Elections in the Roman Republic (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Elections in the Roman Republic" in English language version.

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Mouritsen 2017, p. 44; Tan 2023, pp. 6, 8ff. Mouritsen, Henrik (2017). Politics in the Roman republic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-03188-3. OCLC 961266598. Tan, James (26 July 2023). "Geography and the reform of the comitia centuriata". Classical Quarterly: 1–18. doi:10.1017/S0009838823000484. ISSN 0009-8388.
Mouritsen 2017, p. 44; Cornell 2022, p. 225, noting disagreement on whether the reforms increased or decreased malapportionment, citing Grieve 1985 and Yakobson, A (1993). "Dionysius of Halicarnassus on a democratic change in the centuriate assembly". Scripta Classica Israelica. 12: 139–55. See also Tan 2023, pp. 8ff. Mouritsen, Henrik (2017). Politics in the Roman republic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-03188-3. OCLC 961266598. Grieve, Lucy J (1985). "The reform of the "comitia centuriata"". Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte. 34 (3): 278–309. ISSN 0018-2311. JSTOR 4435929. Tan, James (26 July 2023). "Geography and the reform of the comitia centuriata". Classical Quarterly: 1–18. doi:10.1017/S0009838823000484. ISSN 0009-8388.
Mouritsen 2017, p. 48; Vishnia 2012, p. 123. Mouritsen, Henrik (2017). Politics in the Roman republic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-03188-3. OCLC 961266598. Vishnia, Rachel Feig (2012). Roman elections in the age of Cicero: society, government, and voting. Routledge Studies in Ancient History. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-87969-9.
Mouritsen 2017, p. 45; Vishnia 2012, p. 123, citing Cic. Planc., 49. Mouritsen, Henrik (2017). Politics in the Roman republic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-03188-3. OCLC 961266598. Vishnia, Rachel Feig (2012). Roman elections in the age of Cicero: society, government, and voting. Routledge Studies in Ancient History. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-87969-9.
Mouritsen 2017, pp. 46–47. Mouritsen, Henrik (2017). Politics in the Roman republic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-03188-3. OCLC 961266598.
Vishnia 2012, p. 121; Mouritsen 2017, p. 50, noting also that the principium was not a tribal analogue to the centuria praerogativa. Vishnia, Rachel Feig (2012). Roman elections in the age of Cicero: society, government, and voting. Routledge Studies in Ancient History. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-87969-9. Mouritsen, Henrik (2017). Politics in the Roman republic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-03188-3. OCLC 961266598.
Flower 2010, p. 67. Flower, Harriet (2010). Roman republics. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-14043-8. LCCN 2009004551.
Mouritsen 2017, pp. 19, 26–27, noting that the kings were traditionally acclaimed and empowered by passage of the same lex curiata de imperio. Mouritsen, Henrik (2017). Politics in the Roman republic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-03188-3. OCLC 961266598.
Gruen 1995, pp. 122, 127, 140; Vishnia 2012, p. 113. Gruen, Erich (1995). The last generation of the Roman republic (Paperback ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-02238-6. Vishnia, Rachel Feig (2012). Roman elections in the age of Cicero: society, government, and voting. Routledge Studies in Ancient History. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-87969-9.
Flower 2010, pp. 44–45. Flower, Harriet (2010). Roman republics. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-14043-8. LCCN 2009004551.
Flower 2010, pp. 48–49. Flower, Harriet (2010). Roman republics. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-14043-8. LCCN 2009004551.
Mouritsen 2017, pp. 15–19. Mouritsen, Henrik (2017). Politics in the Roman republic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-03188-3. OCLC 961266598.
Mouritsen 2017, p. 19. Mouritsen, Henrik (2017). Politics in the Roman republic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-03188-3. OCLC 961266598.
Mouritsen 2017, pp. 18–19, 19 n. 34, 32 n. 73. Mouritsen, Henrik (2017). Politics in the Roman republic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-03188-3. OCLC 961266598.
Mouritsen 2017, p. 19–20, calling attention to cases in 215, 184 and 148 BC. Mouritsen, Henrik (2017). Politics in the Roman republic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-03188-3. OCLC 961266598.
Mouritsen 2017, p. 20. Mouritsen, Henrik (2017). Politics in the Roman republic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-03188-3. OCLC 961266598.
Flower 2010, pp. 51–52, 56. Flower, Harriet (2010). Roman republics. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-14043-8. LCCN 2009004551.
Mouritsen 2017, p. 42. Mouritsen, Henrik (2017). Politics in the Roman republic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-03188-3. OCLC 961266598.
Flower 2010, pp. 65–66. Flower, Harriet (2010). Roman republics. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-14043-8. LCCN 2009004551.
Flower 2010, p. 74. Flower, Harriet (2010). Roman republics. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-14043-8. LCCN 2009004551.
Flower 2010, pp. 75, 101. Flower, Harriet (2010). Roman republics. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-14043-8. LCCN 2009004551.
Flower 2010, pp. 80ff. Flower, Harriet (2010). Roman republics. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-14043-8. LCCN 2009004551.
Flower 2010, pp. 81–86. Flower, Harriet (2010). Roman republics. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-14043-8. LCCN 2009004551.
Flower 2010, p. 88. Flower, Harriet (2010). Roman republics. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-14043-8. LCCN 2009004551.
Flower 2010, pp. 89–90. Flower, Harriet (2010). Roman republics. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-14043-8. LCCN 2009004551.
Flower 2010, pp. 78–79, 90. Flower, Harriet (2010). Roman republics. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-14043-8. LCCN 2009004551.
Dart 2016, pp. 171–72. Dart, Christopher J. (2016) [First published by Ashgate, 2014]. The Social war, 91 to 88 BCE: a history of the Italian insurgency against the Roman republic. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-4724-1676-6.
Dart 2016, p. 172; Mouritsen 1998, p. 163. Dart, Christopher J. (2016) [First published by Ashgate, 2014]. The Social war, 91 to 88 BCE: a history of the Italian insurgency against the Roman republic. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-4724-1676-6. Mouritsen, Henrik (1998). Italian unification. BICS Supplement 70. London: Institute of Classical Studies. ISBN 0-9005-8781-4.
Dart 2016, p. 178, citing App. BCiv., 1.49 and Vell. Pat., 2.20.2, also noting differences of opinion between scholars as to the treatment of Latins and Italians. Dart 2016, pp. 185, for discussion of both laws. Dart, Christopher J. (2016) [First published by Ashgate, 2014]. The Social war, 91 to 88 BCE: a history of the Italian insurgency against the Roman republic. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-4724-1676-6. Appian (1913) [2nd century AD]. Civil wars. Loeb Classical Library. Translated by White, Horace. Cambridge: Harvard University Press – via LacusCurtius. Velleius Paterculus (1924). Roman history. Loeb Classical Library. Translated by Shipley, Frederick W. Cambridge: Harvard University Press – via LacusCurtius. Dart, Christopher J. (2016) [First published by Ashgate, 2014]. The Social war, 91 to 88 BCE: a history of the Italian insurgency against the Roman republic. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-4724-1676-6.
Dart 2016, p. 180. Dart, Christopher J. (2016) [First published by Ashgate, 2014]. The Social war, 91 to 88 BCE: a history of the Italian insurgency against the Roman republic. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-4724-1676-6.
Dart 2016, p. 197. Dart, Christopher J. (2016) [First published by Ashgate, 2014]. The Social war, 91 to 88 BCE: a history of the Italian insurgency against the Roman republic. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-4724-1676-6.
Dart 2016, p. 187. Dart, Christopher J. (2016) [First published by Ashgate, 2014]. The Social war, 91 to 88 BCE: a history of the Italian insurgency against the Roman republic. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-4724-1676-6.
Dart 2016, pp. 203, 207; Mouritsen 1998, p. 171. Dart, Christopher J. (2016) [First published by Ashgate, 2014]. The Social war, 91 to 88 BCE: a history of the Italian insurgency against the Roman republic. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-4724-1676-6. Mouritsen, Henrik (1998). Italian unification. BICS Supplement 70. London: Institute of Classical Studies. ISBN 0-9005-8781-4.
Dart 2016, p. 211; Vishnia 2012, p. 21. Dart, Christopher J. (2016) [First published by Ashgate, 2014]. The Social war, 91 to 88 BCE: a history of the Italian insurgency against the Roman republic. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-4724-1676-6. Vishnia, Rachel Feig (2012). Roman elections in the age of Cicero: society, government, and voting. Routledge Studies in Ancient History. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-87969-9.
Dart 2016, p. 196. Dart, Christopher J. (2016) [First published by Ashgate, 2014]. The Social war, 91 to 88 BCE: a history of the Italian insurgency against the Roman republic. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-4724-1676-6.
Vishnia 2012, p. 35; Mouritsen 1998, p. 96; Gruen 1995, p. 500. Vishnia, Rachel Feig (2012). Roman elections in the age of Cicero: society, government, and voting. Routledge Studies in Ancient History. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-87969-9. Mouritsen, Henrik (1998). Italian unification. BICS Supplement 70. London: Institute of Classical Studies. ISBN 0-9005-8781-4. Gruen, Erich (1995). The last generation of the Roman republic (Paperback ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-02238-6.
Flower 2010, p. 94; Gruen 1995, pp. 8, 409 (Italian senators), 412 (proscribed), 500–1. Flower, Harriet (2010). Roman republics. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-14043-8. LCCN 2009004551. Gruen, Erich (1995). The last generation of the Roman republic (Paperback ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-02238-6.
Flower 2010, pp. 111–12; Mouritsen 1998, p. 171. Flower, Harriet (2010). Roman republics. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-14043-8. LCCN 2009004551. Mouritsen, Henrik (1998). Italian unification. BICS Supplement 70. London: Institute of Classical Studies. ISBN 0-9005-8781-4.
Staveley, Eastland Stuart; Levick, Barbara (2012). "destinatio". In Hornblower, Simon; et al. (eds.). The Oxford classical dictionary (4th ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 442. ISBN 978-0-19-954556-8. OCLC 959667246. Stavely and Levick very favourably cite Holladay 1978 ("Hollday's view that it was intended to secure orderly elections is most convincing"). Holladay, A J (1978). "The election of magistrates in the early Principate". Latomus. 37 (4): 874–893. ISSN 0023-8856. JSTOR 41531092.
Roselaar, Saskia T (2016). "Local administration". In du Plessis, Paul J; et al. (eds.). The Oxford handbook of Roman law and society. Oxford University Press. pp. 124–29. ISBN 978-0-19-872868-9.
Mackie, Nicola (1983). Local administration in Roman Spain, AD 14–212. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports. pp. 55, 79–84. ISBN 978-0-86054-220-9. However, noting that elections at the port of Ostia had ended by the mid-1st century AD.
Mouritsen 2017, pp. 17–18, noting "the power of the people was expressed via – and only via – the actions of its elected officials"; Yakobson 2022, p. 102; Millar 1998, pp. 209–10. Mouritsen, Henrik (2017). Politics in the Roman republic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-03188-3. OCLC 961266598. Yakobson, Alexander. "The political culture of the republic since Syme's The Roman revolution: a story of a debate". In Arena & Prag (2022), pp. 93–106. Millar, Fergus (1998). The crowd in Rome in the late republic. Jerome Lectures. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-472-10892-3.
Mouritsen 2017, pp. 27–28. Mouritsen, Henrik (2017). Politics in the Roman republic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-03188-3. OCLC 961266598.
Mouritsen 2017; Vishnia 2012, p. 152. Mouritsen, Henrik (2017). Politics in the Roman republic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-03188-3. OCLC 961266598. Vishnia, Rachel Feig (2012). Roman elections in the age of Cicero: society, government, and voting. Routledge Studies in Ancient History. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-87969-9.
Rafferty 2021, pp. 129–30; Mouritsen 2017, p. 55. Rafferty, David (2021). "Rural voters in Roman elections". TAPA. 151 (1): 127–153. doi:10.1353/apa.2021.0004. ISSN 2575-7199. Mouritsen, Henrik (2017). Politics in the Roman republic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-03188-3. OCLC 961266598.

brynmawr.edu

bmcr.brynmawr.edu

Day, Simon (2016). "Review of "Commanders and command in the Roman republic and early empire"". Bryn Mawr Classical Review. ISSN 1055-7660.

cambridge.org

Mouritsen 2017, p. 44; Tan 2023, pp. 6, 8ff. Mouritsen, Henrik (2017). Politics in the Roman republic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-03188-3. OCLC 961266598. Tan, James (26 July 2023). "Geography and the reform of the comitia centuriata". Classical Quarterly: 1–18. doi:10.1017/S0009838823000484. ISSN 0009-8388.
Mouritsen 2017, p. 44; Cornell 2022, p. 225, noting disagreement on whether the reforms increased or decreased malapportionment, citing Grieve 1985 and Yakobson, A (1993). "Dionysius of Halicarnassus on a democratic change in the centuriate assembly". Scripta Classica Israelica. 12: 139–55. See also Tan 2023, pp. 8ff. Mouritsen, Henrik (2017). Politics in the Roman republic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-03188-3. OCLC 961266598. Grieve, Lucy J (1985). "The reform of the "comitia centuriata"". Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte. 34 (3): 278–309. ISSN 0018-2311. JSTOR 4435929. Tan, James (26 July 2023). "Geography and the reform of the comitia centuriata". Classical Quarterly: 1–18. doi:10.1017/S0009838823000484. ISSN 0009-8388.
Lintott 1990, p. 6. Lintott, Andrew (1990). "Electoral bribery in the Roman republic". Journal of Roman Studies. 80: 1–16. doi:10.2307/300277. ISSN 1753-528X.
Lintott 1990, pp. 7, 8. Lintott, Andrew (1990). "Electoral bribery in the Roman republic". Journal of Roman Studies. 80: 1–16. doi:10.2307/300277. ISSN 1753-528X.
Lintott 1990, p. 9. Lintott, Andrew (1990). "Electoral bribery in the Roman republic". Journal of Roman Studies. 80: 1–16. doi:10.2307/300277. ISSN 1753-528X.
Lintott 1990, pp. 9–10. Lintott, Andrew (1990). "Electoral bribery in the Roman republic". Journal of Roman Studies. 80: 1–16. doi:10.2307/300277. ISSN 1753-528X.
Vishnia 2012, p. 111; Lintott 1990, p. 8, noting that candidates in 54 BC borrowed so much for bribes that interest rates at Rome doubled from four to eight per cent. Vishnia, Rachel Feig (2012). Roman elections in the age of Cicero: society, government, and voting. Routledge Studies in Ancient History. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-87969-9. Lintott, Andrew (1990). "Electoral bribery in the Roman republic". Journal of Roman Studies. 80: 1–16. doi:10.2307/300277. ISSN 1753-528X.
Lintott 1990, pp. 10–11. Lintott, Andrew (1990). "Electoral bribery in the Roman republic". Journal of Roman Studies. 80: 1–16. doi:10.2307/300277. ISSN 1753-528X.

doi.org

Morstein-Marx 2024, p. 148: "It is hard to imagine a voter participation rate of more than about 10% even for the largest turnouts". See also Mouritsen 2001, pp. 27–32, preferring turnout estimates between 1–3 per cent of eligible voters Morstein-Marx, Robert (June 2024). "Paradox of voting: extra-urban voters in the late Roman republic". Klio. 106 (1): 100–159. doi:10.1515/klio-2023-0021. ISSN 2192-7669. Mouritsen, Henrik (2001). Plebs and politics in the late Roman republic. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511482885. ISBN 978-0-521-79100-7.
Paterson 2012, p. 106; Vishnia 2012. Paterson, Jeremy (2012). "elections and voting, Roman". Oxford Classical Dictionary (4th ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.7196. Vishnia, Rachel Feig (2012). Roman elections in the age of Cicero: society, government, and voting. Routledge Studies in Ancient History. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-87969-9.
Mouritsen 2017, p. 44; Tan 2023, pp. 6, 8ff. Mouritsen, Henrik (2017). Politics in the Roman republic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-03188-3. OCLC 961266598. Tan, James (26 July 2023). "Geography and the reform of the comitia centuriata". Classical Quarterly: 1–18. doi:10.1017/S0009838823000484. ISSN 0009-8388.
Mouritsen 2017, p. 44; Cornell 2022, p. 225, noting disagreement on whether the reforms increased or decreased malapportionment, citing Grieve 1985 and Yakobson, A (1993). "Dionysius of Halicarnassus on a democratic change in the centuriate assembly". Scripta Classica Israelica. 12: 139–55. See also Tan 2023, pp. 8ff. Mouritsen, Henrik (2017). Politics in the Roman republic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-03188-3. OCLC 961266598. Grieve, Lucy J (1985). "The reform of the "comitia centuriata"". Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte. 34 (3): 278–309. ISSN 0018-2311. JSTOR 4435929. Tan, James (26 July 2023). "Geography and the reform of the comitia centuriata". Classical Quarterly: 1–18. doi:10.1017/S0009838823000484. ISSN 0009-8388.
Vishnia 2012, p. 123, saying "members of the third property rank and below only rarely took part in elections"; Rafferty 2021, p. 135, believing elections regularly extended into the fourth class. Vishnia, Rachel Feig (2012). Roman elections in the age of Cicero: society, government, and voting. Routledge Studies in Ancient History. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-87969-9. Rafferty, David (2021). "Rural voters in Roman elections". TAPA. 151 (1): 127–153. doi:10.1353/apa.2021.0004. ISSN 2575-7199.
Morstein-Marx 2024, pp. 100–101. Morstein-Marx, Robert (June 2024). "Paradox of voting: extra-urban voters in the late Roman republic". Klio. 106 (1): 100–159. doi:10.1515/klio-2023-0021. ISSN 2192-7669.
Lintott 1990, p. 6. Lintott, Andrew (1990). "Electoral bribery in the Roman republic". Journal of Roman Studies. 80: 1–16. doi:10.2307/300277. ISSN 1753-528X.
Lintott 1990, pp. 7, 8. Lintott, Andrew (1990). "Electoral bribery in the Roman republic". Journal of Roman Studies. 80: 1–16. doi:10.2307/300277. ISSN 1753-528X.
Lintott 1990, p. 9. Lintott, Andrew (1990). "Electoral bribery in the Roman republic". Journal of Roman Studies. 80: 1–16. doi:10.2307/300277. ISSN 1753-528X.
Lintott 1990, pp. 9–10. Lintott, Andrew (1990). "Electoral bribery in the Roman republic". Journal of Roman Studies. 80: 1–16. doi:10.2307/300277. ISSN 1753-528X.
Morstein-Marx 2021, p. 59. Morstein-Marx, Robert (2021). Julius Caesar and the Roman People. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781108943260. ISBN 978-1-108-83784-2. LCCN 2021024626. S2CID 242729962.
Vishnia 2012, p. 110; Yakobson 2012. Vishnia, Rachel Feig (2012). Roman elections in the age of Cicero: society, government, and voting. Routledge Studies in Ancient History. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-87969-9. Yakobson, Alexander (2012). "elections, Roman". In Bagnall, Roger S; et al. (eds.). Encyclopedia of ancient history. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. doi:10.1002/9781444338386.wbeah20053. ISBN 978-1405179355.
Yakobson 2012. Yakobson, Alexander (2012). "elections, Roman". In Bagnall, Roger S; et al. (eds.). Encyclopedia of ancient history. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. doi:10.1002/9781444338386.wbeah20053. ISBN 978-1405179355.
Vishnia 2012, p. 111; Yakobson 2012. Vishnia, Rachel Feig (2012). Roman elections in the age of Cicero: society, government, and voting. Routledge Studies in Ancient History. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-87969-9. Yakobson, Alexander (2012). "elections, Roman". In Bagnall, Roger S; et al. (eds.). Encyclopedia of ancient history. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. doi:10.1002/9781444338386.wbeah20053. ISBN 978-1405179355.
Vishnia 2012, p. 111; Lintott 1990, p. 8, noting that candidates in 54 BC borrowed so much for bribes that interest rates at Rome doubled from four to eight per cent. Vishnia, Rachel Feig (2012). Roman elections in the age of Cicero: society, government, and voting. Routledge Studies in Ancient History. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-87969-9. Lintott, Andrew (1990). "Electoral bribery in the Roman republic". Journal of Roman Studies. 80: 1–16. doi:10.2307/300277. ISSN 1753-528X.
Rafferty 2021, p. 148. Rafferty, David (2021). "Rural voters in Roman elections". TAPA. 151 (1): 127–153. doi:10.1353/apa.2021.0004. ISSN 2575-7199.
Rafferty 2021, p. 143, noting that electoral bribery was "one of the primary ways by which the wealth of the empire, mostly seized by the ruling class, tricked down to the mass of Roman citizens". Rafferty, David (2021). "Rural voters in Roman elections". TAPA. 151 (1): 127–153. doi:10.1353/apa.2021.0004. ISSN 2575-7199.
Lintott 1990, pp. 10–11. Lintott, Andrew (1990). "Electoral bribery in the Roman republic". Journal of Roman Studies. 80: 1–16. doi:10.2307/300277. ISSN 1753-528X.
Scullard, H H; Derow, P S (2012). "social wars". Oxford Classical Dictionary. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.5977. ISBN 978-0-19-938113-5.
Enrolment of the new citizens into the existing tribes had previously been proposed by Publius Sulpicius Rufus, plebeian tribune of 88 BC, before his demise amid Sulla's march on Rome. Actual enrolment took until 70 BC. Mouritsen 1998, p. 168; Santangelo 2018, p. 248. Mouritsen, Henrik (1998). Italian unification. BICS Supplement 70. London: Institute of Classical Studies. ISBN 0-9005-8781-4. Santangelo, Federico (2018). "The Social war". In Farney, Gary D.; Bradley, Guy (eds.). The peoples of ancient Italy. De Gruyter. pp. 231–254. doi:10.1515/9781614513001-013. ISBN 978-1-61451-300-1.
Santangelo 2018, p. 249. Santangelo, Federico (2018). "The Social war". In Farney, Gary D.; Bradley, Guy (eds.). The peoples of ancient Italy. De Gruyter. pp. 231–254. doi:10.1515/9781614513001-013. ISBN 978-1-61451-300-1.
Morstein-Marx 2021, Ch. 9. Morstein-Marx, Robert (2021). Julius Caesar and the Roman People. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781108943260. ISBN 978-1-108-83784-2. LCCN 2021024626. S2CID 242729962.
Vishnia 2012, p. 124; cf Morstein-Marx 2024, arguing against the "almost universally supposed" view that voters residing far from Rome were effectively disenfranchised by logistical challenges. Vishnia, Rachel Feig (2012). Roman elections in the age of Cicero: society, government, and voting. Routledge Studies in Ancient History. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-87969-9. Morstein-Marx, Robert (June 2024). "Paradox of voting: extra-urban voters in the late Roman republic". Klio. 106 (1): 100–159. doi:10.1515/klio-2023-0021. ISSN 2192-7669.
Morstein-Marx 2024, p. 101, relating the conventional view. Morstein-Marx, Robert (June 2024). "Paradox of voting: extra-urban voters in the late Roman republic". Klio. 106 (1): 100–159. doi:10.1515/klio-2023-0021. ISSN 2192-7669.
Yakobson 2022, p. 99; Tatum 2009, pp. 219–20. Yakobson, Alexander. "The political culture of the republic since Syme's The Roman revolution: a story of a debate". In Arena & Prag (2022), pp. 93–106. Tatum, W Jeffrey (2009). "Roman democracy?". In Balot, Ryan K (ed.). A companion to Greek and Roman political thought. Wiley. pp. 214–27. doi:10.1002/9781444310344. ISBN 978-1-4051-5143-6.
Tatum 2009, p. 220. Tatum, W Jeffrey (2009). "Roman democracy?". In Balot, Ryan K (ed.). A companion to Greek and Roman political thought. Wiley. pp. 214–27. doi:10.1002/9781444310344. ISBN 978-1-4051-5143-6.
Morstein-Marx 2024, pp. 141–42; Rafferty 2021, passim, but also pp. 128, 147. Morstein-Marx, Robert (June 2024). "Paradox of voting: extra-urban voters in the late Roman republic". Klio. 106 (1): 100–159. doi:10.1515/klio-2023-0021. ISSN 2192-7669. Rafferty, David (2021). "Rural voters in Roman elections". TAPA. 151 (1): 127–153. doi:10.1353/apa.2021.0004. ISSN 2575-7199.
Rafferty 2021, pp. 129–30; Mouritsen 2017, p. 55. Rafferty, David (2021). "Rural voters in Roman elections". TAPA. 151 (1): 127–153. doi:10.1353/apa.2021.0004. ISSN 2575-7199. Mouritsen, Henrik (2017). Politics in the Roman republic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-03188-3. OCLC 961266598.
Rafferty 2021, p. 130. Rafferty, David (2021). "Rural voters in Roman elections". TAPA. 151 (1): 127–153. doi:10.1353/apa.2021.0004. ISSN 2575-7199.
Rafferty 2021, p. 130, also cited by Morstein-Marx 2024, p. 147 n. 174. Rafferty, David (2021). "Rural voters in Roman elections". TAPA. 151 (1): 127–153. doi:10.1353/apa.2021.0004. ISSN 2575-7199. Morstein-Marx, Robert (June 2024). "Paradox of voting: extra-urban voters in the late Roman republic". Klio. 106 (1): 100–159. doi:10.1515/klio-2023-0021. ISSN 2192-7669.
Morstein-Marx 2024, pp. 146–49, giving a 10% upper bound. Morstein-Marx, Robert (June 2024). "Paradox of voting: extra-urban voters in the late Roman republic". Klio. 106 (1): 100–159. doi:10.1515/klio-2023-0021. ISSN 2192-7669.
Morstein-Marx 2024, pp. 146, 152. Morstein-Marx, Robert (June 2024). "Paradox of voting: extra-urban voters in the late Roman republic". Klio. 106 (1): 100–159. doi:10.1515/klio-2023-0021. ISSN 2192-7669.

jhu.edu

muse.jhu.edu

Vishnia 2012, p. 123, saying "members of the third property rank and below only rarely took part in elections"; Rafferty 2021, p. 135, believing elections regularly extended into the fourth class. Vishnia, Rachel Feig (2012). Roman elections in the age of Cicero: society, government, and voting. Routledge Studies in Ancient History. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-87969-9. Rafferty, David (2021). "Rural voters in Roman elections". TAPA. 151 (1): 127–153. doi:10.1353/apa.2021.0004. ISSN 2575-7199.
Rafferty 2021, p. 148. Rafferty, David (2021). "Rural voters in Roman elections". TAPA. 151 (1): 127–153. doi:10.1353/apa.2021.0004. ISSN 2575-7199.
Rafferty 2021, p. 143, noting that electoral bribery was "one of the primary ways by which the wealth of the empire, mostly seized by the ruling class, tricked down to the mass of Roman citizens". Rafferty, David (2021). "Rural voters in Roman elections". TAPA. 151 (1): 127–153. doi:10.1353/apa.2021.0004. ISSN 2575-7199.
Morstein-Marx 2024, pp. 141–42; Rafferty 2021, passim, but also pp. 128, 147. Morstein-Marx, Robert (June 2024). "Paradox of voting: extra-urban voters in the late Roman republic". Klio. 106 (1): 100–159. doi:10.1515/klio-2023-0021. ISSN 2192-7669. Rafferty, David (2021). "Rural voters in Roman elections". TAPA. 151 (1): 127–153. doi:10.1353/apa.2021.0004. ISSN 2575-7199.
Rafferty 2021, pp. 129–30; Mouritsen 2017, p. 55. Rafferty, David (2021). "Rural voters in Roman elections". TAPA. 151 (1): 127–153. doi:10.1353/apa.2021.0004. ISSN 2575-7199. Mouritsen, Henrik (2017). Politics in the Roman republic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-03188-3. OCLC 961266598.
Rafferty 2021, p. 130. Rafferty, David (2021). "Rural voters in Roman elections". TAPA. 151 (1): 127–153. doi:10.1353/apa.2021.0004. ISSN 2575-7199.
Rafferty 2021, p. 130, also cited by Morstein-Marx 2024, p. 147 n. 174. Rafferty, David (2021). "Rural voters in Roman elections". TAPA. 151 (1): 127–153. doi:10.1353/apa.2021.0004. ISSN 2575-7199. Morstein-Marx, Robert (June 2024). "Paradox of voting: extra-urban voters in the late Roman republic". Klio. 106 (1): 100–159. doi:10.1515/klio-2023-0021. ISSN 2192-7669.

jstor.org

Grieve 1985, p. 309. Grieve, Lucy J (1985). "The reform of the "comitia centuriata"". Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte. 34 (3): 278–309. ISSN 0018-2311. JSTOR 4435929.
Mouritsen 2017, p. 44; Cornell 2022, p. 225, noting disagreement on whether the reforms increased or decreased malapportionment, citing Grieve 1985 and Yakobson, A (1993). "Dionysius of Halicarnassus on a democratic change in the centuriate assembly". Scripta Classica Israelica. 12: 139–55. See also Tan 2023, pp. 8ff. Mouritsen, Henrik (2017). Politics in the Roman republic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-03188-3. OCLC 961266598. Grieve, Lucy J (1985). "The reform of the "comitia centuriata"". Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte. 34 (3): 278–309. ISSN 0018-2311. JSTOR 4435929. Tan, James (26 July 2023). "Geography and the reform of the comitia centuriata". Classical Quarterly: 1–18. doi:10.1017/S0009838823000484. ISSN 0009-8388.
Mackie, Nicola (1992). ""Popularis" ideology and popular politics at Rome in the first century". Rheinisches Museum für Philologie. 135 (1): 49–73. ISSN 0035-449X. JSTOR 41233843. See also Vishnia 2012, pp. 114–15. Vishnia, Rachel Feig (2012). Roman elections in the age of Cicero: society, government, and voting. Routledge Studies in Ancient History. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-87969-9.
Cornell 2022, p. 225, citing Grieve 1985 and Yakobson, A (1993). "Dionysius of Halicarnassus on a democratic change in the centuriate assembly". Scripta Classica Israelica. 12: 139–55. Grieve, Lucy J (1985). "The reform of the "comitia centuriata"". Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte. 34 (3): 278–309. ISSN 0018-2311. JSTOR 4435929.
Levick 1967, p. 228. Levick, B M (1967). "Imperial control of the elections under the early principate: commendatio, suffragatio, and "nominatio"". Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte. 16 (2): 207–230. ISSN 0018-2311. JSTOR 4434982.
Holladay 1978, pp. 886–87. Holladay, A J (1978). "The election of magistrates in the early Principate". Latomus. 37 (4): 874–893. ISSN 0023-8856. JSTOR 41531092.
Staveley, Eastland Stuart; Levick, Barbara (2012). "destinatio". In Hornblower, Simon; et al. (eds.). The Oxford classical dictionary (4th ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 442. ISBN 978-0-19-954556-8. OCLC 959667246. Stavely and Levick very favourably cite Holladay 1978 ("Hollday's view that it was intended to secure orderly elections is most convincing"). Holladay, A J (1978). "The election of magistrates in the early Principate". Latomus. 37 (4): 874–893. ISSN 0023-8856. JSTOR 41531092.
Holladay 1978, p. 878. Holladay, A J (1978). "The election of magistrates in the early Principate". Latomus. 37 (4): 874–893. ISSN 0023-8856. JSTOR 41531092.
Tatum 2003, p. 204. Tatum, W Jeffrey (2003). Classical Journal. 99 (2): 203–216. ISSN 0009-8353. JSTOR 3298069.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: untitled periodical (link)

loc.gov

lccn.loc.gov

Flower 2010, p. 67. Flower, Harriet (2010). Roman republics. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-14043-8. LCCN 2009004551.
Berry, D H (2020). Cicero's Catilinarians. Oxford University Press. pp. 15–16. ISBN 978-0-19-751081-0. LCCN 2019048911. OCLC 1126348418.
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Flower 2010, pp. 44–45. Flower, Harriet (2010). Roman republics. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-14043-8. LCCN 2009004551.
Flower 2010, pp. 48–49. Flower, Harriet (2010). Roman republics. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-14043-8. LCCN 2009004551.
Flower 2010, pp. 51–52, 56. Flower, Harriet (2010). Roman republics. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-14043-8. LCCN 2009004551.
Flower 2010, pp. 65–66. Flower, Harriet (2010). Roman republics. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-14043-8. LCCN 2009004551.
Flower 2010, p. 74. Flower, Harriet (2010). Roman republics. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-14043-8. LCCN 2009004551.
Flower 2010, pp. 75, 101. Flower, Harriet (2010). Roman republics. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-14043-8. LCCN 2009004551.
Flower 2010, pp. 80ff. Flower, Harriet (2010). Roman republics. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-14043-8. LCCN 2009004551.
Flower 2010, pp. 81–86. Flower, Harriet (2010). Roman republics. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-14043-8. LCCN 2009004551.
Flower 2010, p. 88. Flower, Harriet (2010). Roman republics. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-14043-8. LCCN 2009004551.
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Flower 2010, pp. 78–79, 90. Flower, Harriet (2010). Roman republics. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-14043-8. LCCN 2009004551.
Flower 2010, p. 94; Gruen 1995, pp. 8, 409 (Italian senators), 412 (proscribed), 500–1. Flower, Harriet (2010). Roman republics. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-14043-8. LCCN 2009004551. Gruen, Erich (1995). The last generation of the Roman republic (Paperback ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-02238-6.
Flower 2010, pp. 111–12; Mouritsen 1998, p. 171. Flower, Harriet (2010). Roman republics. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-14043-8. LCCN 2009004551. Mouritsen, Henrik (1998). Italian unification. BICS Supplement 70. London: Institute of Classical Studies. ISBN 0-9005-8781-4.
Morstein-Marx 2021, Ch. 9. Morstein-Marx, Robert (2021). Julius Caesar and the Roman People. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781108943260. ISBN 978-1-108-83784-2. LCCN 2021024626. S2CID 242729962.

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Millar 1998, p. 199, with modifications, citing Ausonius, Gratiarum Actio, 3. Millar, Fergus (1998). The crowd in Rome in the late republic. Jerome Lectures. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-472-10892-3.

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Morstein-Marx 2021, p. 59. Morstein-Marx, Robert (2021). Julius Caesar and the Roman People. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781108943260. ISBN 978-1-108-83784-2. LCCN 2021024626. S2CID 242729962.
Morstein-Marx 2021, Ch. 9. Morstein-Marx, Robert (2021). Julius Caesar and the Roman People. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781108943260. ISBN 978-1-108-83784-2. LCCN 2021024626. S2CID 242729962.

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Dart 2016, p. 178, citing App. BCiv., 1.49 and Vell. Pat., 2.20.2, also noting differences of opinion between scholars as to the treatment of Latins and Italians. Dart 2016, pp. 185, for discussion of both laws. Dart, Christopher J. (2016) [First published by Ashgate, 2014]. The Social war, 91 to 88 BCE: a history of the Italian insurgency against the Roman republic. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-4724-1676-6. Appian (1913) [2nd century AD]. Civil wars. Loeb Classical Library. Translated by White, Horace. Cambridge: Harvard University Press – via LacusCurtius. Velleius Paterculus (1924). Roman history. Loeb Classical Library. Translated by Shipley, Frederick W. Cambridge: Harvard University Press – via LacusCurtius. Dart, Christopher J. (2016) [First published by Ashgate, 2014]. The Social war, 91 to 88 BCE: a history of the Italian insurgency against the Roman republic. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-4724-1676-6.
Pelling 1996, pp. 25, 26–27. See also Broughton 1952, p. 391, noting the service of 67 praetors in 38 BC per Dio, 48.43.2, due to a (short-lived) political settlement with Sextus Pompey's faction. Broughton, Thomas Robert Shannon (1952). The magistrates of the Roman republic. Vol. 2. New York: American Philological Association. Cassius Dio (1914–27) [c. AD 230]. Roman history. Loeb Classical Library. Translated by Cary, Earnest – via LacusCurtius. (Nine volumes.)
Citing Dio, 53.24.4–6, and Vell. Pat., 2.91.3–4: Crook, J A. "Political history, 30 BC to AD 14". In CAH² 10 (1996), p. 89. Cassius Dio (1914–27) [c. AD 230]. Roman history. Loeb Classical Library. Translated by Cary, Earnest – via LacusCurtius. (Nine volumes.) Bowman, Alan K; et al., eds. (1996). The Augustan empire, 43 BC–AD 69. Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. 10 (2nd ed.). ISBN 0-521-26430-8.

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Yakobson 2022, p. 99; Tatum 2009, pp. 219–20. Yakobson, Alexander. "The political culture of the republic since Syme's The Roman revolution: a story of a debate". In Arena & Prag (2022), pp. 93–106. Tatum, W Jeffrey (2009). "Roman democracy?". In Balot, Ryan K (ed.). A companion to Greek and Roman political thought. Wiley. pp. 214–27. doi:10.1002/9781444310344. ISBN 978-1-4051-5143-6.
Tatum 2009, p. 220. Tatum, W Jeffrey (2009). "Roman democracy?". In Balot, Ryan K (ed.). A companion to Greek and Roman political thought. Wiley. pp. 214–27. doi:10.1002/9781444310344. ISBN 978-1-4051-5143-6.

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Grieve 1985, p. 309. Grieve, Lucy J (1985). "The reform of the "comitia centuriata"". Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte. 34 (3): 278–309. ISSN 0018-2311. JSTOR 4435929.
Morstein-Marx 2024, p. 148: "It is hard to imagine a voter participation rate of more than about 10% even for the largest turnouts". See also Mouritsen 2001, pp. 27–32, preferring turnout estimates between 1–3 per cent of eligible voters Morstein-Marx, Robert (June 2024). "Paradox of voting: extra-urban voters in the late Roman republic". Klio. 106 (1): 100–159. doi:10.1515/klio-2023-0021. ISSN 2192-7669. Mouritsen, Henrik (2001). Plebs and politics in the late Roman republic. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511482885. ISBN 978-0-521-79100-7.
Mouritsen 2017, p. 44; Tan 2023, pp. 6, 8ff. Mouritsen, Henrik (2017). Politics in the Roman republic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-03188-3. OCLC 961266598. Tan, James (26 July 2023). "Geography and the reform of the comitia centuriata". Classical Quarterly: 1–18. doi:10.1017/S0009838823000484. ISSN 0009-8388.
Mouritsen 2017, p. 44; Cornell 2022, p. 225, noting disagreement on whether the reforms increased or decreased malapportionment, citing Grieve 1985 and Yakobson, A (1993). "Dionysius of Halicarnassus on a democratic change in the centuriate assembly". Scripta Classica Israelica. 12: 139–55. See also Tan 2023, pp. 8ff. Mouritsen, Henrik (2017). Politics in the Roman republic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-03188-3. OCLC 961266598. Grieve, Lucy J (1985). "The reform of the "comitia centuriata"". Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte. 34 (3): 278–309. ISSN 0018-2311. JSTOR 4435929. Tan, James (26 July 2023). "Geography and the reform of the comitia centuriata". Classical Quarterly: 1–18. doi:10.1017/S0009838823000484. ISSN 0009-8388.
Mouritsen 2017, p. 48; Vishnia 2012, p. 123. Mouritsen, Henrik (2017). Politics in the Roman republic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-03188-3. OCLC 961266598. Vishnia, Rachel Feig (2012). Roman elections in the age of Cicero: society, government, and voting. Routledge Studies in Ancient History. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-87969-9.
Mouritsen 2017, p. 45; Vishnia 2012, p. 123, citing Cic. Planc., 49. Mouritsen, Henrik (2017). Politics in the Roman republic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-03188-3. OCLC 961266598. Vishnia, Rachel Feig (2012). Roman elections in the age of Cicero: society, government, and voting. Routledge Studies in Ancient History. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-87969-9.
Mouritsen 2017, pp. 46–47. Mouritsen, Henrik (2017). Politics in the Roman republic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-03188-3. OCLC 961266598.
Vishnia 2012, p. 123, saying "members of the third property rank and below only rarely took part in elections"; Rafferty 2021, p. 135, believing elections regularly extended into the fourth class. Vishnia, Rachel Feig (2012). Roman elections in the age of Cicero: society, government, and voting. Routledge Studies in Ancient History. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-87969-9. Rafferty, David (2021). "Rural voters in Roman elections". TAPA. 151 (1): 127–153. doi:10.1353/apa.2021.0004. ISSN 2575-7199.
Taylor & Linderski 2013, p. 149, noting imperial-era evidence that an urban tribes had some 34 times more voters than a rural one. Taylor, L R; Linderski, Jerzy (2013) [First ed. published 1960]. The voting districts of the Roman republic: the thirty-five urban and rural tribes (Updated ed.). Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-472-11869-4. OCLC 793581620.
Taylor & Linderski 2013, pp. 99, 116–17, noting that Romilia, Pupinia, and Sabatina remained relatively small and over-weighted. Taylor, L R; Linderski, Jerzy (2013) [First ed. published 1960]. The voting districts of the Roman republic: the thirty-five urban and rural tribes (Updated ed.). Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-472-11869-4. OCLC 793581620.
Morstein-Marx 2024, pp. 100–101. Morstein-Marx, Robert (June 2024). "Paradox of voting: extra-urban voters in the late Roman republic". Klio. 106 (1): 100–159. doi:10.1515/klio-2023-0021. ISSN 2192-7669.
Vishnia 2012, p. 121; Mouritsen 2017, p. 50, noting also that the principium was not a tribal analogue to the centuria praerogativa. Vishnia, Rachel Feig (2012). Roman elections in the age of Cicero: society, government, and voting. Routledge Studies in Ancient History. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-87969-9. Mouritsen, Henrik (2017). Politics in the Roman republic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-03188-3. OCLC 961266598.
Lintott 1990, p. 6. Lintott, Andrew (1990). "Electoral bribery in the Roman republic". Journal of Roman Studies. 80: 1–16. doi:10.2307/300277. ISSN 1753-528X.
Lintott 1990, pp. 7, 8. Lintott, Andrew (1990). "Electoral bribery in the Roman republic". Journal of Roman Studies. 80: 1–16. doi:10.2307/300277. ISSN 1753-528X.
Lintott 1990, p. 9. Lintott, Andrew (1990). "Electoral bribery in the Roman republic". Journal of Roman Studies. 80: 1–16. doi:10.2307/300277. ISSN 1753-528X.
Berry, D H (2020). Cicero's Catilinarians. Oxford University Press. pp. 15–16. ISBN 978-0-19-751081-0. LCCN 2019048911. OCLC 1126348418.
See also Alexander, Michael Charles (1990). Trials in the late Roman Republic, 149 BC to 50 BC. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. Trials 200, 201. ISBN 0-8020-5787-X. OCLC 41156621.
Lintott 1990, pp. 9–10. Lintott, Andrew (1990). "Electoral bribery in the Roman republic". Journal of Roman Studies. 80: 1–16. doi:10.2307/300277. ISSN 1753-528X.
Mouritsen 2017, pp. 19, 26–27, noting that the kings were traditionally acclaimed and empowered by passage of the same lex curiata de imperio. Mouritsen, Henrik (2017). Politics in the Roman republic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-03188-3. OCLC 961266598.
Mackie, Nicola (1992). ""Popularis" ideology and popular politics at Rome in the first century". Rheinisches Museum für Philologie. 135 (1): 49–73. ISSN 0035-449X. JSTOR 41233843. See also Vishnia 2012, pp. 114–15. Vishnia, Rachel Feig (2012). Roman elections in the age of Cicero: society, government, and voting. Routledge Studies in Ancient History. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-87969-9.
Vishnia 2012, p. 111; Lintott 1990, p. 8, noting that candidates in 54 BC borrowed so much for bribes that interest rates at Rome doubled from four to eight per cent. Vishnia, Rachel Feig (2012). Roman elections in the age of Cicero: society, government, and voting. Routledge Studies in Ancient History. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-87969-9. Lintott, Andrew (1990). "Electoral bribery in the Roman republic". Journal of Roman Studies. 80: 1–16. doi:10.2307/300277. ISSN 1753-528X.
Rafferty 2021, p. 148. Rafferty, David (2021). "Rural voters in Roman elections". TAPA. 151 (1): 127–153. doi:10.1353/apa.2021.0004. ISSN 2575-7199.
Rafferty 2021, p. 143, noting that electoral bribery was "one of the primary ways by which the wealth of the empire, mostly seized by the ruling class, tricked down to the mass of Roman citizens". Rafferty, David (2021). "Rural voters in Roman elections". TAPA. 151 (1): 127–153. doi:10.1353/apa.2021.0004. ISSN 2575-7199.
Lintott 1990, pp. 10–11. Lintott, Andrew (1990). "Electoral bribery in the Roman republic". Journal of Roman Studies. 80: 1–16. doi:10.2307/300277. ISSN 1753-528X.
Day, Simon (2016). "Review of "Commanders and command in the Roman republic and early empire"". Bryn Mawr Classical Review. ISSN 1055-7660.
Mouritsen 2017, pp. 15–19. Mouritsen, Henrik (2017). Politics in the Roman republic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-03188-3. OCLC 961266598.
Mouritsen 2017, p. 19. Mouritsen, Henrik (2017). Politics in the Roman republic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-03188-3. OCLC 961266598.
Mouritsen 2017, pp. 18–19, 19 n. 34, 32 n. 73. Mouritsen, Henrik (2017). Politics in the Roman republic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-03188-3. OCLC 961266598.
Mouritsen 2017, p. 19–20, calling attention to cases in 215, 184 and 148 BC. Mouritsen, Henrik (2017). Politics in the Roman republic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-03188-3. OCLC 961266598.
Mouritsen 2017, p. 20. Mouritsen, Henrik (2017). Politics in the Roman republic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-03188-3. OCLC 961266598.
Mouritsen 2017, p. 42. Mouritsen, Henrik (2017). Politics in the Roman republic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-03188-3. OCLC 961266598.
Cornell 2022, p. 225, citing Grieve 1985 and Yakobson, A (1993). "Dionysius of Halicarnassus on a democratic change in the centuriate assembly". Scripta Classica Israelica. 12: 139–55. Grieve, Lucy J (1985). "The reform of the "comitia centuriata"". Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte. 34 (3): 278–309. ISSN 0018-2311. JSTOR 4435929.
Levick 1967, p. 228. Levick, B M (1967). "Imperial control of the elections under the early principate: commendatio, suffragatio, and "nominatio"". Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte. 16 (2): 207–230. ISSN 0018-2311. JSTOR 4434982.
Holladay 1978, pp. 886–87. Holladay, A J (1978). "The election of magistrates in the early Principate". Latomus. 37 (4): 874–893. ISSN 0023-8856. JSTOR 41531092.
Staveley, Eastland Stuart; Levick, Barbara (2012). "destinatio". In Hornblower, Simon; et al. (eds.). The Oxford classical dictionary (4th ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 442. ISBN 978-0-19-954556-8. OCLC 959667246. Stavely and Levick very favourably cite Holladay 1978 ("Hollday's view that it was intended to secure orderly elections is most convincing"). Holladay, A J (1978). "The election of magistrates in the early Principate". Latomus. 37 (4): 874–893. ISSN 0023-8856. JSTOR 41531092.
Holladay 1978, p. 878. Holladay, A J (1978). "The election of magistrates in the early Principate". Latomus. 37 (4): 874–893. ISSN 0023-8856. JSTOR 41531092.
Mouritsen 2017, pp. 17–18, noting "the power of the people was expressed via – and only via – the actions of its elected officials"; Yakobson 2022, p. 102; Millar 1998, pp. 209–10. Mouritsen, Henrik (2017). Politics in the Roman republic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-03188-3. OCLC 961266598. Yakobson, Alexander. "The political culture of the republic since Syme's The Roman revolution: a story of a debate". In Arena & Prag (2022), pp. 93–106. Millar, Fergus (1998). The crowd in Rome in the late republic. Jerome Lectures. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-472-10892-3.
Mouritsen 2017, pp. 27–28. Mouritsen, Henrik (2017). Politics in the Roman republic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-03188-3. OCLC 961266598.
Vishnia 2012, p. 124; cf Morstein-Marx 2024, arguing against the "almost universally supposed" view that voters residing far from Rome were effectively disenfranchised by logistical challenges. Vishnia, Rachel Feig (2012). Roman elections in the age of Cicero: society, government, and voting. Routledge Studies in Ancient History. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-87969-9. Morstein-Marx, Robert (June 2024). "Paradox of voting: extra-urban voters in the late Roman republic". Klio. 106 (1): 100–159. doi:10.1515/klio-2023-0021. ISSN 2192-7669.
Morstein-Marx 2024, p. 101, relating the conventional view. Morstein-Marx, Robert (June 2024). "Paradox of voting: extra-urban voters in the late Roman republic". Klio. 106 (1): 100–159. doi:10.1515/klio-2023-0021. ISSN 2192-7669.
Mouritsen 2017; Vishnia 2012, p. 152. Mouritsen, Henrik (2017). Politics in the Roman republic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-03188-3. OCLC 961266598. Vishnia, Rachel Feig (2012). Roman elections in the age of Cicero: society, government, and voting. Routledge Studies in Ancient History. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-87969-9.
Tatum 2003, p. 204. Tatum, W Jeffrey (2003). Classical Journal. 99 (2): 203–216. ISSN 0009-8353. JSTOR 3298069.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: untitled periodical (link)
Morstein-Marx 2024, pp. 141–42; Rafferty 2021, passim, but also pp. 128, 147. Morstein-Marx, Robert (June 2024). "Paradox of voting: extra-urban voters in the late Roman republic". Klio. 106 (1): 100–159. doi:10.1515/klio-2023-0021. ISSN 2192-7669. Rafferty, David (2021). "Rural voters in Roman elections". TAPA. 151 (1): 127–153. doi:10.1353/apa.2021.0004. ISSN 2575-7199.
Rafferty 2021, pp. 129–30; Mouritsen 2017, p. 55. Rafferty, David (2021). "Rural voters in Roman elections". TAPA. 151 (1): 127–153. doi:10.1353/apa.2021.0004. ISSN 2575-7199. Mouritsen, Henrik (2017). Politics in the Roman republic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-03188-3. OCLC 961266598.
Rafferty 2021, p. 130. Rafferty, David (2021). "Rural voters in Roman elections". TAPA. 151 (1): 127–153. doi:10.1353/apa.2021.0004. ISSN 2575-7199.
Rafferty 2021, p. 130, also cited by Morstein-Marx 2024, p. 147 n. 174. Rafferty, David (2021). "Rural voters in Roman elections". TAPA. 151 (1): 127–153. doi:10.1353/apa.2021.0004. ISSN 2575-7199. Morstein-Marx, Robert (June 2024). "Paradox of voting: extra-urban voters in the late Roman republic". Klio. 106 (1): 100–159. doi:10.1515/klio-2023-0021. ISSN 2192-7669.
Morstein-Marx 2024, pp. 146–49, giving a 10% upper bound. Morstein-Marx, Robert (June 2024). "Paradox of voting: extra-urban voters in the late Roman republic". Klio. 106 (1): 100–159. doi:10.1515/klio-2023-0021. ISSN 2192-7669.
Morstein-Marx 2024, pp. 146, 152. Morstein-Marx, Robert (June 2024). "Paradox of voting: extra-urban voters in the late Roman republic". Klio. 106 (1): 100–159. doi:10.1515/klio-2023-0021. ISSN 2192-7669.