Hank (2009-01-27). "What Was The First Computer Game?". Science 2.0. ION Publications. Archived from the original on 2015-11-21.
Kalning, Kristin (2008-10-23). "The anatomy of the first video game". MSNBC. Comcast. Archived from the original on 2015-11-20. Retrieved 2009-03-23.
Lambert, Bruce (2008-11-07). "Brookhaven Honors a Pioneer Video Game". The New York Times. p. LI1. Archived from the original on 2018-04-11. Retrieved 2009-03-23.
Smith, Alexander (2014-07-10). "People Get Ready, There's a Train A-Coming". They Create Worlds. Archived from the original on 2015-12-22. Retrieved 2015-12-18.
Graetz, J. M. (August 1981). "The origin of Spacewar". Creative Computing. 6 (8). ISSN 0097-8140. Archived from the original on 2019-09-04. Retrieved 2015-11-04.
"The TX-0: Its Past and Present". The Computer Museum Report. 8. The Computer Museum. Spring 1984. Archived from the original on 2011-06-29. Retrieved 2015-11-04.
Wells, Matthew (2022-07-28). "The nuclear war origins behind some of the earliest computer lab games". Polygon. Vox Media. Archived from the original on 2022-07-28. Retrieved 2022-07-28.
Smith, Alexander (2014-08-07). "One, Two, Three, Four I Declare a Space War". They Create Worlds. Archived from the original on 2015-12-22. Retrieved 2015-12-18.
Markoff, John (2002-02-28). "A Long Time Ago, in a Lab Far Away..." The New York Times. p. G9. Archived from the original on 2015-11-25. Retrieved 2015-12-18.
"Catalog of Programs for IBM Data Processing Systems" (PDF). IBM. April 1962. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-04-22. Retrieved 2015-12-18.
"1963 Papers and Proceedings of the Digital Equipment Computer Users Society" (PDF). Digital Equipment Computer Users Society. 1964. pp. 205–213. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-08-29. Retrieved 2015-12-18.
"Dice Game" (PDF). Decuscope. 3 (2). Digital Equipment Computer Users Society: 46. 1964. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-08-19. Retrieved 2012-03-21.
Głowacki, Jacek (2013-03-18). "Słyszeliście kiedyś o "Marienbad", pierwszej polskiej grze wideo w historii? Nie? No to koniecznie musicie nadrobić zaległości!" [Have you ever heard of "Marienbad", the first Polish video game ever? No? Well, you must catch up!]. Onet Gry (in Polish). Archived from the original on 2018-01-07. Retrieved 2018-03-19.
Willaert, Kate (September 9, 2019). "The Sumerian Game: The Most Important Video Game You've Never Heard Of". A Critical Hit. Archived from the original on September 9, 2019. Retrieved September 10, 2019.
Kemeny, John (1965-01-13). "basbal.dem". Digital Equipment Computer Users Society. Archived from the original on 2015-12-22.
Bethurum, Larry (1966-01-23). "bingo.gam". Digital Equipment Computer Users Society. Archived from the original on 2015-12-22.
Bacheller, Charles (May 1967). "bskbal.gam". Digital Equipment Computer Users Society. Archived from the original on 2015-12-22.
Bergmann, Jacob (August 1967). "baseba.gam". Digital Equipment Computer Users Society. Archived from the original on 2015-12-22.
"Galaxy-Game machine". Infolab.stanford.edu. Stanford University. Archived from the original on 2015-12-22. Retrieved 2013-04-04.
Bushnell, Nolan; Weaver, Christopher (2017-11-17). "Nolan Bushnell: Transcript of an interview conducted by Christopher Weaver" (PDF). Lemelson Center for the Study of Invention and Innovation. Smithsonian Institution. p. 33. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-05-20. Retrieved 2021-05-20.
Willaert, Kate (2018-01-10). "In Search of the First Video Game Commercial". Video Game History Foundation. Archived from the original on 2018-01-12. Retrieved 2018-01-12.
Baer, Ralph. "Genesis: How the Home Video Games Industry Began". Ralph H. Baer Consultants. Archived from the original on 2015-10-16. Retrieved 2015-01-26.

wheels.org

Graetz, J. M. (August 1981). "The origin of Spacewar". Creative Computing. 6 (8). ISSN 0097-8140. Archived from the original on 2019-09-04. Retrieved 2015-11-04.

worldcat.org

search.worldcat.org

Redheffer, Raymond (1948). "A Machine for Playing the Game Nim". American Mathematical Monthly. 55 (6 (June/July 1948)): 343–349. doi:10.2307/2304959. ISSN 0002-9890. JSTOR 2304959.
Graetz, J. M. (August 1981). "The origin of Spacewar". Creative Computing. 6 (8). ISSN 0097-8140. Archived from the original on 2019-09-04. Retrieved 2015-11-04.
Fiedler, David (August 1983). "The History of Unix". Byte. 8 (8). McGraw-Hill: 188. ISSN 0360-5280.
"The Great Videogame Swindle?". Next Generation. No. 23. Imagine Media. November 1996. pp. 211–229. ISSN 1078-9693.