Economy of Egypt (English Wikipedia)

Al-Mailam, Mohammad; Hamzawy, Amr (2 July 2023). "Rural Vulnerability and Resource Governance in Water-Scarce Egypt". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Retrieved 10 April 2024.

ceicdata.com

"Egypt External Debt, 1997 – 2024". www.ceicdata.com. Retrieved 24 October 2024.
"All Banks Assets Aggregate – Egypt". CEIC Data. Retrieved 28 February 2025.

cia.gov

"The World Factbook". CIA.gov. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 6 April 2024.
"The World Factbook—Central Intelligence Agency". www.cia.gov. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
"The World Factbook". Retrieved 4 March 2015.

ciheam.org

om.ciheam.org

Seyam G.M., El Bilassi A.O. (1995). "Land tenure structure in Egyptian agriculture: Changes and impacts" (PDF). CIHEAM. pp. 50–64.

cntraveler.com

Sattin, Anthony (30 July 2019). "Everything We Know About Cairo's New Grand Egyptian Museum". Condé Nast Traveler. Retrieved 19 March 2021.

cyprus-mail.com

Hazou, Elias. "Energy, peace focus of Tripartite Summit (updated) | Cyprus Mail". Archived from the original on 28 October 2020. Retrieved 30 November 2020.

cyprus.gov.cy

"Joint Declaration following the 5th Cyprus – Egypt – Greece Trilateral Summit, PIO Cyprus,Nicosia, 21 November 2017". Archived from the original on 4 February 2018. Retrieved 5 February 2018.

dailynewsegypt.com

"Unemployment in Egypt rises to 7.5% during 3Q 2021". Daily News Egypt. 17 November 2021. Retrieved 9 January 2022.
Mounir, Hossam (6 November 2024). "Egypt's net international reserves increase to $46.941bn in October: CBE". Dailynewsegypt. Retrieved 6 November 2024.
"Egypt's Remittances Hit $23.7bn in 10M 2024, Marking 45.3% Growth". Daily News Egypt. 24 December 2024. Retrieved 28 February 2025.
Farag, Mohamed (6 February 2017). "EEHC, Euro Africa Company sign MoU to conduct a feasibility study to link Egypt, Cyprus, Greece". Daily News Egypt.
"Government Focuses on Enhancing Investment Climate to Boost Competitiveness: El-Khatib". Daily News Egypt. 21 December 2024. Retrieved 28 February 2025.
"StackPath". dailynewsegypt.com. 8 September 2020. Retrieved 7 March 2021.

doi.org

Saleh, Mohamed (2024). "Trade, Slavery, and State Coercion of Labor: Egypt during the First Globalization Era". The Journal of Economic History. 84 (4): 1107–1141. doi:10.1017/S002205072400038X. ISSN 0022-0507.
"Figure 1.9. Employment in the private and public sectors in the long run". doi.org. doi:10.1787/888932367833. Retrieved 12 December 2024.
Abd El-Ghani, Monier M.; Huerta-Martínez, Francisco Martín; Hongyan, Liu; Qureshi, Rahmatullah (2017). "Plant Responses to Hyperarid Desert Environments". SpringerLink. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-59135-3. ISBN 978-3-319-59134-6. S2CID 3277128.
Abdel-Shafy, H. I.; El-Saharty, A. A.; Regelsberger, M.; Platzer, C. (1 November 2010). "Rainwater in Egypt: quantity, distribution and harvesting". Mediterranean Marine Science. 11 (2): 245–258. doi:10.12681/mms.75. ISSN 1791-6763.
Abdalla, Ahmed; Stellmacher, Till; Becker, Mathias (January 2023). "Trends and Prospects of Change in Wheat Self-Sufficiency in Egypt". Agriculture. 13 (1): 7. doi:10.3390/agriculture13010007. hdl:20.500.11811/10796. ISSN 2077-0472.
El-Ramady, Hassan R.; El-Marsafawy, Samia M.; Lewis, Lowell N. (2013), Lichtfouse, Eric (ed.), "Sustainable Agriculture and Climate Changes in Egypt", Sustainable Agriculture Reviews: Volume 12, Sustainable Agriculture Reviews, vol. 12, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 41–95, doi:10.1007/978-94-007-5961-9_2, ISBN 978-94-007-5961-9, S2CID 59324741, retrieved 20 October 2023
Goma, Amira A.; Phillips, Clive J. C. (1 November 2021). "The Impact of Anthropogenic Climate Change on Egyptian Livestock Production". Animals. 11 (11): 3127. doi:10.3390/ani11113127. ISSN 2076-2615. PMC 8614250. PMID 34827859.

dtic.mil

apps.dtic.mil

"Armed Services Technical Information Agency" (PDF). CIA Declassified Files.: 294. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 September 2023. Retrieved 2 September 2023.
"Armed Services Technical Information Agency" (PDF). CIA Declassified Files.: 296. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 September 2023. Retrieved 2 September 2023.
"Armed Services Technical Information Agency" (PDF). CIA Declassified Files.: 297–298. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 September 2023. Retrieved 2 September 2023.

economist.com

"Egypt's army seems to want to make pasta as well as war". The Economist. 13 April 2023. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 4 January 2024.
"To save Egypt's economy, get the army out of it". The Economist. 26 January 2023. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 4 January 2024.

egx.com.eg

"EGX History". Retrieved 19 June 2024.

egypt-business.com

"74% of Eligible Egyptians Actively Using Bank Accounts". 27 February 2025. Retrieved 27 February 2025.

egyptindependent.com

"Relocating to new capital marks 'new era' for Egypt's government, says Sisi". Egypt Independent. 28 February 2021. Retrieved 7 March 2021.
"Sisi inaugurates New Alamein city, other national projects". Egypt Independent. 1 March 2018. Retrieved 7 March 2021.
"Tourism in Egypt is the biggest loser of COVID-19: IMF official". Egypt Independent. 14 February 2021. Retrieved 14 February 2021.
Saleh, Amirah (10 October 2009). "Govt: Poverty rate up 2%". Retrieved 1 May 2013.

egypttoday.com

"Standard & Poor's keeps Egypt's credit rating at B/B with stable outlook". EgyptToday. Egyptian Media Group. 9 May 2021. Retrieved 8 February 2022.

eia.gov

"International - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)". www.eia.gov.

ekt.gr

ejournals.epublishing.ekt.gr

Abdel-Shafy, H. I.; El-Saharty, A. A.; Regelsberger, M.; Platzer, C. (1 November 2010). "Rainwater in Egypt: quantity, distribution and harvesting". Mediterranean Marine Science. 11 (2): 245–258. doi:10.12681/mms.75. ISSN 1791-6763.

energypress.eu

"Euroafrica Interconnector | ENERGYPRESS". energypress.eu.

eni.com

"Zohr Gas Field – Egypt". Eni. Retrieved 28 February 2025.

enterprise.news

"Gov't debt declined to 77.4% of GDP by the end of 2024". 27 February 2025. Retrieved 1 March 2025.
"International investment heats up Egypt's home appliances sector". Enterprise. Retrieved 27 February 2025.

enterprise.press

"Employment rates" (PDF). enterprise.press. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 December 2021. Retrieved 15 January 2022.
"Where we stand on Egypt's plans to localize electronics manufacturing". Enterprise. Retrieved 27 February 2025.

entrepreneur.com

"The Impact Of Egypt's Currency Devaluation On Its Local Startups". 28 June 2024. Retrieved 27 February 2025.

erf.org.eg

Mohieldin, M.; Kouchouk, A. (December 2002). "ON EXCHANGE RATE POLICY: THE CASE OF EGYPT 1970-2001" (PDF). Ministry of Foreign Trade. Retrieved 1 March 2025.

euneighbours.eu

"The Egyptian winds, a clean energy source | EU Neighbours". www.euneighbours.eu. Retrieved 14 November 2021.

euroafrica-interconnector.com

"EuroAfrica Interconnector". www.euroafrica-interconnector.com.
"Egypt President El-Sisi fully endorses EuroAfrica Interconnector "electricity corridor" in historic meeting, Press release". Archived from the original on 4 February 2018. Retrieved 5 February 2018.

euromonitor.com

EuroMonitor Report Archived 19 August 2012 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 24 August 2012

evwind.es

"Middle East's largest wind farm in Jabal al-Zeit, Egypt - REVE News of the wind sector in Spain and in the world".

exeter.ac.uk

people.exeter.ac.uk

Amr Saber Algarhi; Hanan Nasr El-Din (21 December 2005). "Banking Sector in Egypt" (PDF). The American University in Cairo Department of Economics. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 September 2021.

fao.org

"Country profile – Egypt (Version 2016)" (PDF). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Retrieved 6 June 2018.

fertilizerdaily.com

Viktorov, Andrey (27 April 2021). "Abu Qir Fertilizers plans to revamp one of its urea plants". Fertilizer Daily. Retrieved 6 January 2024.

financialmirror.com

"ENERGY: EuroAfrica 2,000MW cable boosts Egypt-Cyprus ties". 8 February 2017.

fitchratings.com

"Fitch Affirms Egypt at 'B+'; Outlook Stable". fitchratings.com. Archived from the original on 26 October 2021. Retrieved 14 December 2021.

gafi.gov.eg

"Trade Agreements". General Authority for Investment and Free Zones (GAFI). Retrieved 28 February 2025.
"Suez Canal Economic Zone". GAFI. Ministry of Investment, Egypt. 6 January 2016. Archived from the original on 27 April 2018. Retrieved 10 May 2018.

gfmag.com

"Egypt's Role in Africa's AfCFTA Trade Pacts". Global Finance. Retrieved 28 February 2025.

ghostarchive.org

"Leaders Al Sisi Anastasiades Tsipras Trilateral Summit 21 November 2017". 23 November 2017. Archived from the original on 11 December 2021 – via YouTube.
Reed, Stanley (6 March 2015). "BP Signs $12 Billion Deal to Develop Natural Gas in Egypt". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 1 January 2022.

globalsecurity.org

"Egypt - Agriculture". www.globalsecurity.org. Retrieved 21 January 2023.

gulfnews.com

"Mubarak proposes 30% public sector pay rise". gulfnews.com. 30 April 2008. Retrieved 22 February 2022.

handle.net

hdl.handle.net

Abdalla, Ahmed; Stellmacher, Till; Becker, Mathias (January 2023). "Trends and Prospects of Change in Wheat Self-Sufficiency in Egypt". Agriculture. 13 (1): 7. doi:10.3390/agriculture13010007. hdl:20.500.11811/10796. ISSN 2077-0472.

hrw.org

"Egypt Seeks 'Exceptional' Treatment by the IMF". Human Rights Watch. 19 August 2022. Retrieved 19 August 2022.

hse.ru

we.hse.ru

"Egypt's Digital Transformation and ICT Growth". Higher School of Economics. Retrieved 28 February 2025.

ifpri.org

ebrary.ifpri.org

Perez, Nicostrato; Kassim, Yumna; Ringler, Claudia; Thomas, Timothy S.; ElDidi, Hagar (March 2021). "Climate Change and Egypt's Agriculture" (PDF). International Food Policy Research Institute.

imf.org

"World Economic Outlook Database, April 2019". IMF.org. International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 29 September 2019.
"Report for Selected Countries and Subjects". IMF. Retrieved 24 October 2024.
"Report for Selected Countries and Subjects". IMF. Retrieved 1 March 2025.
"Report for Selected Countries and Subjects". www.imf.org. Retrieved 9 December 2018.
"Egypt: Time to Entrench Growth and Make It More Inclusive". International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 30 June 2018.
"Report for Selected Countries and Subjects".
Abdelali Jbili and Vitali Kramarenko (March 2003). "Should MENA Countries Float or Peg?". International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 1 March 2025.

indexmundi.com

infoprod.co.il

"IPR – Egypt fears return of 500,000 workers from Gulf". Retrieved 4 March 2015.

investinegypt.gov.eg

"Investment Map of Egypt". Invest in Egypt. Retrieved 27 February 2025.

iom.int

egypt.iom.int

"Migration and Development in Egypt" (PDF). International Organization for Migration Cairo. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2011. Retrieved 2 December 2015.

issuu.com

Arab British Trade Directory 2018-2019 https://issuu.com/bls-media/docs/arab-british_trade_directory_2017-1/79^{[permanent dead link‍]} 31 July 2018

latimes.com

Ross, Michael (26 December 1987). "Parched Egypt Watches Anxiously as Waters Behind Aswan Dam Recede". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 8 February 2025.

lloydsbanktrade.com

"Foreign direct investment (FDI) in Egypt". www.lloydsbanktrade.com. Archived from the original on 14 December 2021. Retrieved 15 January 2022.
"Egypt - Trade Profile". Lloyds Bank Trade. Retrieved 28 February 2025.

loc.gov

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain: Elmusa, Sharif S. (1991). "The Economy". In Metz, Helen Chapin (ed.). Egypt: a country study (5th ed.). Washington, D.C.: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. pp. 157–159. ISBN 0-8444-0729-1. OCLC 24247439.

macrotrends.net

"Egypt Fertility Rate 1950-2021". www.macrotrends.net. Retrieved 7 March 2021.
"Egypt Population 1950-2022". www.macrotrends.net. Retrieved 7 January 2022.

mcit.gov.eg

"Digital Egypt Initiative". Ministry of Communications and Information Technology (MCIT). Retrieved 28 February 2025.

mcv-eg.com

Factory Archived 13 June 2015 at the Wayback Machine MCV-Website. Retrieved 18. October 2015

merip.org

"Egypt's Transition Under Nasser". MERIP. July 1982. Retrieved 27 February 2025.

metito.com

"Egypt's New Delta Treatment Plant Sets Four Guinness World Records". 29 March 2023. Retrieved 1 March 2025.

miningmagazine.com

"Egypt Goes Gold: Mining Sector Reforms". Mining Magazine. 22 February 2024. Retrieved 28 February 2025.
"Egypt Goes Gold: Mining Sector Reforms". Mining Magazine. 22 February 2024. Retrieved 28 February 2025.

miningweekly.com

Mariaan, Webb (20 April 2011). "AngloGold and JV partner to accelerate exploration in Egypt". Mining Weekly. Archived from the original on 28 December 2011. Retrieved 7 September 2012.

moodys.com

"Rating Action: Moody's affirms Egypt's B2 rating, maintains stable outlook". moodys.com. Archived from the original on 14 December 2021. Retrieved 14 December 2021.

mordorintelligence.com

"Egypt Construction Market". Mordor Intelligence. 28 February 2025. Retrieved 28 February 2025.
"Egypt ICT Market Report". Mordor Intelligence. Retrieved 28 February 2025.

mped.gov.eg

"GDP BY GOVERNORATE", mped.gov.eg, archived from the original on 26 January 2024, retrieved 26 January 2024

news.cn

english.news.cn

"Egypt's Gold Industry Sees Strong Growth in Exports". Xinhua. 17 December 2024. Retrieved 28 February 2025.

nih.gov

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Goma, Amira A.; Phillips, Clive J. C. (1 November 2021). "The Impact of Anthropogenic Climate Change on Egyptian Livestock Production". Animals. 11 (11): 3127. doi:10.3390/ani11113127. ISSN 2076-2615. PMC 8614250. PMID 34827859.

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Goma, Amira A.; Phillips, Clive J. C. (1 November 2021). "The Impact of Anthropogenic Climate Change on Egyptian Livestock Production". Animals. 11 (11): 3127. doi:10.3390/ani11113127. ISSN 2076-2615. PMC 8614250. PMID 34827859.

nuqudy.com

english.nuqudy.com

"S&P Downgrades Egypt's Credit Rating". Retrieved 13 February 2012.

nytimes.com

"Egypt Floats Currency, Appeasing I.M.F. at Risk of Enraging Poor". 3 November 2016. Retrieved 1 March 2025.
Reed, Stanley (6 March 2015). "BP Signs $12 Billion Deal to Develop Natural Gas in Egypt". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 1 January 2022.

oec.world

"Egypt (EGY) Exports, Imports, and Trade Partners | OEC". OEC - The Observatory of Economic Complexity. Retrieved 27 February 2025.
"Where does Egypt export to? (2022)". The Observatory of Economic Complexity. Archived from the original on 26 January 2025. Retrieved 26 January 2025.
"Where does Egypt import from? (2022)". The Observatory of Economic Complexity. Archived from the original on 26 January 2025. Retrieved 26 January 2025.

proactiveinvestors.com

Balashov, Sergei (20 June 2012). "Northland says Alexander Nubia's Hamama project has significant potential". Proactive Investors. Retrieved 7 September 2012.

projectispublishing.com

Bowring, John. Report on Egypt 1823-1838. Projectis Publishing, London. 1840 (reprint 2021) [1]

researchgate.net

Mesfin, Meja (January 2020). "Assessing the Challenges of Irrigation Development in Ethiopia: A Review". Research Gate.

reuters.com

"Egypt's economy expected to grow by 4% on IMF reforms: Reuters poll". 20 January 2025. Retrieved 1 March 2025.
"Suez Canal annual revenue hits record $9.4 billion, chairman says". Reuters. 21 June 2023. Retrieved 15 August 2023.
Laurent, Lionel; Nair, Dinesh (12 December 2012). "SocGen sells Egypt arm to QNB for $2 billion". Reuters. Retrieved 26 November 2020.
"Egypt eyes slow return for tourism after revenues dive in 2020". Reuters. 4 January 2021. Retrieved 4 January 2021.

scoperatings.com

"Scope affirms the Arab Republic of Egypt's ratings at B- and revises the Outlook to Stable". scoperatings.com. Retrieved 12 April 2024.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

Abd El-Ghani, Monier M.; Huerta-Martínez, Francisco Martín; Hongyan, Liu; Qureshi, Rahmatullah (2017). "Plant Responses to Hyperarid Desert Environments". SpringerLink. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-59135-3. ISBN 978-3-319-59134-6. S2CID 3277128.
El-Ramady, Hassan R.; El-Marsafawy, Samia M.; Lewis, Lowell N. (2013), Lichtfouse, Eric (ed.), "Sustainable Agriculture and Climate Changes in Egypt", Sustainable Agriculture Reviews: Volume 12, Sustainable Agriculture Reviews, vol. 12, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 41–95, doi:10.1007/978-94-007-5961-9_2, ISBN 978-94-007-5961-9, S2CID 59324741, retrieved 20 October 2023

sis.gov.eg

"Poverty rate in Egypt".
"Cabinet says cultivated lands up in 2024 to 10 million feddans". State Information Service (Egypt). 26 February 2024. Retrieved 27 February 2025.
"New Delta project". Retrieved 1 March 2025.
"A record 15.7 million tourists visited Egypt in 2024". State Information Service. 2024. Retrieved 27 February 2025.

state.gov

"2023 Investment Climate Statements: Egypt". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 28 February 2025.

statista.com

"Number of ships passing through the Suez Canal from 1976 to 2021". Statista. 31 March 2022.
"Egypt: main crops by production volume 2021". Statista. Retrieved 28 June 2024.
"Egypt: number of internet users 2024 | Statista". Statista. Archived from the original on 24 December 2024. Retrieved 8 February 2025.
"Number of Internet Users in Egypt". Statista. Retrieved 28 February 2025.
"Smartphone Market in Egypt". Statista. Retrieved 28 February 2025.

strategicforesight.com

[4], Strategic Foresight Group report: Cost of Conflict in the Middle East 2009

theafricareport.com

"France's Coface favours Egypt to lead Africa's economic recovery". The Africa Report.com. 2 March 2021. Retrieved 7 March 2021.

thecairoreview.com

"The Return of Geopolitics". The Cairo Review of Global Affairs. 27 May 2019. Retrieved 8 February 2021.

thenational.ae

"Egypt inflation eases as economy strengthens". The National. 9 May 2019. Retrieved 9 May 2019.

thenewhumanitarian.org

"Desertification threat to local food production". The New Humanitarian. 11 July 2011.

timep.org

"Egypt's Next IMF Loan: How to Avoid the Failures of the Past Six Years". 7 June 2022. Retrieved 1 March 2025.

trade.gov

"Egypt's Foreign Currency Crisis". Retrieved 1 March 2025.
"Egypt - Import Requirements & Documentation". 8 August 2022.
"Egypt - Digital Economy". U.S. Department of Commerce. Retrieved 28 February 2025.
"Egypt Investment Climate Statement". U.S. Department of Commerce. Retrieved 28 February 2025.

transparency.org

"Egypt - Corruption Perceptions Index". Transparency International. Retrieved 28 February 2025.

turkiyetoday.com

"Crisis in Turkish Textile Sector: 200 Factories Moved to Egypt, 300K Workers Laid Off". 28 January 2025. Retrieved 27 February 2025.

unctad.org

"World Investment Report 2021". UNCTAD. Retrieved 28 February 2025.

undp.org

hdr.undp.org

"Human Development Index (HDI)". hdr.undp.org. HDRO (Human Development Report Office) United Nations Development Programme. Retrieved 8 December 2022.

unwto.org

cf.cdn.unwto.org

Adla Ragab (14–15 January 2014). Recent development of TSA in Egypt (PDF). Fourteenth Meeting of the Committee of Statistics and Tourism Satellite Account (TSA). Retrieved 9 October 2014.