Earthworm (English Wikipedia)

Anderson, Frank; James, Samuel (1 June 2017). "The evolution of earthworms". blogs.biomedcentral.com/. Archived from the original on 3 February 2024. Retrieved 13 August 2026.

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

Laverack, M. S. (1963). "Calciferous glands". In Laverack, M. S. (ed.). The physiology of earthworms. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier. pp. 24–35. doi:10.1016/B978-0-08-009812-8.50008-6. ISBN 978-0-08-009812-8. Retrieved 24 August 2026. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)

cbc.ca (Global: 110^th place; English: 65^th place)

Burke, David (26 December 2019). "The power of earthworm poop and how it could influence climate change". cbc.ca. Archived from the original on 6 June 2020. Retrieved 14 September 2026.

cronodon.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Earthworm-nervous system". cronodon.com. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Omodeo, Pietro (2000). "Evolution and biogeography of megadriles (Annelida, Clitellata)". Italian Journal of Zoology. 67 (2): 179–201. doi:10.1080/11250000009356313. S2CID 86293273. Retrieved 13 August 2026.
Edwards, Clive A.; Arancon, Norman Q. (2022). "The influence of environmental factors on earthworms". In Edwards, Clive A.; Arancon, Norman Q. (eds.). Biology and ecology of earthworms. New York, New York: Springer. pp. 191–232. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-74943-3_7. ISBN 978-0-387-74943-3. Retrieved 13 August 2026.
Hendrix, Paul F.; Parmelee, Robert W.; Crossley, David A. Jr; Coleman, David C.; Odum, Eugene P.; Groffman, Peter M. (June 1986). "Detritus food webs in conventional and no-tillage agroecosystems". BioScience. 36 (6): 374–380. doi:10.2307/1310259. JSTOR 1310259. Retrieved 13 August 2026.
Bonkowski, Michael; Schaeffer, Matthias (March–April 1997). "Interactions between earthworms and soil protozoa: a trophic component in the soil food web". Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 29 (3–4): 499–502. Bibcode:1997SBiBi..29..499B. doi:10.1016/S0038-0717(96)00107-1. Retrieved 14 August 2026.
Dash, M. C.; Senapati, Bikram K.; Mishra, C. C. (May 1980). "Nematode feeding by tropical earthworms". Oikos. 34 (3): 322–325. Bibcode:1980Oikos..34..322D. doi:10.2307/3544291. JSTOR 3544291. Retrieved 13 August 2026.
Edwards, Clive A.; Fletcher, K. E. (November 1988). "Interactions between earthworms and microorganisms in organic-matter breakdown". Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment. 24 (1–3): 235–247. Bibcode:1988AgEE...24..235E. doi:10.1016/0167-8809(88)90069-2. Retrieved 14 August 2026.
Bonkowski, Michael; Griffiths, Bryan S.; Ritz, Karl (November 2000). "Food preferences of earthworms for soil fungi". Pedobiologia. 44 (6): 666–676. Bibcode:2000Pedob..44..666B. doi:10.1078/S0031-4056(04)70080-3. ISSN 1873-1511. Retrieved 13 August 2026.
Atlavinytė, Olešė; Pocienė, Ċ. (November 1973). "The effect of earthworms and their activity on the amount of algae in the soil". Pedobiologia. 13 (6): 445–455. Bibcode:1973Pedob..13..445A. doi:10.1016/S0031-4056(23)02132-7. ISSN 1873-1511. Retrieved 17 August 2026.
Hendriksen, Niels B. (October 1990). "Leaf litter selection by detritivore and geophagous earthworms". Biology and Fertility of Soils. 10 (1): 17–21. Bibcode:1990BioFS..10...17H. doi:10.1007/BF00336119. ISSN 1432-0789. Retrieved 14 August 2026.
Kaplan, David L.; Hartenstein, Roy; Neuhauser, Edward F. (March 1980). "Coprophagic relations among the earthworms Eisenia foetida, Eudrylus eugeniae and Amynthas spp". Pedobiologia. 20 (2): 74–84. doi:10.1016/S0031-4056(23)03521-7. ISSN 1873-1511. Retrieved 18 August 2026.
Macdonald, David W. (1983). "Predation on earthworms by terrestrial vertebrates". In Satchell, J. E. (ed.). Earthworm ecology: from Darwin to vermiculture. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer. pp. 393–414. doi:10.1007/978-94-009-5965-1_35. ISBN 978-94-009-5965-1. Retrieved 14 August 2026.
Jelaska, Lucija Šerić; Symondson, William O. C. (2016). "Predation on epigeic, endogeic and anecic earthworms by carabids active in spring and autumn". Periodicum Biologorum. 118 (3): 281–289. doi:10.18054/pb.2016.118.3.4709. ISSN 1849-0964.
Boag, Brian; Yeates, Gregor W. (October 2001). "The potential impact of the New Zealand flatworm, a predator of earthworms, in western Europe". Ecological Applications. 11 (5): 1276–1286. doi:10.1890/1051-0761(2001)011[1276:TPIOTN]2.0.CO;2. Retrieved 14 August 2026.
Günther, Babett; Rall, Björn C.; Ferlian, Olga; Scheu, Stefan; Eitzinger, Bernhard (October 2014). "Variations in prey consumption of centipede predators in forest soils as indicated by molecular gut content analysis". Oikos. 123 (10): 1192–1198. Bibcode:2014Oikos.123.1192G. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0706.2013.00868.x. Retrieved 14 August 2026.
Salmon, Sandrine; Ponge, Jean-François (November 2001). "Earthworm excreta attract soil springtails: laboratory experiments on Heteromurus nitidus (Collembola: Entomobryidae)". Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 33 (14): 1959–1969. Bibcode:2001SBiBi..33.1959S. doi:10.1016/S0038-0717(01)00129-8. Retrieved 14 August 2026.
Niiyama, Ryuma; Matsushita, Kazuma; Ikeda, Masahiro; Or, Keung; Kuniyoshi, Yasuo (11 October 2022). "A 3D printed hydrostatic skeleton for an earthworm-inspired soft burrowing robot". Soft Matter. 18 (41): 7990–7997. Bibcode:2022SMat...18.7990N. doi:10.1039/d2sm00882c. PMID 36218365.
Edwards, Clive A.; Arancon, Norman Q. (2022). "Earthworm morphology". In Edwards, Clive A.; Arancon, Norman Q. (eds.). Biology and ecology of earthworms. New York, New York: Springer. pp. 1–31. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-74943-3_1. ISBN 978-0-387-74943-3. Retrieved 14 August 2026.
Vassileva, P. V.; Stoyanov, I. N.; Vassilev, V. I. (1982). "On the contractile activity of the alimentary canal of the earth worm (Lumbricus terrestris)". Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part C, Comparative Pharmacology. 71 (1): 127–129. doi:10.1016/0306-4492(82)90023-5. Retrieved 17 August 2026.
Díaz Cosín, Darío J.; Novo, Marta; Fernández, Rosa (2010). "Reproduction of earthworms: sexual selection and parthenogenesis". In Karaka, Ayten (ed.). Biology of earthworms. Berlin, Germany: Springer. pp. 69–86. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-14636-7_5. ISBN 978-3-642-14636-7. Retrieved 18 August 2026.
Sun, Kuo Hua; Pratt, Karl C. (1931). "Do earthworms grow by adding segments?". The American Naturalist. 65 (696): 31–48. Bibcode:1931ANat...65...31S. doi:10.1086/280345. Retrieved 18 August 2026.
Laverack, M. S. (May 1960). "Tactile and chemical perception in earthworms. I. Responses to touch, sodium chloride, quinine and sugars". Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. 1 (2): 155–156. doi:10.1016/0010-406X(60)90047-5. Retrieved 18 August 2026.
Drewes, Charles D.; Landa, Keith B.; McFall, J. L. (February 1978). "Giant nerve fibre activity in intact, freely moving earthworms". The Journal of Experimental Biology. 72 (1): 217–227. Bibcode:1978JExpB..72..217D. doi:10.1242/jeb.72.1.217. PMID 624897. Retrieved 19 August 2026.
Quillin, Kim J. (March 1999). "Kinematic scaling of locomotion by hydrostatic animals: ontogeny of peristaltic crawling by the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris". The Journal of Experimental Biology. 202 (6): 661–674. Bibcode:1999JExpB.202..661Q. doi:10.1242/jeb.202.6.661. PMID 10021320. Retrieved 19 August 2026.
Gesser, Borbàla Petrics; Larsson, Lars-Inge (October 1986). "Enkephalins may act as sensory transmitters in earthworms". Cell and Tissue Research. 246 (1): 33–37. doi:10.1007/BF00218995. Retrieved 19 August 2026.
Drewes, Charles D. (1984). "Escape reflexes in earthworms and other annelids". In Eaton, Robert C. (ed.). Neural mechanisms of startle behavior. New York, New York: Springer. pp. 43–91. doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-2286-1_3. ISBN 978-1-4899-2286-1. Retrieved 20 August 2026.
Edwards, Clive A.; Arancon, Norman Q. (2022). "Earthworm life histories and biology". In Edwards, Clive A.; Arancon, Norman Q. (eds.). Biology and ecology of earthworms. New York, New York: Springer. pp. 81–108. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-74943-3_4. ISBN 978-0-387-74943-3. Retrieved 20 August 2026.
Elwood, Robert W. (1 August 2011). "Pain and suffering in invertebrates?". ILAR Journal. 52 (2): 175–84. doi:10.1093/ilar.52.2.175. ISSN 1930-6180. PMID 21709310.
Alumets, J.; Hàkanson, R.; Sundler, F.; Thorell, J. (28 June 1979). "Neuronal localisation of immunoreactive enkephalin and β-endorphin in the earthworm". Nature. 279 (5716): 805–806. Bibcode:1979Natur.279..805A. doi:10.1038/279805a0. PMID 221837. Retrieved 20 August 2026.
Gesser, Borbàla Petrics; Larsson, Lars-Inge (October 1986). "Enkephalins may act as sensory transmitters in earthworms". Cell and Tissue Research. 246 (1): 33–37. doi:10.1007/BF00218995. Retrieved 20 August 2026.
Smith, Jane A. (1 January 1991). "A question of pain in invertebrates". ILAR Journal. 33 (1–2): 25–31. doi:10.1093/ilar.33.1-2.25. ISSN 1930-6180.
Yerkes, Robert M. (1912). "The intelligence of earthworms". Journal of Animal Behavior. 2 (5): 332–352. doi:10.1037/H0072456. Retrieved 20 August 2026.
Greene Datta, Lois-Ellin (December 1962). "Learning in the earthworm, Lumbricus terrestris". American Journal of Psychology. 75 (4): 531–553. doi:10.2307/1420278. JSTOR 1420278. Retrieved 20 August 2026.
Rosenkoetter, John S.; Boice, Robert (1975). "Earthworm pheromones and T-maze performance". Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology. 88 (2): 904–910. doi:10.1037/h0076428. Retrieved 20 August 2026.
Röhlich, Pál; Aros, Bayron; Virágh, Szabolcs (1970). "Fine structure of photoreceptor cells in the earthworm, Lumbricus Terrestris". Zeitschrift für Zellforschung und Mikroskopische Anatomie. 104 (3): 345–357. doi:10.1007/BF00335687. ISSN 0340-0387. PMID 4193489. S2CID 22771585. Retrieved 21 August 2026.
Myhrberg, Harry E. (November 1979). "Fine structural analysis of the basal epidermal receptor cells in the earthworm (Lumbricus terrestris L.)". Cell and Tissue Research. 203 (2): 257–266. doi:10.1007/BF00237240. PMID 519720. Retrieved 21 August 2026.
Alesci, Alessio; Messina, Emmanuele; Zuwala, Krystyna; Fumia, Angelo; Miller, Anthea; D'Angelo, Roberta; Kuciel, Michal; Albano, Marco; Savoca, Serena; Capillo, Gioele (July 2024). "Mechanosensory cells in annelid oligochaete Lumbricus terrestris (Linnaeus, 1758): a new insight on worm evolution". Acta Zoologica. 105 (3): 331–339. doi:10.1111/azo.12475. Retrieved 21 August 2026.
Spörhase-Eichmann, Ulrike; Winkler, Margret; Schürmann, Friedrich-Wilhelm (1 November 1998). "Dopaminergic sensory cells in the epidermis of the earthworm". Naturwissenschaften. 85 (11): 547–550. Bibcode:1998NW.....85..547S. doi:10.1007/s001140050547. Retrieved 21 August 2026.
Mitra, Ombor; Callaham, Mac A. Jr; Smith, M. L.; Yack, Jayne E. (14 October 2008). "Grunting for worms: seismic vibrations cause Diplocardia earthworms to emerge from the soil". Biology Letters. 5 (1): 16–19. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2008.0456. PMC 2657739. PMID 18854292. Retrieved 14 September 2026.
Pelosi, Céline; Chiron, François; Dubs, Florence; Hedde, Mickaël; Ponge, Jean-François; Salmon, Sandrine; Cluzeau, Daniel; Nélieu, Sylvie (August 2014). "A new method to measure allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) concentrations in mustard: comparison of AITC and commercial mustard solutions as earthworm extractants". Applied Soil Ecology. 80 (1): 1–5. Bibcode:2014AppSE..80....1P. doi:10.1016/j.apsoil.2014.03.005. ISSN 1873-0272. Retrieved 21 August 2026.
Keilin, David (1 December 1920). "On the pharyngeal or salivary gland of the earthworm". Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science. 65 (257): 33–61. doi:10.1242/jcs.s2-65.257.33. Retrieved 24 August 2026.
Piearce, Trevor G. (February 1972). "The calcium relations of selected Lumbricidae". Journal of Animal Ecology. 41 (1): 167–188. Bibcode:1972JAnEc..41..167P. doi:10.2307/3511. JSTOR 3511. Retrieved 24 August 2026.
Crang, Richard E.; Holsen, Robert C.; Hitt, John B. (April 1968). "Calcite production in mitochondria of earthworm calciferous glands". BioScience. 18 (4): 299–301. doi:10.2307/1294220. JSTOR 1294220. Retrieved 24 August 2026.
Laverack, M. S. (1963). "Calciferous glands". In Laverack, M. S. (ed.). The physiology of earthworms. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier. pp. 24–35. doi:10.1016/B978-0-08-009812-8.50008-6. ISBN 978-0-08-009812-8. Retrieved 24 August 2026. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
Briones, María Jesús Iglesias; Osle, Nicholas J.; Piearce, Trevor G. (February 2008). "Stable isotopes reveal that the calciferous gland of earthworms is a CO2-fixing organ". Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 40 (2): 554–557. doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2007.09.012. Retrieved 24 August 2026.
Gan, Shu Han; McTavish, Michael J.; Bourchier, Robert S.; Smith, Sandy M. (May 2023). "Soil grit influences the effects of earthworms (Lumbricus terrestris) on seed damage". Applied Soil Ecology. 185 (1) 104807. Bibcode:2023AppSE.18504807G. doi:10.1016/j.apsoil.2023.104807. ISSN 1873-0272. Retrieved 24 August 2026.
Lattaud, Claude; Locati, Sylvain; Mora, Philippe; Rouland, Corinne; Lavelle, Patrick (1 September 1998). "The diversity of digestive systems in tropical geophagous earthworms". Applied Soil Ecology. 9 (1–3): 189–195. Bibcode:1998AppSE...9..189L. doi:10.1016/S0929-1393(98)00074-2. ISSN 1873-0272. Retrieved 24 August 2026.
Liebeke, Manuel; Strittmatter, Nicole; Fearn, Sarah; Morgan, A. John; Kille, Peter; Fuchser, Jens; Wallis, David; Palchykov, Vitalii; Robertson, Jeremy (4 August 2015). "Unique metabolites protect earthworms against plant polyphenols". Nature Communications. 6 (1) 7869. Bibcode:2015NatCo...6.7869L. doi:10.1038/ncomms8869. PMC 4532835. PMID 26241769.
Friedman, Marc M.; Weiss, Leon (August 1979). "The fine structure of blood follicles in the earthworm genera Amynthas and Lumbricus (Annelida: Oligochaeta)". Journal of Morphology. 161 (2): 123–143. Bibcode:1979JMorp.161..123F. doi:10.1002/jmor.1051610202. PMID 30208671. Retrieved 24 August 2026.
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Bahl, Karm Narayan (1 October 1919). "On a new type of nephridia found in Indian earthworms of the genus Pheretima". Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science. 64 (253): 67–117. doi:10.1242/jcs.s2-64.253.67.
Bahl, Karm Narayan (April 1947). "Excretion in the Oligochaeta". Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society. 22 (2): 109–147. doi:10.1111/j.1469-185X.1947.tb00325.x. PMID 20247603. Retrieved 25 August 2026.
Laverack, M. S. (1963). "Nitrogenous excretion". In Laverack, M. S. (ed.). The physiology of earthworms. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier. pp. 45–68. doi:10.1016/B978-0-08-009812-8.50010-4. ISBN 978-0-08-009812-8. Retrieved 25 August 2026. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
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Zhang, Dongguang; Chen, Yuxiang; Ma, Yunhai; Guo, Li; Sun, Jiyu; Tong, Jin (May 2016). "Earthworm epidermal mucus: rheological behavior reveals drag-reducing characteristics in soil". Soil and Tillage Research. 158 (1): 57–66. Bibcode:2016STilR.158...57Z. doi:10.1016/j.still.2015.12.001. ISSN 1879-3444. Retrieved 27 August 2026.
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semanticscholar.org (Global: 15^th place; English: 8^th place)

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srce.hr (Global: 1,163^rd place; English: 1,174^th place)

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ucdavis.edu (Global: 2,336^th place; English: 1,492^nd place)

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ucm.es (Global: 2,162^nd place; English: 3,328^th place)

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uliege.be (Global: 7,009^th place; English: 7,357^th place)

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vermecology.wordpress.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

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web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

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worldcat.org (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)

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