Elephant (English Wikipedia)

Lujan, E. R.; Bernabe, A. (2012). "Ivory and horn production in Mycenaean texts". In Nosch, M.-L.; Laffineur, R. (eds.). Kosmos. Jewellery, Adornment and Textiles in the Aegean Bronze Age. Aegaeum 33. Liège: Peeters. Archived from the original on 20 October 2021. Retrieved 22 January 2013.

ansto.gov.au (Global: low place; English: low place)

apo.ansto.gov.au

Saegusa, H.; Nakaya, H.; Kunimatsu, Y.; Nakatsukasa, M.; Tsujikawa, H.; Sawada, Y.; Saneyoshi, M. & Sakai, T. (2014). "Earliest elephantid remains from the late Miocene locality, Nakali, Kenya" (PDF). In Kostopoulos, D. S.; Vlachos, E. & Tsoukala, E. (eds.). VIth International Conference on Mammoths and Their Relatives. Vol. 102. Thessaloniki: School of Geology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki. p. 175. ISBN 978-960-9502-14-6.

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; English: 6^th place)

Estes, R. (1991). The behavior guide to African mammals: including hoofed mammals, carnivores, primates. University of California Press. pp. 263–266. ISBN 978-0-520-08085-0.
Bagemihl, B. (1999). Biological Exuberance: Animal Homosexuality and Natural Diversity. St. Martin's Press. pp. 427–430. ISBN 978-1-4668-0927-7.

archive.today (Global: 14^th place; English: 14^th place)

Pickler, N. (4 March 2009). "Circus CEO says elephants are struck, but not hurt". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 20 January 2013. Retrieved 25 October 2012.

asianelephantresearch.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Somgrid, C. "Elephant Anatomy and Biology: Skeletal system". Elephant Research and Education Center, Department of Companion Animal and Wildlife Clinics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University. Archived from the original on 13 June 2012. Retrieved 21 September 2012.
Somgrid, C. "Elephant Anatomy and Biology: Special sense organs". Elephant Research and Education Center, Department of Companion Animal and Wildlife Clinics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University. Archived from the original on 29 July 2013. Retrieved 21 September 2012.

bbc.co.uk (Global: 8^th place; English: 10^th place)

news.bbc.co.uk

"War veteran elephant dies". BBC News. 26 February 2003. Archived from the original on 12 November 2012. Retrieved 8 January 2013.
"India elephant rampage". BBC News. 24 December 1998. Archived from the original on 26 May 2007. Retrieved 16 June 2007.
"Drunken elephants trample village". BBC News. 21 October 1999. Archived from the original on 26 December 2007. Retrieved 16 June 2007.
"Drunk elephants kill six people". BBC News. 17 December 2002. Archived from the original on 8 April 2013. Retrieved 16 June 2007.

biologists.org (Global: 3,870^th place; English: 3,434^th place)

jeb.biologists.org

Larom, D.; Garstang, M.; Payne, K.; Raspet, R.; Lindeque, M. (1997). "The influence of surface atmospheric conditions on the range and area reached by animal vocalizations" (PDF). Journal of Experimental Biology. 200 (Pt 3): 421–431. Bibcode:1997JExpB.200..421L. doi:10.1242/jeb.200.3.421. PMID 9057305.

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

Shoshani, J. (2005). "Order Proboscidea". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Vol. 1 (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 90–91. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494. Archived from the original on 1 February 2015. Retrieved 11 November 2016.
O'Connell, Caitlin (20 July 2016). "Elephant Don: The Politics of a Pachyderm Posse". University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-38005-6. Archived from the original on 21 March 2023. Retrieved 16 September 2022.
Murray E. Fowler; Susan K. Mikota (2006). Biology, Medicine, and Surgery of Elephants. John Wiley & Sons. p. 353. ISBN 978-0-8138-0676-1. Archived from the original on 21 March 2023. Retrieved 17 October 2020.

cnn.com (Global: 28^th place; English: 26^th place)

Karimi, Faith (2 May 2016). "Ringling Bros. elephants perform last show". St. Petersburg, Florida: CNN. Archived from the original on 22 September 2017. Retrieved 21 September 2017.

dailyrecord.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Pickler, N. (4 March 2009). "Circus CEO says elephants are struck, but not hurt". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 20 January 2013. Retrieved 25 October 2012.

defra.gov.uk (Global: 7,481^st place; English: 4,473^rd place)

randd.defra.gov.uk

Harris, M.; Sherwin, C.; Harris, S. (2008). "Defra final report on elephant welfare" (PDF). University of Bristol. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 November 2014. Retrieved 30 October 2012.
Harris, M.; Sherwin, C.; Harris, S. (10 November 2008). "Defra Final Report on Elephant Welfare" (PDF). University of Bristol. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 November 2014. Retrieved 16 November 2011.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Tabuce, R.; Asher, R. J.; Lehmann, T. (2008). "Afrotherian mammals: a review of current data" (PDF). Mammalia. 72: 2–14. doi:10.1515/MAMM.2008.004. ISSN 0025-1461. S2CID 46133294. Archived from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 19 June 2017.
Kellogg, M.; Burkett, S.; Dennis, T. R.; Stone, G.; Gray, B. A.; McGuire, P. M.; Zori, R. T.; Stanyon, R. (2007). "Chromosome painting in the manatee supports Afrotheria and Paenungulata". Evolutionary Biology. 7 (1): 6. Bibcode:2007BMCEE...7....6K. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-7-6. PMC 1784077. PMID 17244368.
Ozawa, T.; Hayashi, S.; Mikhelson, V. M. (1997). "Phylogenetic position of mammoth and Steller's sea cow within tethytheria demonstrated by mitochondrial DNA sequences". Journal of Molecular Evolution. 44 (4): 406–13. Bibcode:1997JMolE..44..406O. doi:10.1007/PL00006160. PMID 9089080. S2CID 417046.
Rohland, N.; Reich, D.; Mallick, S.; Meyer, M.; Green, R. E.; Georgiadis, N. J.; Roca, A. L.; Hofreiter, M. (2010). Penny, David (ed.). "Genomic DNA Sequences from Mastodon and Woolly Mammoth Reveal Deep Speciation of Forest and Savanna Elephants". PLOS Biology. 8 (12) e1000564. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000564. PMC 3006346. PMID 21203580.
Ishida, Y.; Oleksyk, T. K.; Georgiadis, N. J.; David, V. A.; Zhao, K.; Stephens, R. M.; Kolokotronis, S.-O.; Roca, A. L. (2011). Murphy, William J (ed.). "Reconciling apparent conflicts between mitochondrial and nuclear phylogenies in African elephants". PLOS ONE. 6 (6) e20642. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...620642I. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0020642. PMC 3110795. PMID 21701575.
Roca, Alfred L.; Ishida, Yasuko; Brandt, Adam L.; Benjamin, Neal R.; Zhao, Kai; Georgiadis, Nicholas J. (2015). "Elephant Natural History: A Genomic Perspective". Annual Review of Animal Biosciences. 3 (1): 139–167. doi:10.1146/annurev-animal-022114-110838. PMID 25493538.
Roca, Alfred L.; Ishida, Yasuko; Brandt, Adam L.; Benjamin, Neal R.; Zhao, Kai; Georgiadis, Nicholas J. (2015). "Elephant Natural History: A Genomic Perspective". Annual Review of Animal Biosciences. 3 (1): 139–167. doi:10.1146/annurev-animal-022114-110838. PMID 25493538.
Palkopoulou, Eleftheria; Lipson, Mark; Mallick, Swapan; Nielsen, Svend; Rohland, Nadin; Baleka, Sina; Karpinski, Emil; Ivancevic, Atma M.; To, Thu-Hien; Kortschak, R. Daniel; Raison, Joy M. (13 March 2018). "A comprehensive genomic history of extinct and living elephants". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 115 (11): E2566 – E2574. Bibcode:2018PNAS..115E2566P. doi:10.1073/pnas.1720554115. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 5856550. PMID 29483247.
Larramendi, A. (2015). "Shoulder height, body mass and shape of proboscideans". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. doi:10.4202/app.00136.2014.
Gheerbrant, E. (2009). "Paleocene emergence of elephant relatives and the rapid radiation of African ungulates". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 106 (26): 10717–10721. Bibcode:2009PNAS..10610717G. doi:10.1073/pnas.0900251106. PMC 2705600. PMID 19549873.
Liu, Alexander G. S. C.; Seiffert, Erik R.; Simons, Elwyn L. (15 April 2008). "Stable isotope evidence for an amphibious phase in early proboscidean evolution". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 105 (15): 5786–5791. Bibcode:2008PNAS..105.5786L. doi:10.1073/pnas.0800884105. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 2311368. PMID 18413605.
Baleka, S.; Varela, L.; Tambusso, P. S.; Paijmans, J. L. A.; Mothé, D.; Stafford Jr., T. W.; Fariña, R. A.; Hofreiter, M. (2022). "Revisiting proboscidean phylogeny and evolution through total evidence and palaeogenetic analyses including Notiomastodon ancient DNA". iScience. 25 (1) 103559. Bibcode:2022iSci...25j3559B. doi:10.1016/j.isci.2021.103559. PMC 8693454. PMID 34988402.
Benoit, J.; Lyras, G. A.; Schmitt, A.; Nxumalo, M.; Tabuce, R.; Obada, T.; Mararsecul, V.; Manger, P. (2023). "Paleoneurology of the Proboscidea (Mammalia, Afrotheria): Insights from Their Brain Endocast and Labyrinth". In Dozo, M. T.; Paulina-Carabajal, A.; Macrini, T. E.; Walsh, S. (eds.). Paleoneurology of Amniotes. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 579–644. doi:10.1007/978-3-031-13983-3_15. ISBN 978-3-031-13982-6.
Cantalapiedra, J. L.; Sanisidro, Ó.; Zhang, H.; Alberdi, M. T.; Prado, J. L.; Blanco, F.; Saarinen, J. (2021). "The rise and fall of proboscidean ecological diversity". Nature Ecology & Evolution. 5 (9): 1266–1272. Bibcode:2021NatEE...5.1266C. doi:10.1038/s41559-021-01498-w. hdl:10261/249360. PMID 34211141. S2CID 235712060.
Lister, A. M. (2013). "The role of behaviour in adaptive morphological evolution of African proboscideans". Nature. 500 (7462): 331–334. Bibcode:2013Natur.500..331L. doi:10.1038/nature12275. PMID 23803767. S2CID 883007.
Sanders, William J. (7 July 2023). Evolution and Fossil Record of African Proboscidea (1 ed.). Boca Raton: CRC Press. pp. 154, 220. doi:10.1201/b20016. ISBN 978-1-315-11891-8.
Iannucci, Alessio; Sardella, Raffaele (28 February 2023). "What Does the "Elephant-Equus" Event Mean Today? Reflections on Mammal Dispersal Events around the Pliocene-Pleistocene Boundary and the Flexible Ambiguity of Biochronology". Quaternary. 6 (1): 16. Bibcode:2023Quat....6...16I. doi:10.3390/quat6010016. hdl:11573/1680082.
Mothé, Dimila; dos Santos Avilla, Leonardo; Asevedo, Lidiane; Borges-Silva, Leon; Rosas, Mariane; Labarca-Encina, Rafael; Souberlich, Ricardo; Soibelzon, Esteban; Roman-Carrion, José Luis; Ríos, Sergio D.; Rincon, Ascanio D.; Cardoso de Oliveira, Gina; Pereira Lopes, Renato (30 September 2016). "Sixty years after 'The mastodonts of Brazil': The state of the art of South American proboscideans (Proboscidea, Gomphotheriidae)" (PDF). Quaternary International. 443: 52–64. Bibcode:2017QuInt.443...52M. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2016.08.028.
Lister, A. M.; Sher, A. V. (2015). "Evolution and dispersal of mammoths across the Northern Hemisphere". Science. 350 (6262): 805–809. Bibcode:2015Sci...350..805L. doi:10.1126/science.aac5660. PMID 26564853. S2CID 206639522.
Rogers, R. L.; Slatkin, M. (2017). "Excess of genomic defects in a woolly mammoth on Wrangel island". PLOS Genetics. 13 (3) e1006601. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1006601. ISSN 1553-7404. PMC 5333797. PMID 28253255.
Shoshani, J. (1998). "Understanding proboscidean evolution: a formidable task". Trends in Ecology and Evolution. 13 (12): 480–487. Bibcode:1998TEcoE..13..480S. doi:10.1016/S0169-5347(98)01491-8. PMID 21238404.
Romano, M.; Manucci, F.; Palombo, M. R. (2021). "The smallest of the largest: new volumetric body mass estimate and in-vivo restoration of the dwarf elephant Palaeoloxodon ex gr. P. falconeri from Spinagallo Cave (Sicily)". Historical Biology. 33 (3): 340–353. Bibcode:2021HBio...33..340R. doi:10.1080/08912963.2019.1617289. S2CID 181855906.
Shoshani, J.; Eisenberg, J. F. (1982). "Elephas maximus" (PDF). Mammalian Species (182): 1–8. doi:10.2307/3504045. JSTOR 3504045. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 27 October 2012.
Mole, Michael A.; Rodrigues Dáraujo, Shaun; Van Aarde, Rudi J.; Mitchell, Duncan; Fuller, Andrea (2018). "Savanna elephants maintain homeothermy under African heat". Journal of Comparative Physiology B. 188 (5): 889–897. doi:10.1007/s00360-018-1170-5. PMID 30008137. S2CID 51626564. Archived from the original on 15 May 2021. Retrieved 14 May 2021.
Narasimhan, A. (2008). "Why do elephants have big ear flaps?". Resonance. 13 (7): 638–647. doi:10.1007/s12045-008-0070-5. S2CID 121443269.
Reuter, T.; Nummela, S.; Hemilä, S. (1998). "Elephant hearing" (PDF). Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 104 (2): 1122–1123. Bibcode:1998ASAJ..104.1122R. doi:10.1121/1.423341. PMID 9714930. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 December 2012.
Yokoyama, S.; Takenaka, N.; Agnew, D. W.; Shoshani, J. (2005). "Elephants and human color-blind deuteranopes have identical sets of visual pigments". Genetics. 170 (1): 335–344. doi:10.1534/genetics.104.039511. PMC 1449733. PMID 15781694.
Byrne, R. W.; Bates, L.; Moss C. J. (2009). "Elephant cognition in primate perspective". Comparative Cognition & Behavior Reviews. 4: 65–79. doi:10.3819/ccbr.2009.40009. hdl:10023/1612.
Martin, F.; Niemitz C. (2003). ""Right-trunkers" and "left-trunkers": side preferences of trunk movements in wild Asian elephants (Elephas maximus)". Journal of Comparative Psychology. 117 (4): 371–379. doi:10.1037/0735-7036.117.4.371. PMID 14717638.
Dagenais, P; Hensman, S; Haechler, V; Milinkovitch, M. C. (2021). "Elephants evolved strategies reducing the biomechanical complexity of their trunk". Current Biology. 31 (21): 4727–4737. Bibcode:2021CBio...31E4727D. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2021.08.029. PMID 34428468. S2CID 237273086.
Schulz, A. K.; Boyle, M; Boyle, C; Sordilla, S; Rincon, C; Hooper, K; Aubuchon, C; Reidenberg, J. S.; Higgins, C; Hu, D. L. (2022). "Skin wrinkles and folds enable asymmetric stretch in the elephant trunk". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 119 (31) e2122563119. Bibcode:2022PNAS..11922563S. doi:10.1073/pnas.2122563119. PMC 9351381. PMID 35858384.
Schulz, A. K.; Kaufmann, L. V.; Reveyaz, N; Ritter, C; Hildebrandt, T; Brecht, M (2024). "Elephants develop wrinkles through both form and function". Royal Society Open Science. 11 (10) 240851. Bibcode:2024RSOS...1140851S. doi:10.1098/rsos.240851. PMC 11461087. PMID 39386989.
Schulz, A. K.; Ning Wu, Jia; Sara Ha, S. Y.; Kim, G. (2021). "Suction feeding by elephants". Journal of the Royal Society Interface. 18 (179). doi:10.1098/rsif.2021.0215. PMC 8169210. PMID 34062103.
West, J. B. (2002). "Why doesn't the elephant have a pleural space?". Physiology. 17 (2): 47–50. doi:10.1152/nips.01374.2001. PMID 11909991. S2CID 27321751.
Deiringer, Nora; Schneeweiß, Undine; Kaufmann, Lena V.; Eigen, Lennart; Speissegger, Celina; Gerhardt, Ben; Holtze, Susanne; Fritsch, Guido; Göritz, Frank; Becker, Rolf; Ochs, Andreas; Hildebrandt, Thomas; Brecht, Michael (8 June 2023). "The functional anatomy of elephant trunk whiskers". Communications Biology. 6 (1): 591. doi:10.1038/s42003-023-04945-5. ISSN 2399-3642. PMC 10250425. PMID 37291455.
Chiyo, P. I.; Obanda, V.; Korir, D. K. (2015). "Illegal tusk harvest and the decline of tusk size in the African elephant". Ecology and Evolution. 5 (22): 5216–5229. Bibcode:2015EcoEv...5.5216C. doi:10.1002/ece3.1769. PMC 6102531. PMID 30151125.
Jachmann, H.; Berry, P. S. M.; Imae, H. (1995). "Tusklessness in African elephants: a future trend". African Journal of Ecology. 33 (3): 230–235. Bibcode:1995AfJEc..33..230J. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2028.1995.tb00800.x.
Kurt, F.; Hartl, G.; Tiedemann, R. (1995). "Tuskless bulls in Asian elephant Elephas maximus. History and population genetics of a man-made phenomenon". Acta Theriol. 40: 125–144. doi:10.4098/at.arch.95-51.
Myhrvold, C. L.; Stone, H. A.; Bou-Zeid, E. (10 October 2012). "What Is the Use of Elephant Hair?". PLOS ONE. 7 (10) e47018. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...747018M. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0047018. PMC 3468452. PMID 23071700.
Lamps, L. W.; Smoller, B. R.; Rasmussen, L. E. L.; Slade, B. E.; Fritsch, G; Godwin, T. E. (2001). "Characterization of interdigital glands in the Asian elephant (Elephas maximus)". Research in Veterinary Science. 71 (3): 197–200. doi:10.1053/rvsc.2001.0508. PMID 11798294.
Wright, P. G.; Luck, C. P. (1984). "Do elephants need to sweat?". Journal of Zoology. 19 (4): 270–274. doi:10.1080/02541858.1984.11447892.
Spearman, R. I. C. (1970). "The epidermis and its keratinisation in the African Elephant (Loxodonta Africana)". Zoologica Africana. 5 (2): 327–338. doi:10.1080/00445096.1970.11447400.
Martins, António F.; Bennett, Nigel C.; Clavel, Sylvie; Groenewald, Herman; Hensman, Sean; Hoby, Stefan; Joris, Antoine; Manger, Paul R.; Milinkovitch, Michel C. (2018). "Locally-curved geometry generates bending cracks in the African elephant skin". Nature Communications. 9 (1): 3865. Bibcode:2018NatCo...9.3865M. doi:10.1038/s41467-018-06257-3. PMC 6168576. PMID 30279508.
Weissengruber, G. E.; Egger, G. F.; Hutchinson, J. R.; Groenewald, H. B.; Elsässer, L.; Famini, D.; Forstenpointner, G. (2006). "The structure of the cushions in the feet of African elephants (Loxodonta africana)". Journal of Anatomy. 209 (6): 781–792. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2006.00648.x. PMC 2048995. PMID 17118065.
Hutchinson, J. R.; Delmer, C; Miller, C. E.; Hildebrandt, T; Pitsillides, A. A.; Boyde, A (2011). "From flat foot to fat foot: structure, ontogeny, function, and evolution of elephant "sixth toes"" (PDF). Science. 334 (6063): 1699–1703. Bibcode:2011Sci...334R1699H. doi:10.1126/science.1211437. PMID 22194576. S2CID 206536505.
Hutchinson, J. R.; Schwerda, D.; Famini, D. J.; Dale, R. H.; Fischer, M. S.; Kram, R. (2006). "The locomotor kinematics of Asian and African elephants: changes with speed and size". Journal of Experimental Biology. 209 (19): 3812–3827. Bibcode:2006JExpB.209.3812H. doi:10.1242/jeb.02443. PMID 16985198.
Hutchinson, J. R.; Famini, D.; Lair, R.; Kram, R. (2003). "Biomechanics: Are fast-moving elephants really running?". Nature. 422 (6931): 493–494. Bibcode:2003Natur.422..493H. doi:10.1038/422493a. PMID 12673241. S2CID 4403723. Archived from the original on 9 August 2022. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
Herbest, C. T.; Švec, J. G.; Lohscheller, J.; Frey, R.; Gumpenberger, M.; Stoeger, A.; Fitch, W. T. (2013). "Complex Vibratory Patterns in an Elephant Larynx". Journal of Experimental Biology. 216 (21): 4054–4064. Bibcode:2013JExpB.216.4054H. doi:10.1242/jeb.091009. PMID 24133151.
Yang, Patricia J.; Pham, Jonathan; Choo, Jerome; Hu, David L. (19 August 2014). "Duration of urination does not change with body size". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 111 (33): 11932–11937. Bibcode:2014PNAS..11111932Y. doi:10.1073/pnas.1402289111. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 4143032. PMID 24969420.
Sharma, Virag; Lehmann, Thomas; Stuckas, Heiko; Funke, Liane; Hiller, Michael (2018). "Loss of RXFP2 and INSL3 genes in Afrotheria shows that testicular descent is the ancestral condition in placental mammals". PLOS Biology. 16 (6) e2005293. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.2005293. ISSN 1545-7885. PMC 6023123. PMID 29953435.
Short, R. V.; Mann, T.; Hay, Mary F. (1967). "Male reproductive organs of the African elephant, Loxodonta africana" (PDF). Journal of Reproduction and Fertility. 13 (3): 517–536. doi:10.1530/jrf.0.0130517. PMID 6029179. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 July 2018. Retrieved 10 July 2017.
Siegel, J. M. (2005). "Clues to the functions of mammalian sleep". Nature. 437 (7063): 1264–1271. Bibcode:2005Natur.437.1264S. doi:10.1038/nature04285. PMC 8760626. PMID 16251951. S2CID 234089.
Campos-Arceiz, A.; Blake, S. (2011). "Mega-gardeners of the forest – the role of elephants in seed dispersal" (PDF). Acta Oecologica. 37 (6): 542–553. Bibcode:2011AcO....37..542C. doi:10.1016/j.actao.2011.01.014. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 June 2013. Retrieved 22 November 2012.
Campos-Arceiz, A.; Traeholt, C.; Jaffar, R.; Santamaria, L.; Corlett, R. T. (2012). "Asian tapirs are no elephants when it comes to seed dispersal". Biotropica. 44 (2): 220–227. Bibcode:2012Biotr..44..220C. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7429.2011.00784.x. hdl:10261/56573. S2CID 83604698.
Laursen, L.; Bekoff, M. (1978). "Loxodonta africana" (PDF). Mammalian Species (92): 1–8. doi:10.2307/3503889. JSTOR 3503889. S2CID 253949585. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 April 2013.
Power, R. J.; Shem Compion, R. X. (2009). "Lion predation on elephants in the Savuti, Chobe National Park, Botswana". African Zoology. 44 (1): 36–44. doi:10.3377/004.044.0104. S2CID 86371484.
Joubert, D. (2006). "Hunting behaviour of lions (Panthera leo) on elephants (Loxodonta africana) in the Chobe National Park, Botswana". African Journal of Ecology. 44 (2): 279–281. Bibcode:2006AfJEc..44..279J. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2028.2006.00626.x.
de Silva, S.; Wittemyer, G. (2012). "A comparison of social organization in Asian elephants and African savannah elephants". International Journal of Primatology. 33 (5): 1125–1141. doi:10.1007/s10764-011-9564-1. S2CID 17209753.
McComb, K.; Shannon, G.; Durant, S. M.; Sayialel, K.; Slotow, R.; Poole, J.; Moss, C. (2011). "Leadership in elephants: the adaptive value of age" (PDF). Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 278 (1722): 3270–3276. doi:10.1098/rspb.2011.0168. PMC 3169024. PMID 21411454. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 April 2013. Retrieved 26 December 2012.
Goldenberg, S. Z.; de Silva, S.; Rasmussen, H. B.; Douglas-Hamilton, I.; Wittemyer, G. (2014). "Controlling for behavioural state reveals social dynamics among male African elephants, Loxodonta africana". Animal Behaviour. 95: 111–119. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2014.07.002. S2CID 53152412.
LaDue, C. A.; Vandercone, R. P. G.; Kiso, W. K.; Freeman, E. W. (2022). "Social behavior and group formation in male Asian elephants (Elephas maximus): the effects of age and musth in wild and zoo-housed animals". Animals. 12 (9): 1215. doi:10.3390/ani12091215. PMC 9100748. PMID 35565641.
Allen, C. R. B.; Brent, L. J. N.; Motsentwa, T; Weiss, M. N.; Croft, D. P. (2020). "Importance of old bulls: leaders and followers in collective movements of all-male groups in African savannah elephants (Loxodonta africana)". Scientific Reports. 10 (1): 13996. Bibcode:2020NatSR..1013996A. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-70682-y. PMC 7471917. PMID 32883968.
Slotow, R.; van Dyk, G.; Poole, J.; Page, B.; Klocke, A. (2000). "Older bull elephants control young males". Nature. 408 (6811): 425–426. Bibcode:2000Natur.408..425S. doi:10.1038/35044191. PMID 11100713. S2CID 136330.
Poole Joyce H (1989). "Mate guarding, reproductive success and female choice in African elephants" (PDF). Animal Behaviour. 37: 842–849. doi:10.1016/0003-3472(89)90068-7. S2CID 53150105. Archived from the original on 24 October 2018. Retrieved 24 October 2018.
Lueders, I.; Niemuller, C.; Rich, P.; Gray, C.; Hermes, R.; Goeritz, F.; Hildebrandt, T. B. (2012). "Gestating for 22 months: luteal development and pregnancy maintenance in elephants". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 279 (1743): 3687–3696. doi:10.1098/rspb.2012.1038. PMC 3415912. PMID 22719030.
Herbest, C. T.; Stoeger, A.; Frey, R.; Lohscheller, J.; Titze, I. R.; Gumpenberger, M.; Fitch, W. T. (2012). "How Low Can You Go? Physical Production Mechanism of Elephant Infrasonic Vocalizations". Science. 337 (6094): 595–599. Bibcode:2012Sci...337..595H. doi:10.1126/science.1219712. PMID 22859490. S2CID 32792564.
Payne, K. B.; Langbauer, W. R.; Thomas, E. M. (1986). "Infrasonic calls of the Asian elephant (Elephas maximus)". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 18 (4): 297–301. Bibcode:1986BEcoS..18..297P. doi:10.1007/BF00300007. S2CID 1480496.
Larom, D.; Garstang, M.; Payne, K.; Raspet, R.; Lindeque, M. (1997). "The influence of surface atmospheric conditions on the range and area reached by animal vocalizations" (PDF). Journal of Experimental Biology. 200 (Pt 3): 421–431. Bibcode:1997JExpB.200..421L. doi:10.1242/jeb.200.3.421. PMID 9057305.
O'Connell-Rodwell, C. E.; Wood, J. D.; Rodwell, T. C.; Puria, S.; Partan, S. R.; Keefe, R.; Shriver, D.; Arnason, B. T.; Hart, L. A. (2006). "Wild elephant (Loxodonta africana) breeding herds respond to artificially transmitted seismic stimuli" (PDF). Behavioural and Ecological Sociobiology. 59 (6): 842–850. Bibcode:2006BEcoS..59..842O. doi:10.1007/s00265-005-0136-2. S2CID 33221888. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 December 2013.
O'Connell-Rodwell C. E.; Arnason, B.; Hart, L. A. (2000). "Seismic properties of Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) vocalizations and locomotion". Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 108 (6): 3066–3072. Bibcode:2000ASAJ..108.3066O. doi:10.1121/1.1323460. PMID 11144599.
Plotnik, J. M.; de Waal, F. B. M. & Reiss, D. (2006). "Self-recognition in an Asian elephant". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 103 (45): 17053–17057. Bibcode:2006PNAS..10317053P. doi:10.1073/pnas.0608062103. PMC 1636577. PMID 17075063.
Rensch, B. (1957). "The intelligence of elephants". Scientific American. 196 (2): 44–49. Bibcode:1957SciAm.196b..44R. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0257-44.
Hart, B. J.; Hart, L. A.; McCory, M.; Sarath, C. R. (2001). "Cognitive behaviour in Asian elephants: use and modification of branches for fly switching". Animal Behaviour. 62 (5): 839–847. doi:10.1006/anbe.2001.1815. S2CID 53184282.
McComb, K.; Baker, L.; Moss, C. (2006). "African elephants show high levels of interest in the skulls and ivory of their own species". Biology Letters. 2 (1): 26–28. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2005.0400. PMC 1617198. PMID 17148317.
Douglas-Hamilton, I.; Bhallaa, S.; Wittemyera, G.; Vollratha, F. (2006). "Behavioural reactions of elephants towards a dying and deceased matriarch" (PDF). Applied Animal Behaviour Science. 100 (1): 87–102. doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2006.04.014. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 May 2012.
Montgomery, R. A.; Raupp, J; Mukhwana, M; Greenleaf, A; Mudumba, T; Muruthi, P (2022). "The efficacy of interventions to protect crops from raiding elephants". Ambio. 51 (3): 716–727. Bibcode:2022Ambio..51..716M. doi:10.1007/s13280-021-01587-x. PMC 8800974. PMID 34173175.

dw.com (Global: 204^th place; English: 353^rd place)

Krishnan, Murali (19 August 2022). "India sees uptick in deadly elephant attacks". Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 11 June 2023.

elephants.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Sterm, A. (28 February 2005). "Elephant deaths at zoos reignite animal debate: Zoo supporters cite conservation, activists cite confined spaces". MSNBC/Reuters. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 24 October 2012.

elephantsforever.co.za (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Elephant Life Cycle". ElephantsForever.co.za. Archived from the original on 29 September 2014. Retrieved 21 June 2014.
"Elephant Life Cycle – Adolescence". ElephantsForever.co.za. Archived from the original on 30 May 2014. Retrieved 21 June 2014.

enn.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Elephants Evolve Smaller Tusks Due to Poaching". Environmental News Network. 20 January 2008. Archived from the original on 21 November 2015. Retrieved 25 September 2012.

epn.edu.ec (Global: low place; English: low place)

bibdigital.epn.edu.ec

Mothé, Dimila; dos Santos Avilla, Leonardo; Asevedo, Lidiane; Borges-Silva, Leon; Rosas, Mariane; Labarca-Encina, Rafael; Souberlich, Ricardo; Soibelzon, Esteban; Roman-Carrion, José Luis; Ríos, Sergio D.; Rincon, Ascanio D.; Cardoso de Oliveira, Gina; Pereira Lopes, Renato (30 September 2016). "Sixty years after 'The mastodonts of Brazil': The state of the art of South American proboscideans (Proboscidea, Gomphotheriidae)" (PDF). Quaternary International. 443: 52–64. Bibcode:2017QuInt.443...52M. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2016.08.028.

etymonline.com (Global: 287^th place; English: 321^st place)

Harper, D. "Elephant". Online Etymology Dictionary. Archived from the original on 24 December 2013. Retrieved 25 October 2012.

fao.org (Global: 318^th place; English: 411^th place)

Bist, S. S.; Cheeran, J. V.; Choudhury, S.; Barua, P.; Misra, M. K. "The domesticated Asian elephant in India". Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific. Archived from the original on 1 June 2015. Retrieved 25 December 2012.
Lohanan, Roger (February 2001). "The elephant situation in Thailand and a plea for co-operation". FAO. Archived from the original on 4 April 2016. Retrieved 31 January 2016.

ghostarchive.org (Global: 32^nd place; English: 21^st place)

Fuller, Thomas (30 January 2016). "Unemployed, Myanmar's Elephants Grow Antsy, and Heavier". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 1 January 2022. Retrieved 31 January 2016.

handle.net (Global: 102^nd place; English: 76^th place)

hdl.handle.net

Cantalapiedra, J. L.; Sanisidro, Ó.; Zhang, H.; Alberdi, M. T.; Prado, J. L.; Blanco, F.; Saarinen, J. (2021). "The rise and fall of proboscidean ecological diversity". Nature Ecology & Evolution. 5 (9): 1266–1272. Bibcode:2021NatEE...5.1266C. doi:10.1038/s41559-021-01498-w. hdl:10261/249360. PMID 34211141. S2CID 235712060.
Iannucci, Alessio; Sardella, Raffaele (28 February 2023). "What Does the "Elephant-Equus" Event Mean Today? Reflections on Mammal Dispersal Events around the Pliocene-Pleistocene Boundary and the Flexible Ambiguity of Biochronology". Quaternary. 6 (1): 16. Bibcode:2023Quat....6...16I. doi:10.3390/quat6010016. hdl:11573/1680082.
Byrne, R. W.; Bates, L.; Moss C. J. (2009). "Elephant cognition in primate perspective". Comparative Cognition & Behavior Reviews. 4: 65–79. doi:10.3819/ccbr.2009.40009. hdl:10023/1612.
Campos-Arceiz, A.; Traeholt, C.; Jaffar, R.; Santamaria, L.; Corlett, R. T. (2012). "Asian tapirs are no elephants when it comes to seed dispersal". Biotropica. 44 (2): 220–227. Bibcode:2012Biotr..44..220C. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7429.2011.00784.x. hdl:10261/56573. S2CID 83604698.

harvard.edu (Global: 18^th place; English: 17^th place)

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Kellogg, M.; Burkett, S.; Dennis, T. R.; Stone, G.; Gray, B. A.; McGuire, P. M.; Zori, R. T.; Stanyon, R. (2007). "Chromosome painting in the manatee supports Afrotheria and Paenungulata". Evolutionary Biology. 7 (1): 6. Bibcode:2007BMCEE...7....6K. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-7-6. PMC 1784077. PMID 17244368.
Ozawa, T.; Hayashi, S.; Mikhelson, V. M. (1997). "Phylogenetic position of mammoth and Steller's sea cow within tethytheria demonstrated by mitochondrial DNA sequences". Journal of Molecular Evolution. 44 (4): 406–13. Bibcode:1997JMolE..44..406O. doi:10.1007/PL00006160. PMID 9089080. S2CID 417046.
Ishida, Y.; Oleksyk, T. K.; Georgiadis, N. J.; David, V. A.; Zhao, K.; Stephens, R. M.; Kolokotronis, S.-O.; Roca, A. L. (2011). Murphy, William J (ed.). "Reconciling apparent conflicts between mitochondrial and nuclear phylogenies in African elephants". PLOS ONE. 6 (6) e20642. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...620642I. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0020642. PMC 3110795. PMID 21701575.
Palkopoulou, Eleftheria; Lipson, Mark; Mallick, Swapan; Nielsen, Svend; Rohland, Nadin; Baleka, Sina; Karpinski, Emil; Ivancevic, Atma M.; To, Thu-Hien; Kortschak, R. Daniel; Raison, Joy M. (13 March 2018). "A comprehensive genomic history of extinct and living elephants". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 115 (11): E2566 – E2574. Bibcode:2018PNAS..115E2566P. doi:10.1073/pnas.1720554115. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 5856550. PMID 29483247.
Gheerbrant, E. (2009). "Paleocene emergence of elephant relatives and the rapid radiation of African ungulates". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 106 (26): 10717–10721. Bibcode:2009PNAS..10610717G. doi:10.1073/pnas.0900251106. PMC 2705600. PMID 19549873.
Liu, Alexander G. S. C.; Seiffert, Erik R.; Simons, Elwyn L. (15 April 2008). "Stable isotope evidence for an amphibious phase in early proboscidean evolution". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 105 (15): 5786–5791. Bibcode:2008PNAS..105.5786L. doi:10.1073/pnas.0800884105. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 2311368. PMID 18413605.
Baleka, S.; Varela, L.; Tambusso, P. S.; Paijmans, J. L. A.; Mothé, D.; Stafford Jr., T. W.; Fariña, R. A.; Hofreiter, M. (2022). "Revisiting proboscidean phylogeny and evolution through total evidence and palaeogenetic analyses including Notiomastodon ancient DNA". iScience. 25 (1) 103559. Bibcode:2022iSci...25j3559B. doi:10.1016/j.isci.2021.103559. PMC 8693454. PMID 34988402.
Cantalapiedra, J. L.; Sanisidro, Ó.; Zhang, H.; Alberdi, M. T.; Prado, J. L.; Blanco, F.; Saarinen, J. (2021). "The rise and fall of proboscidean ecological diversity". Nature Ecology & Evolution. 5 (9): 1266–1272. Bibcode:2021NatEE...5.1266C. doi:10.1038/s41559-021-01498-w. hdl:10261/249360. PMID 34211141. S2CID 235712060.
Lister, A. M. (2013). "The role of behaviour in adaptive morphological evolution of African proboscideans". Nature. 500 (7462): 331–334. Bibcode:2013Natur.500..331L. doi:10.1038/nature12275. PMID 23803767. S2CID 883007.
Iannucci, Alessio; Sardella, Raffaele (28 February 2023). "What Does the "Elephant-Equus" Event Mean Today? Reflections on Mammal Dispersal Events around the Pliocene-Pleistocene Boundary and the Flexible Ambiguity of Biochronology". Quaternary. 6 (1): 16. Bibcode:2023Quat....6...16I. doi:10.3390/quat6010016. hdl:11573/1680082.
Mothé, Dimila; dos Santos Avilla, Leonardo; Asevedo, Lidiane; Borges-Silva, Leon; Rosas, Mariane; Labarca-Encina, Rafael; Souberlich, Ricardo; Soibelzon, Esteban; Roman-Carrion, José Luis; Ríos, Sergio D.; Rincon, Ascanio D.; Cardoso de Oliveira, Gina; Pereira Lopes, Renato (30 September 2016). "Sixty years after 'The mastodonts of Brazil': The state of the art of South American proboscideans (Proboscidea, Gomphotheriidae)" (PDF). Quaternary International. 443: 52–64. Bibcode:2017QuInt.443...52M. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2016.08.028.
Lister, A. M.; Sher, A. V. (2015). "Evolution and dispersal of mammoths across the Northern Hemisphere". Science. 350 (6262): 805–809. Bibcode:2015Sci...350..805L. doi:10.1126/science.aac5660. PMID 26564853. S2CID 206639522.
Shoshani, J. (1998). "Understanding proboscidean evolution: a formidable task". Trends in Ecology and Evolution. 13 (12): 480–487. Bibcode:1998TEcoE..13..480S. doi:10.1016/S0169-5347(98)01491-8. PMID 21238404.
Romano, M.; Manucci, F.; Palombo, M. R. (2021). "The smallest of the largest: new volumetric body mass estimate and in-vivo restoration of the dwarf elephant Palaeoloxodon ex gr. P. falconeri from Spinagallo Cave (Sicily)". Historical Biology. 33 (3): 340–353. Bibcode:2021HBio...33..340R. doi:10.1080/08912963.2019.1617289. S2CID 181855906.
Reuter, T.; Nummela, S.; Hemilä, S. (1998). "Elephant hearing" (PDF). Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 104 (2): 1122–1123. Bibcode:1998ASAJ..104.1122R. doi:10.1121/1.423341. PMID 9714930. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 December 2012.
Dagenais, P; Hensman, S; Haechler, V; Milinkovitch, M. C. (2021). "Elephants evolved strategies reducing the biomechanical complexity of their trunk". Current Biology. 31 (21): 4727–4737. Bibcode:2021CBio...31E4727D. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2021.08.029. PMID 34428468. S2CID 237273086.
Schulz, A. K.; Boyle, M; Boyle, C; Sordilla, S; Rincon, C; Hooper, K; Aubuchon, C; Reidenberg, J. S.; Higgins, C; Hu, D. L. (2022). "Skin wrinkles and folds enable asymmetric stretch in the elephant trunk". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 119 (31) e2122563119. Bibcode:2022PNAS..11922563S. doi:10.1073/pnas.2122563119. PMC 9351381. PMID 35858384.
Schulz, A. K.; Kaufmann, L. V.; Reveyaz, N; Ritter, C; Hildebrandt, T; Brecht, M (2024). "Elephants develop wrinkles through both form and function". Royal Society Open Science. 11 (10) 240851. Bibcode:2024RSOS...1140851S. doi:10.1098/rsos.240851. PMC 11461087. PMID 39386989.
Chiyo, P. I.; Obanda, V.; Korir, D. K. (2015). "Illegal tusk harvest and the decline of tusk size in the African elephant". Ecology and Evolution. 5 (22): 5216–5229. Bibcode:2015EcoEv...5.5216C. doi:10.1002/ece3.1769. PMC 6102531. PMID 30151125.
Jachmann, H.; Berry, P. S. M.; Imae, H. (1995). "Tusklessness in African elephants: a future trend". African Journal of Ecology. 33 (3): 230–235. Bibcode:1995AfJEc..33..230J. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2028.1995.tb00800.x.
Myhrvold, C. L.; Stone, H. A.; Bou-Zeid, E. (10 October 2012). "What Is the Use of Elephant Hair?". PLOS ONE. 7 (10) e47018. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...747018M. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0047018. PMC 3468452. PMID 23071700.
Martins, António F.; Bennett, Nigel C.; Clavel, Sylvie; Groenewald, Herman; Hensman, Sean; Hoby, Stefan; Joris, Antoine; Manger, Paul R.; Milinkovitch, Michel C. (2018). "Locally-curved geometry generates bending cracks in the African elephant skin". Nature Communications. 9 (1): 3865. Bibcode:2018NatCo...9.3865M. doi:10.1038/s41467-018-06257-3. PMC 6168576. PMID 30279508.
Hutchinson, J. R.; Delmer, C; Miller, C. E.; Hildebrandt, T; Pitsillides, A. A.; Boyde, A (2011). "From flat foot to fat foot: structure, ontogeny, function, and evolution of elephant "sixth toes"" (PDF). Science. 334 (6063): 1699–1703. Bibcode:2011Sci...334R1699H. doi:10.1126/science.1211437. PMID 22194576. S2CID 206536505.
Hutchinson, J. R.; Schwerda, D.; Famini, D. J.; Dale, R. H.; Fischer, M. S.; Kram, R. (2006). "The locomotor kinematics of Asian and African elephants: changes with speed and size". Journal of Experimental Biology. 209 (19): 3812–3827. Bibcode:2006JExpB.209.3812H. doi:10.1242/jeb.02443. PMID 16985198.
Hutchinson, J. R.; Famini, D.; Lair, R.; Kram, R. (2003). "Biomechanics: Are fast-moving elephants really running?". Nature. 422 (6931): 493–494. Bibcode:2003Natur.422..493H. doi:10.1038/422493a. PMID 12673241. S2CID 4403723. Archived from the original on 9 August 2022. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
Herbest, C. T.; Švec, J. G.; Lohscheller, J.; Frey, R.; Gumpenberger, M.; Stoeger, A.; Fitch, W. T. (2013). "Complex Vibratory Patterns in an Elephant Larynx". Journal of Experimental Biology. 216 (21): 4054–4064. Bibcode:2013JExpB.216.4054H. doi:10.1242/jeb.091009. PMID 24133151.
Yang, Patricia J.; Pham, Jonathan; Choo, Jerome; Hu, David L. (19 August 2014). "Duration of urination does not change with body size". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 111 (33): 11932–11937. Bibcode:2014PNAS..11111932Y. doi:10.1073/pnas.1402289111. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 4143032. PMID 24969420.
Siegel, J. M. (2005). "Clues to the functions of mammalian sleep". Nature. 437 (7063): 1264–1271. Bibcode:2005Natur.437.1264S. doi:10.1038/nature04285. PMC 8760626. PMID 16251951. S2CID 234089.
Campos-Arceiz, A.; Blake, S. (2011). "Mega-gardeners of the forest – the role of elephants in seed dispersal" (PDF). Acta Oecologica. 37 (6): 542–553. Bibcode:2011AcO....37..542C. doi:10.1016/j.actao.2011.01.014. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 June 2013. Retrieved 22 November 2012.
Campos-Arceiz, A.; Traeholt, C.; Jaffar, R.; Santamaria, L.; Corlett, R. T. (2012). "Asian tapirs are no elephants when it comes to seed dispersal". Biotropica. 44 (2): 220–227. Bibcode:2012Biotr..44..220C. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7429.2011.00784.x. hdl:10261/56573. S2CID 83604698.
Joubert, D. (2006). "Hunting behaviour of lions (Panthera leo) on elephants (Loxodonta africana) in the Chobe National Park, Botswana". African Journal of Ecology. 44 (2): 279–281. Bibcode:2006AfJEc..44..279J. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2028.2006.00626.x.
Allen, C. R. B.; Brent, L. J. N.; Motsentwa, T; Weiss, M. N.; Croft, D. P. (2020). "Importance of old bulls: leaders and followers in collective movements of all-male groups in African savannah elephants (Loxodonta africana)". Scientific Reports. 10 (1): 13996. Bibcode:2020NatSR..1013996A. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-70682-y. PMC 7471917. PMID 32883968.
Slotow, R.; van Dyk, G.; Poole, J.; Page, B.; Klocke, A. (2000). "Older bull elephants control young males". Nature. 408 (6811): 425–426. Bibcode:2000Natur.408..425S. doi:10.1038/35044191. PMID 11100713. S2CID 136330.
Herbest, C. T.; Stoeger, A.; Frey, R.; Lohscheller, J.; Titze, I. R.; Gumpenberger, M.; Fitch, W. T. (2012). "How Low Can You Go? Physical Production Mechanism of Elephant Infrasonic Vocalizations". Science. 337 (6094): 595–599. Bibcode:2012Sci...337..595H. doi:10.1126/science.1219712. PMID 22859490. S2CID 32792564.
Payne, K. B.; Langbauer, W. R.; Thomas, E. M. (1986). "Infrasonic calls of the Asian elephant (Elephas maximus)". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 18 (4): 297–301. Bibcode:1986BEcoS..18..297P. doi:10.1007/BF00300007. S2CID 1480496.
Larom, D.; Garstang, M.; Payne, K.; Raspet, R.; Lindeque, M. (1997). "The influence of surface atmospheric conditions on the range and area reached by animal vocalizations" (PDF). Journal of Experimental Biology. 200 (Pt 3): 421–431. Bibcode:1997JExpB.200..421L. doi:10.1242/jeb.200.3.421. PMID 9057305.
O'Connell-Rodwell, C. E.; Wood, J. D.; Rodwell, T. C.; Puria, S.; Partan, S. R.; Keefe, R.; Shriver, D.; Arnason, B. T.; Hart, L. A. (2006). "Wild elephant (Loxodonta africana) breeding herds respond to artificially transmitted seismic stimuli" (PDF). Behavioural and Ecological Sociobiology. 59 (6): 842–850. Bibcode:2006BEcoS..59..842O. doi:10.1007/s00265-005-0136-2. S2CID 33221888. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 December 2013.
O'Connell-Rodwell C. E.; Arnason, B.; Hart, L. A. (2000). "Seismic properties of Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) vocalizations and locomotion". Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 108 (6): 3066–3072. Bibcode:2000ASAJ..108.3066O. doi:10.1121/1.1323460. PMID 11144599.
Plotnik, J. M.; de Waal, F. B. M. & Reiss, D. (2006). "Self-recognition in an Asian elephant". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 103 (45): 17053–17057. Bibcode:2006PNAS..10317053P. doi:10.1073/pnas.0608062103. PMC 1636577. PMID 17075063.
Rensch, B. (1957). "The intelligence of elephants". Scientific American. 196 (2): 44–49. Bibcode:1957SciAm.196b..44R. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0257-44.
Montgomery, R. A.; Raupp, J; Mukhwana, M; Greenleaf, A; Mudumba, T; Muruthi, P (2022). "The efficacy of interventions to protect crops from raiding elephants". Ambio. 51 (3): 716–727. Bibcode:2022Ambio..51..716M. doi:10.1007/s13280-021-01587-x. PMC 8800974. PMID 34173175.

humanesociety.org (Global: low place; English: 6,576^th place)

"Circus Myths: The true cruelty under the big top". Humane Society of the United States. 25 September 2009. Archived from the original on 5 September 2015. Retrieved 24 October 2012.

independent.co.uk (Global: 36^th place; English: 33^rd place)

Huggler, J. (12 October 2006). "Animal Behaviour: Rogue Elephants". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 14 May 2008. Retrieved 16 June 2007.

iucn.org (Global: 3,100^th place; English: 2,591^st place)

portals.iucn.org

Thouless, C. R.; Dublin, H. T.; Blanc, J. J.; Skinner, D. P.; Daniel, T. E.; Taylor, R. D.; Maisels, F.; Frederick, H. L.; Bouché, P. (2016). "African Elephant Status Report 2016" (PDF). IUCN African Elephant Database. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 June 2021. Retrieved 5 June 2021.

iucnredlist.org (Global: 88^th place; English: 160^th place)

Gobush, K. S.; Edwards, C. T. T.; Maisels, F.; Wittemeyer, G.; Balfour, D.; Taylor, R. D. (2021). "Loxodonta africana.". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T181008073A181022663. Retrieved 25 March 2021.
Gobush, K. S.; Edwards, C. T. T.; Maisels, F.; Wittemeyer, G.; Balfour, D. & Taylor, R. D. (2021). "Loxodonta cyclotis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T181007989A181019888. Retrieved 25 March 2021.
Williams, C.; et al. (2020). "Elephas maximus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020. Retrieved 3 June 2020.

jstor.org (Global: 26^th place; English: 20^th place)

Shoshani, J.; Eisenberg, J. F. (1982). "Elephas maximus" (PDF). Mammalian Species (182): 1–8. doi:10.2307/3504045. JSTOR 3504045. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 27 October 2012.
Laursen, L.; Bekoff, M. (1978). "Loxodonta africana" (PDF). Mammalian Species (92): 1–8. doi:10.2307/3503889. JSTOR 3503889. S2CID 253949585. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 April 2013.

nationalgeographic.com (Global: 344^th place; English: 296^th place)

nationalgeographic.com

"Under poaching pressure, elephants are evolving to lose their tusks". National Geographic. 9 November 2018. Archived from the original on 3 March 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2021.

ngm.nationalgeographic.com

Christy, B. (October 2012). "Ivory Worship". National Geographic. Archived from the original on 26 September 2015. Retrieved 17 October 2012.

news.nationalgeographic.com

Mott, M. (11 December 2008). "Wild elephants live longer than their zoo counterparts". National Geographic News. Archived from the original on 4 May 2015. Retrieved 24 October 2012.

nature.com (Global: 234^th place; English: 397^th place)

Cantalapiedra, J. L.; Sanisidro, Ó.; Zhang, H.; Alberdi, M. T.; Prado, J. L.; Blanco, F.; Saarinen, J. (2021). "The rise and fall of proboscidean ecological diversity". Nature Ecology & Evolution. 5 (9): 1266–1272. Bibcode:2021NatEE...5.1266C. doi:10.1038/s41559-021-01498-w. hdl:10261/249360. PMID 34211141. S2CID 235712060.

newindianexpress.com (Global: 188^th place; English: 118^th place)

"Tiger kills elephant at Eravikulam park". The New Indian Express. 2009. Archived from the original on 11 May 2016. Retrieved 21 June 2014.

newscientist.com (Global: 774^th place; English: 716^th place)

Cole, M. (14 November 1992). "Lead in lake blamed for floppy trunks". New Scientist. Archived from the original on 17 May 2008. Retrieved 25 June 2009.

nih.gov (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Kellogg, M.; Burkett, S.; Dennis, T. R.; Stone, G.; Gray, B. A.; McGuire, P. M.; Zori, R. T.; Stanyon, R. (2007). "Chromosome painting in the manatee supports Afrotheria and Paenungulata". Evolutionary Biology. 7 (1): 6. Bibcode:2007BMCEE...7....6K. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-7-6. PMC 1784077. PMID 17244368.
Ozawa, T.; Hayashi, S.; Mikhelson, V. M. (1997). "Phylogenetic position of mammoth and Steller's sea cow within tethytheria demonstrated by mitochondrial DNA sequences". Journal of Molecular Evolution. 44 (4): 406–13. Bibcode:1997JMolE..44..406O. doi:10.1007/PL00006160. PMID 9089080. S2CID 417046.
Rohland, N.; Reich, D.; Mallick, S.; Meyer, M.; Green, R. E.; Georgiadis, N. J.; Roca, A. L.; Hofreiter, M. (2010). Penny, David (ed.). "Genomic DNA Sequences from Mastodon and Woolly Mammoth Reveal Deep Speciation of Forest and Savanna Elephants". PLOS Biology. 8 (12) e1000564. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000564. PMC 3006346. PMID 21203580.
Ishida, Y.; Oleksyk, T. K.; Georgiadis, N. J.; David, V. A.; Zhao, K.; Stephens, R. M.; Kolokotronis, S.-O.; Roca, A. L. (2011). Murphy, William J (ed.). "Reconciling apparent conflicts between mitochondrial and nuclear phylogenies in African elephants". PLOS ONE. 6 (6) e20642. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...620642I. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0020642. PMC 3110795. PMID 21701575.
Roca, Alfred L.; Ishida, Yasuko; Brandt, Adam L.; Benjamin, Neal R.; Zhao, Kai; Georgiadis, Nicholas J. (2015). "Elephant Natural History: A Genomic Perspective". Annual Review of Animal Biosciences. 3 (1): 139–167. doi:10.1146/annurev-animal-022114-110838. PMID 25493538.
Roca, Alfred L.; Ishida, Yasuko; Brandt, Adam L.; Benjamin, Neal R.; Zhao, Kai; Georgiadis, Nicholas J. (2015). "Elephant Natural History: A Genomic Perspective". Annual Review of Animal Biosciences. 3 (1): 139–167. doi:10.1146/annurev-animal-022114-110838. PMID 25493538.
Palkopoulou, Eleftheria; Lipson, Mark; Mallick, Swapan; Nielsen, Svend; Rohland, Nadin; Baleka, Sina; Karpinski, Emil; Ivancevic, Atma M.; To, Thu-Hien; Kortschak, R. Daniel; Raison, Joy M. (13 March 2018). "A comprehensive genomic history of extinct and living elephants". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 115 (11): E2566 – E2574. Bibcode:2018PNAS..115E2566P. doi:10.1073/pnas.1720554115. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 5856550. PMID 29483247.
Gheerbrant, E. (2009). "Paleocene emergence of elephant relatives and the rapid radiation of African ungulates". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 106 (26): 10717–10721. Bibcode:2009PNAS..10610717G. doi:10.1073/pnas.0900251106. PMC 2705600. PMID 19549873.
Liu, Alexander G. S. C.; Seiffert, Erik R.; Simons, Elwyn L. (15 April 2008). "Stable isotope evidence for an amphibious phase in early proboscidean evolution". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 105 (15): 5786–5791. Bibcode:2008PNAS..105.5786L. doi:10.1073/pnas.0800884105. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 2311368. PMID 18413605.
Baleka, S.; Varela, L.; Tambusso, P. S.; Paijmans, J. L. A.; Mothé, D.; Stafford Jr., T. W.; Fariña, R. A.; Hofreiter, M. (2022). "Revisiting proboscidean phylogeny and evolution through total evidence and palaeogenetic analyses including Notiomastodon ancient DNA". iScience. 25 (1) 103559. Bibcode:2022iSci...25j3559B. doi:10.1016/j.isci.2021.103559. PMC 8693454. PMID 34988402.
Cantalapiedra, J. L.; Sanisidro, Ó.; Zhang, H.; Alberdi, M. T.; Prado, J. L.; Blanco, F.; Saarinen, J. (2021). "The rise and fall of proboscidean ecological diversity". Nature Ecology & Evolution. 5 (9): 1266–1272. Bibcode:2021NatEE...5.1266C. doi:10.1038/s41559-021-01498-w. hdl:10261/249360. PMID 34211141. S2CID 235712060.
Lister, A. M. (2013). "The role of behaviour in adaptive morphological evolution of African proboscideans". Nature. 500 (7462): 331–334. Bibcode:2013Natur.500..331L. doi:10.1038/nature12275. PMID 23803767. S2CID 883007.
Lister, A. M.; Sher, A. V. (2015). "Evolution and dispersal of mammoths across the Northern Hemisphere". Science. 350 (6262): 805–809. Bibcode:2015Sci...350..805L. doi:10.1126/science.aac5660. PMID 26564853. S2CID 206639522.
Rogers, R. L.; Slatkin, M. (2017). "Excess of genomic defects in a woolly mammoth on Wrangel island". PLOS Genetics. 13 (3) e1006601. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1006601. ISSN 1553-7404. PMC 5333797. PMID 28253255.
Shoshani, J. (1998). "Understanding proboscidean evolution: a formidable task". Trends in Ecology and Evolution. 13 (12): 480–487. Bibcode:1998TEcoE..13..480S. doi:10.1016/S0169-5347(98)01491-8. PMID 21238404.
Mole, Michael A.; Rodrigues Dáraujo, Shaun; Van Aarde, Rudi J.; Mitchell, Duncan; Fuller, Andrea (2018). "Savanna elephants maintain homeothermy under African heat". Journal of Comparative Physiology B. 188 (5): 889–897. doi:10.1007/s00360-018-1170-5. PMID 30008137. S2CID 51626564. Archived from the original on 15 May 2021. Retrieved 14 May 2021.
Reuter, T.; Nummela, S.; Hemilä, S. (1998). "Elephant hearing" (PDF). Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 104 (2): 1122–1123. Bibcode:1998ASAJ..104.1122R. doi:10.1121/1.423341. PMID 9714930. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 December 2012.
Yokoyama, S.; Takenaka, N.; Agnew, D. W.; Shoshani, J. (2005). "Elephants and human color-blind deuteranopes have identical sets of visual pigments". Genetics. 170 (1): 335–344. doi:10.1534/genetics.104.039511. PMC 1449733. PMID 15781694.
Martin, F.; Niemitz C. (2003). ""Right-trunkers" and "left-trunkers": side preferences of trunk movements in wild Asian elephants (Elephas maximus)". Journal of Comparative Psychology. 117 (4): 371–379. doi:10.1037/0735-7036.117.4.371. PMID 14717638.
Dagenais, P; Hensman, S; Haechler, V; Milinkovitch, M. C. (2021). "Elephants evolved strategies reducing the biomechanical complexity of their trunk". Current Biology. 31 (21): 4727–4737. Bibcode:2021CBio...31E4727D. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2021.08.029. PMID 34428468. S2CID 237273086.
Schulz, A. K.; Boyle, M; Boyle, C; Sordilla, S; Rincon, C; Hooper, K; Aubuchon, C; Reidenberg, J. S.; Higgins, C; Hu, D. L. (2022). "Skin wrinkles and folds enable asymmetric stretch in the elephant trunk". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 119 (31) e2122563119. Bibcode:2022PNAS..11922563S. doi:10.1073/pnas.2122563119. PMC 9351381. PMID 35858384.
Schulz, A. K.; Kaufmann, L. V.; Reveyaz, N; Ritter, C; Hildebrandt, T; Brecht, M (2024). "Elephants develop wrinkles through both form and function". Royal Society Open Science. 11 (10) 240851. Bibcode:2024RSOS...1140851S. doi:10.1098/rsos.240851. PMC 11461087. PMID 39386989.
Schulz, A. K.; Ning Wu, Jia; Sara Ha, S. Y.; Kim, G. (2021). "Suction feeding by elephants". Journal of the Royal Society Interface. 18 (179). doi:10.1098/rsif.2021.0215. PMC 8169210. PMID 34062103.
West, J. B. (2002). "Why doesn't the elephant have a pleural space?". Physiology. 17 (2): 47–50. doi:10.1152/nips.01374.2001. PMID 11909991. S2CID 27321751.
Deiringer, Nora; Schneeweiß, Undine; Kaufmann, Lena V.; Eigen, Lennart; Speissegger, Celina; Gerhardt, Ben; Holtze, Susanne; Fritsch, Guido; Göritz, Frank; Becker, Rolf; Ochs, Andreas; Hildebrandt, Thomas; Brecht, Michael (8 June 2023). "The functional anatomy of elephant trunk whiskers". Communications Biology. 6 (1): 591. doi:10.1038/s42003-023-04945-5. ISSN 2399-3642. PMC 10250425. PMID 37291455.
Chiyo, P. I.; Obanda, V.; Korir, D. K. (2015). "Illegal tusk harvest and the decline of tusk size in the African elephant". Ecology and Evolution. 5 (22): 5216–5229. Bibcode:2015EcoEv...5.5216C. doi:10.1002/ece3.1769. PMC 6102531. PMID 30151125.
Myhrvold, C. L.; Stone, H. A.; Bou-Zeid, E. (10 October 2012). "What Is the Use of Elephant Hair?". PLOS ONE. 7 (10) e47018. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...747018M. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0047018. PMC 3468452. PMID 23071700.
Lamps, L. W.; Smoller, B. R.; Rasmussen, L. E. L.; Slade, B. E.; Fritsch, G; Godwin, T. E. (2001). "Characterization of interdigital glands in the Asian elephant (Elephas maximus)". Research in Veterinary Science. 71 (3): 197–200. doi:10.1053/rvsc.2001.0508. PMID 11798294.
Martins, António F.; Bennett, Nigel C.; Clavel, Sylvie; Groenewald, Herman; Hensman, Sean; Hoby, Stefan; Joris, Antoine; Manger, Paul R.; Milinkovitch, Michel C. (2018). "Locally-curved geometry generates bending cracks in the African elephant skin". Nature Communications. 9 (1): 3865. Bibcode:2018NatCo...9.3865M. doi:10.1038/s41467-018-06257-3. PMC 6168576. PMID 30279508.
Weissengruber, G. E.; Egger, G. F.; Hutchinson, J. R.; Groenewald, H. B.; Elsässer, L.; Famini, D.; Forstenpointner, G. (2006). "The structure of the cushions in the feet of African elephants (Loxodonta africana)". Journal of Anatomy. 209 (6): 781–792. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2006.00648.x. PMC 2048995. PMID 17118065.
Hutchinson, J. R.; Delmer, C; Miller, C. E.; Hildebrandt, T; Pitsillides, A. A.; Boyde, A (2011). "From flat foot to fat foot: structure, ontogeny, function, and evolution of elephant "sixth toes"" (PDF). Science. 334 (6063): 1699–1703. Bibcode:2011Sci...334R1699H. doi:10.1126/science.1211437. PMID 22194576. S2CID 206536505.
Hutchinson, J. R.; Schwerda, D.; Famini, D. J.; Dale, R. H.; Fischer, M. S.; Kram, R. (2006). "The locomotor kinematics of Asian and African elephants: changes with speed and size". Journal of Experimental Biology. 209 (19): 3812–3827. Bibcode:2006JExpB.209.3812H. doi:10.1242/jeb.02443. PMID 16985198.
Hutchinson, J. R.; Famini, D.; Lair, R.; Kram, R. (2003). "Biomechanics: Are fast-moving elephants really running?". Nature. 422 (6931): 493–494. Bibcode:2003Natur.422..493H. doi:10.1038/422493a. PMID 12673241. S2CID 4403723. Archived from the original on 9 August 2022. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
Herbest, C. T.; Švec, J. G.; Lohscheller, J.; Frey, R.; Gumpenberger, M.; Stoeger, A.; Fitch, W. T. (2013). "Complex Vibratory Patterns in an Elephant Larynx". Journal of Experimental Biology. 216 (21): 4054–4064. Bibcode:2013JExpB.216.4054H. doi:10.1242/jeb.091009. PMID 24133151.
Yang, Patricia J.; Pham, Jonathan; Choo, Jerome; Hu, David L. (19 August 2014). "Duration of urination does not change with body size". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 111 (33): 11932–11937. Bibcode:2014PNAS..11111932Y. doi:10.1073/pnas.1402289111. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 4143032. PMID 24969420.
Sharma, Virag; Lehmann, Thomas; Stuckas, Heiko; Funke, Liane; Hiller, Michael (2018). "Loss of RXFP2 and INSL3 genes in Afrotheria shows that testicular descent is the ancestral condition in placental mammals". PLOS Biology. 16 (6) e2005293. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.2005293. ISSN 1545-7885. PMC 6023123. PMID 29953435.
Short, R. V.; Mann, T.; Hay, Mary F. (1967). "Male reproductive organs of the African elephant, Loxodonta africana" (PDF). Journal of Reproduction and Fertility. 13 (3): 517–536. doi:10.1530/jrf.0.0130517. PMID 6029179. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 July 2018. Retrieved 10 July 2017.
Siegel, J. M. (2005). "Clues to the functions of mammalian sleep". Nature. 437 (7063): 1264–1271. Bibcode:2005Natur.437.1264S. doi:10.1038/nature04285. PMC 8760626. PMID 16251951. S2CID 234089.
McComb, K.; Shannon, G.; Durant, S. M.; Sayialel, K.; Slotow, R.; Poole, J.; Moss, C. (2011). "Leadership in elephants: the adaptive value of age" (PDF). Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 278 (1722): 3270–3276. doi:10.1098/rspb.2011.0168. PMC 3169024. PMID 21411454. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 April 2013. Retrieved 26 December 2012.
LaDue, C. A.; Vandercone, R. P. G.; Kiso, W. K.; Freeman, E. W. (2022). "Social behavior and group formation in male Asian elephants (Elephas maximus): the effects of age and musth in wild and zoo-housed animals". Animals. 12 (9): 1215. doi:10.3390/ani12091215. PMC 9100748. PMID 35565641.
Allen, C. R. B.; Brent, L. J. N.; Motsentwa, T; Weiss, M. N.; Croft, D. P. (2020). "Importance of old bulls: leaders and followers in collective movements of all-male groups in African savannah elephants (Loxodonta africana)". Scientific Reports. 10 (1): 13996. Bibcode:2020NatSR..1013996A. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-70682-y. PMC 7471917. PMID 32883968.
Slotow, R.; van Dyk, G.; Poole, J.; Page, B.; Klocke, A. (2000). "Older bull elephants control young males". Nature. 408 (6811): 425–426. Bibcode:2000Natur.408..425S. doi:10.1038/35044191. PMID 11100713. S2CID 136330.
Lueders, I.; Niemuller, C.; Rich, P.; Gray, C.; Hermes, R.; Goeritz, F.; Hildebrandt, T. B. (2012). "Gestating for 22 months: luteal development and pregnancy maintenance in elephants". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 279 (1743): 3687–3696. doi:10.1098/rspb.2012.1038. PMC 3415912. PMID 22719030.
Herbest, C. T.; Stoeger, A.; Frey, R.; Lohscheller, J.; Titze, I. R.; Gumpenberger, M.; Fitch, W. T. (2012). "How Low Can You Go? Physical Production Mechanism of Elephant Infrasonic Vocalizations". Science. 337 (6094): 595–599. Bibcode:2012Sci...337..595H. doi:10.1126/science.1219712. PMID 22859490. S2CID 32792564.
Larom, D.; Garstang, M.; Payne, K.; Raspet, R.; Lindeque, M. (1997). "The influence of surface atmospheric conditions on the range and area reached by animal vocalizations" (PDF). Journal of Experimental Biology. 200 (Pt 3): 421–431. Bibcode:1997JExpB.200..421L. doi:10.1242/jeb.200.3.421. PMID 9057305.
O'Connell-Rodwell C. E.; Arnason, B.; Hart, L. A. (2000). "Seismic properties of Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) vocalizations and locomotion". Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 108 (6): 3066–3072. Bibcode:2000ASAJ..108.3066O. doi:10.1121/1.1323460. PMID 11144599.
Plotnik, J. M.; de Waal, F. B. M. & Reiss, D. (2006). "Self-recognition in an Asian elephant". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 103 (45): 17053–17057. Bibcode:2006PNAS..10317053P. doi:10.1073/pnas.0608062103. PMC 1636577. PMID 17075063.
McComb, K.; Baker, L.; Moss, C. (2006). "African elephants show high levels of interest in the skulls and ivory of their own species". Biology Letters. 2 (1): 26–28. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2005.0400. PMC 1617198. PMID 17148317.
Montgomery, R. A.; Raupp, J; Mukhwana, M; Greenleaf, A; Mudumba, T; Muruthi, P (2022). "The efficacy of interventions to protect crops from raiding elephants". Ambio. 51 (3): 716–727. Bibcode:2022Ambio..51..716M. doi:10.1007/s13280-021-01587-x. PMC 8800974. PMID 34173175.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Kellogg, M.; Burkett, S.; Dennis, T. R.; Stone, G.; Gray, B. A.; McGuire, P. M.; Zori, R. T.; Stanyon, R. (2007). "Chromosome painting in the manatee supports Afrotheria and Paenungulata". Evolutionary Biology. 7 (1): 6. Bibcode:2007BMCEE...7....6K. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-7-6. PMC 1784077. PMID 17244368.
Rohland, N.; Reich, D.; Mallick, S.; Meyer, M.; Green, R. E.; Georgiadis, N. J.; Roca, A. L.; Hofreiter, M. (2010). Penny, David (ed.). "Genomic DNA Sequences from Mastodon and Woolly Mammoth Reveal Deep Speciation of Forest and Savanna Elephants". PLOS Biology. 8 (12) e1000564. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000564. PMC 3006346. PMID 21203580.
Ishida, Y.; Oleksyk, T. K.; Georgiadis, N. J.; David, V. A.; Zhao, K.; Stephens, R. M.; Kolokotronis, S.-O.; Roca, A. L. (2011). Murphy, William J (ed.). "Reconciling apparent conflicts between mitochondrial and nuclear phylogenies in African elephants". PLOS ONE. 6 (6) e20642. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...620642I. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0020642. PMC 3110795. PMID 21701575.
Palkopoulou, Eleftheria; Lipson, Mark; Mallick, Swapan; Nielsen, Svend; Rohland, Nadin; Baleka, Sina; Karpinski, Emil; Ivancevic, Atma M.; To, Thu-Hien; Kortschak, R. Daniel; Raison, Joy M. (13 March 2018). "A comprehensive genomic history of extinct and living elephants". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 115 (11): E2566 – E2574. Bibcode:2018PNAS..115E2566P. doi:10.1073/pnas.1720554115. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 5856550. PMID 29483247.
Gheerbrant, E. (2009). "Paleocene emergence of elephant relatives and the rapid radiation of African ungulates". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 106 (26): 10717–10721. Bibcode:2009PNAS..10610717G. doi:10.1073/pnas.0900251106. PMC 2705600. PMID 19549873.
Liu, Alexander G. S. C.; Seiffert, Erik R.; Simons, Elwyn L. (15 April 2008). "Stable isotope evidence for an amphibious phase in early proboscidean evolution". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 105 (15): 5786–5791. Bibcode:2008PNAS..105.5786L. doi:10.1073/pnas.0800884105. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 2311368. PMID 18413605.
Baleka, S.; Varela, L.; Tambusso, P. S.; Paijmans, J. L. A.; Mothé, D.; Stafford Jr., T. W.; Fariña, R. A.; Hofreiter, M. (2022). "Revisiting proboscidean phylogeny and evolution through total evidence and palaeogenetic analyses including Notiomastodon ancient DNA". iScience. 25 (1) 103559. Bibcode:2022iSci...25j3559B. doi:10.1016/j.isci.2021.103559. PMC 8693454. PMID 34988402.
Rogers, R. L.; Slatkin, M. (2017). "Excess of genomic defects in a woolly mammoth on Wrangel island". PLOS Genetics. 13 (3) e1006601. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1006601. ISSN 1553-7404. PMC 5333797. PMID 28253255.
Yokoyama, S.; Takenaka, N.; Agnew, D. W.; Shoshani, J. (2005). "Elephants and human color-blind deuteranopes have identical sets of visual pigments". Genetics. 170 (1): 335–344. doi:10.1534/genetics.104.039511. PMC 1449733. PMID 15781694.
Schulz, A. K.; Boyle, M; Boyle, C; Sordilla, S; Rincon, C; Hooper, K; Aubuchon, C; Reidenberg, J. S.; Higgins, C; Hu, D. L. (2022). "Skin wrinkles and folds enable asymmetric stretch in the elephant trunk". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 119 (31) e2122563119. Bibcode:2022PNAS..11922563S. doi:10.1073/pnas.2122563119. PMC 9351381. PMID 35858384.
Schulz, A. K.; Kaufmann, L. V.; Reveyaz, N; Ritter, C; Hildebrandt, T; Brecht, M (2024). "Elephants develop wrinkles through both form and function". Royal Society Open Science. 11 (10) 240851. Bibcode:2024RSOS...1140851S. doi:10.1098/rsos.240851. PMC 11461087. PMID 39386989.
Schulz, A. K.; Ning Wu, Jia; Sara Ha, S. Y.; Kim, G. (2021). "Suction feeding by elephants". Journal of the Royal Society Interface. 18 (179). doi:10.1098/rsif.2021.0215. PMC 8169210. PMID 34062103.
Deiringer, Nora; Schneeweiß, Undine; Kaufmann, Lena V.; Eigen, Lennart; Speissegger, Celina; Gerhardt, Ben; Holtze, Susanne; Fritsch, Guido; Göritz, Frank; Becker, Rolf; Ochs, Andreas; Hildebrandt, Thomas; Brecht, Michael (8 June 2023). "The functional anatomy of elephant trunk whiskers". Communications Biology. 6 (1): 591. doi:10.1038/s42003-023-04945-5. ISSN 2399-3642. PMC 10250425. PMID 37291455.
Chiyo, P. I.; Obanda, V.; Korir, D. K. (2015). "Illegal tusk harvest and the decline of tusk size in the African elephant". Ecology and Evolution. 5 (22): 5216–5229. Bibcode:2015EcoEv...5.5216C. doi:10.1002/ece3.1769. PMC 6102531. PMID 30151125.
Myhrvold, C. L.; Stone, H. A.; Bou-Zeid, E. (10 October 2012). "What Is the Use of Elephant Hair?". PLOS ONE. 7 (10) e47018. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...747018M. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0047018. PMC 3468452. PMID 23071700.
Martins, António F.; Bennett, Nigel C.; Clavel, Sylvie; Groenewald, Herman; Hensman, Sean; Hoby, Stefan; Joris, Antoine; Manger, Paul R.; Milinkovitch, Michel C. (2018). "Locally-curved geometry generates bending cracks in the African elephant skin". Nature Communications. 9 (1): 3865. Bibcode:2018NatCo...9.3865M. doi:10.1038/s41467-018-06257-3. PMC 6168576. PMID 30279508.
Weissengruber, G. E.; Egger, G. F.; Hutchinson, J. R.; Groenewald, H. B.; Elsässer, L.; Famini, D.; Forstenpointner, G. (2006). "The structure of the cushions in the feet of African elephants (Loxodonta africana)". Journal of Anatomy. 209 (6): 781–792. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2006.00648.x. PMC 2048995. PMID 17118065.
Yang, Patricia J.; Pham, Jonathan; Choo, Jerome; Hu, David L. (19 August 2014). "Duration of urination does not change with body size". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 111 (33): 11932–11937. Bibcode:2014PNAS..11111932Y. doi:10.1073/pnas.1402289111. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 4143032. PMID 24969420.
Sharma, Virag; Lehmann, Thomas; Stuckas, Heiko; Funke, Liane; Hiller, Michael (2018). "Loss of RXFP2 and INSL3 genes in Afrotheria shows that testicular descent is the ancestral condition in placental mammals". PLOS Biology. 16 (6) e2005293. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.2005293. ISSN 1545-7885. PMC 6023123. PMID 29953435.
Siegel, J. M. (2005). "Clues to the functions of mammalian sleep". Nature. 437 (7063): 1264–1271. Bibcode:2005Natur.437.1264S. doi:10.1038/nature04285. PMC 8760626. PMID 16251951. S2CID 234089.
McComb, K.; Shannon, G.; Durant, S. M.; Sayialel, K.; Slotow, R.; Poole, J.; Moss, C. (2011). "Leadership in elephants: the adaptive value of age" (PDF). Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 278 (1722): 3270–3276. doi:10.1098/rspb.2011.0168. PMC 3169024. PMID 21411454. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 April 2013. Retrieved 26 December 2012.
LaDue, C. A.; Vandercone, R. P. G.; Kiso, W. K.; Freeman, E. W. (2022). "Social behavior and group formation in male Asian elephants (Elephas maximus): the effects of age and musth in wild and zoo-housed animals". Animals. 12 (9): 1215. doi:10.3390/ani12091215. PMC 9100748. PMID 35565641.
Allen, C. R. B.; Brent, L. J. N.; Motsentwa, T; Weiss, M. N.; Croft, D. P. (2020). "Importance of old bulls: leaders and followers in collective movements of all-male groups in African savannah elephants (Loxodonta africana)". Scientific Reports. 10 (1): 13996. Bibcode:2020NatSR..1013996A. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-70682-y. PMC 7471917. PMID 32883968.
Lueders, I.; Niemuller, C.; Rich, P.; Gray, C.; Hermes, R.; Goeritz, F.; Hildebrandt, T. B. (2012). "Gestating for 22 months: luteal development and pregnancy maintenance in elephants". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 279 (1743): 3687–3696. doi:10.1098/rspb.2012.1038. PMC 3415912. PMID 22719030.
Plotnik, J. M.; de Waal, F. B. M. & Reiss, D. (2006). "Self-recognition in an Asian elephant". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 103 (45): 17053–17057. Bibcode:2006PNAS..10317053P. doi:10.1073/pnas.0608062103. PMC 1636577. PMID 17075063.
McComb, K.; Baker, L.; Moss, C. (2006). "African elephants show high levels of interest in the skulls and ivory of their own species". Biology Letters. 2 (1): 26–28. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2005.0400. PMC 1617198. PMID 17148317.
Montgomery, R. A.; Raupp, J; Mukhwana, M; Greenleaf, A; Mudumba, T; Muruthi, P (2022). "The efficacy of interventions to protect crops from raiding elephants". Ambio. 51 (3): 716–727. Bibcode:2022Ambio..51..716M. doi:10.1007/s13280-021-01587-x. PMC 8800974. PMID 34173175.

nus.edu.sg (Global: 2,776^th place; English: 2,052^nd place)

scholarbank.nus.edu.sg

Campos-Arceiz, A.; Traeholt, C.; Jaffar, R.; Santamaria, L.; Corlett, R. T. (2012). "Asian tapirs are no elephants when it comes to seed dispersal". Biotropica. 44 (2): 220–227. Bibcode:2012Biotr..44..220C. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7429.2011.00784.x. hdl:10261/56573. S2CID 83604698.

nytimes.com (Global: 7^th place; English: 7^th place)

Fuller, Thomas (30 January 2016). "Unemployed, Myanmar's Elephants Grow Antsy, and Heavier". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 1 January 2022. Retrieved 31 January 2016.
Siebert, C. (8 October 2006). "An Elephant Crackup?". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 14 November 2012. Retrieved 25 October 2012.

palaeolexicon.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"elephant". Palaeolexicon, Word study tool of ancient languages. Archived from the original on 4 December 2012. Retrieved 19 January 2013.

reproduction-online.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Short, R. V.; Mann, T.; Hay, Mary F. (1967). "Male reproductive organs of the African elephant, Loxodonta africana" (PDF). Journal of Reproduction and Fertility. 13 (3): 517–536. doi:10.1530/jrf.0.0130517. PMID 6029179. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 July 2018. Retrieved 10 July 2017.

researchgate.net (Global: 120^th place; English: 125^th place)

Lister, A. M. (2004). "Ecological Interactions of Elephantids in Pleistocene Eurasia". Human Paleoecology in the Levantine Corridor. Oxbow Books. pp. 53–60. ISBN 978-1-78570-965-4.
Poole Joyce H (1989). "Mate guarding, reproductive success and female choice in African elephants" (PDF). Animal Behaviour. 37: 842–849. doi:10.1016/0003-3472(89)90068-7. S2CID 53150105. Archived from the original on 24 October 2018. Retrieved 24 October 2018.

rvc.ac.uk (Global: low place; English: 8,474^th place)

researchonline.rvc.ac.uk

Hutchinson, J. R.; Delmer, C; Miller, C. E.; Hildebrandt, T; Pitsillides, A. A.; Boyde, A (2011). "From flat foot to fat foot: structure, ontogeny, function, and evolution of elephant "sixth toes"" (PDF). Science. 334 (6063): 1699–1703. Bibcode:2011Sci...334R1699H. doi:10.1126/science.1211437. PMID 22194576. S2CID 206536505.
Hutchinson, J. R.; Famini, D.; Lair, R.; Kram, R. (2003). "Biomechanics: Are fast-moving elephants really running?". Nature. 422 (6931): 493–494. Bibcode:2003Natur.422..493H. doi:10.1038/422493a. PMID 12673241. S2CID 4403723. Archived from the original on 9 August 2022. Retrieved 3 January 2023.

savetheelephants.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Douglas-Hamilton, I.; Bhallaa, S.; Wittemyera, G.; Vollratha, F. (2006). "Behavioural reactions of elephants towards a dying and deceased matriarch" (PDF). Applied Animal Behaviour Science. 100 (1): 87–102. doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2006.04.014. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 May 2012.

semanticscholar.org (Global: 11^th place; English: 8^th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

Tabuce, R.; Asher, R. J.; Lehmann, T. (2008). "Afrotherian mammals: a review of current data" (PDF). Mammalia. 72: 2–14. doi:10.1515/MAMM.2008.004. ISSN 0025-1461. S2CID 46133294. Archived from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 19 June 2017.
Ozawa, T.; Hayashi, S.; Mikhelson, V. M. (1997). "Phylogenetic position of mammoth and Steller's sea cow within tethytheria demonstrated by mitochondrial DNA sequences". Journal of Molecular Evolution. 44 (4): 406–13. Bibcode:1997JMolE..44..406O. doi:10.1007/PL00006160. PMID 9089080. S2CID 417046.
Cantalapiedra, J. L.; Sanisidro, Ó.; Zhang, H.; Alberdi, M. T.; Prado, J. L.; Blanco, F.; Saarinen, J. (2021). "The rise and fall of proboscidean ecological diversity". Nature Ecology & Evolution. 5 (9): 1266–1272. Bibcode:2021NatEE...5.1266C. doi:10.1038/s41559-021-01498-w. hdl:10261/249360. PMID 34211141. S2CID 235712060.
Lister, A. M. (2013). "The role of behaviour in adaptive morphological evolution of African proboscideans". Nature. 500 (7462): 331–334. Bibcode:2013Natur.500..331L. doi:10.1038/nature12275. PMID 23803767. S2CID 883007.
Lister, A. M.; Sher, A. V. (2015). "Evolution and dispersal of mammoths across the Northern Hemisphere". Science. 350 (6262): 805–809. Bibcode:2015Sci...350..805L. doi:10.1126/science.aac5660. PMID 26564853. S2CID 206639522.
Romano, M.; Manucci, F.; Palombo, M. R. (2021). "The smallest of the largest: new volumetric body mass estimate and in-vivo restoration of the dwarf elephant Palaeoloxodon ex gr. P. falconeri from Spinagallo Cave (Sicily)". Historical Biology. 33 (3): 340–353. Bibcode:2021HBio...33..340R. doi:10.1080/08912963.2019.1617289. S2CID 181855906.
Mole, Michael A.; Rodrigues Dáraujo, Shaun; Van Aarde, Rudi J.; Mitchell, Duncan; Fuller, Andrea (2018). "Savanna elephants maintain homeothermy under African heat". Journal of Comparative Physiology B. 188 (5): 889–897. doi:10.1007/s00360-018-1170-5. PMID 30008137. S2CID 51626564. Archived from the original on 15 May 2021. Retrieved 14 May 2021.
Narasimhan, A. (2008). "Why do elephants have big ear flaps?". Resonance. 13 (7): 638–647. doi:10.1007/s12045-008-0070-5. S2CID 121443269.
Dagenais, P; Hensman, S; Haechler, V; Milinkovitch, M. C. (2021). "Elephants evolved strategies reducing the biomechanical complexity of their trunk". Current Biology. 31 (21): 4727–4737. Bibcode:2021CBio...31E4727D. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2021.08.029. PMID 34428468. S2CID 237273086.
West, J. B. (2002). "Why doesn't the elephant have a pleural space?". Physiology. 17 (2): 47–50. doi:10.1152/nips.01374.2001. PMID 11909991. S2CID 27321751.
Hutchinson, J. R.; Delmer, C; Miller, C. E.; Hildebrandt, T; Pitsillides, A. A.; Boyde, A (2011). "From flat foot to fat foot: structure, ontogeny, function, and evolution of elephant "sixth toes"" (PDF). Science. 334 (6063): 1699–1703. Bibcode:2011Sci...334R1699H. doi:10.1126/science.1211437. PMID 22194576. S2CID 206536505.
Hutchinson, J. R.; Famini, D.; Lair, R.; Kram, R. (2003). "Biomechanics: Are fast-moving elephants really running?". Nature. 422 (6931): 493–494. Bibcode:2003Natur.422..493H. doi:10.1038/422493a. PMID 12673241. S2CID 4403723. Archived from the original on 9 August 2022. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
Siegel, J. M. (2005). "Clues to the functions of mammalian sleep". Nature. 437 (7063): 1264–1271. Bibcode:2005Natur.437.1264S. doi:10.1038/nature04285. PMC 8760626. PMID 16251951. S2CID 234089.
Campos-Arceiz, A.; Traeholt, C.; Jaffar, R.; Santamaria, L.; Corlett, R. T. (2012). "Asian tapirs are no elephants when it comes to seed dispersal". Biotropica. 44 (2): 220–227. Bibcode:2012Biotr..44..220C. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7429.2011.00784.x. hdl:10261/56573. S2CID 83604698.
Laursen, L.; Bekoff, M. (1978). "Loxodonta africana" (PDF). Mammalian Species (92): 1–8. doi:10.2307/3503889. JSTOR 3503889. S2CID 253949585. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 April 2013.
Power, R. J.; Shem Compion, R. X. (2009). "Lion predation on elephants in the Savuti, Chobe National Park, Botswana". African Zoology. 44 (1): 36–44. doi:10.3377/004.044.0104. S2CID 86371484.
de Silva, S.; Wittemyer, G. (2012). "A comparison of social organization in Asian elephants and African savannah elephants". International Journal of Primatology. 33 (5): 1125–1141. doi:10.1007/s10764-011-9564-1. S2CID 17209753.
Goldenberg, S. Z.; de Silva, S.; Rasmussen, H. B.; Douglas-Hamilton, I.; Wittemyer, G. (2014). "Controlling for behavioural state reveals social dynamics among male African elephants, Loxodonta africana". Animal Behaviour. 95: 111–119. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2014.07.002. S2CID 53152412.
Slotow, R.; van Dyk, G.; Poole, J.; Page, B.; Klocke, A. (2000). "Older bull elephants control young males". Nature. 408 (6811): 425–426. Bibcode:2000Natur.408..425S. doi:10.1038/35044191. PMID 11100713. S2CID 136330.
Poole Joyce H (1989). "Mate guarding, reproductive success and female choice in African elephants" (PDF). Animal Behaviour. 37: 842–849. doi:10.1016/0003-3472(89)90068-7. S2CID 53150105. Archived from the original on 24 October 2018. Retrieved 24 October 2018.
Herbest, C. T.; Stoeger, A.; Frey, R.; Lohscheller, J.; Titze, I. R.; Gumpenberger, M.; Fitch, W. T. (2012). "How Low Can You Go? Physical Production Mechanism of Elephant Infrasonic Vocalizations". Science. 337 (6094): 595–599. Bibcode:2012Sci...337..595H. doi:10.1126/science.1219712. PMID 22859490. S2CID 32792564.
Payne, K. B.; Langbauer, W. R.; Thomas, E. M. (1986). "Infrasonic calls of the Asian elephant (Elephas maximus)". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 18 (4): 297–301. Bibcode:1986BEcoS..18..297P. doi:10.1007/BF00300007. S2CID 1480496.
O'Connell-Rodwell, C. E.; Wood, J. D.; Rodwell, T. C.; Puria, S.; Partan, S. R.; Keefe, R.; Shriver, D.; Arnason, B. T.; Hart, L. A. (2006). "Wild elephant (Loxodonta africana) breeding herds respond to artificially transmitted seismic stimuli" (PDF). Behavioural and Ecological Sociobiology. 59 (6): 842–850. Bibcode:2006BEcoS..59..842O. doi:10.1007/s00265-005-0136-2. S2CID 33221888. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 December 2013.
Hart, B. J.; Hart, L. A.; McCory, M.; Sarath, C. R. (2001). "Cognitive behaviour in Asian elephants: use and modification of branches for fly switching". Animal Behaviour. 62 (5): 839–847. doi:10.1006/anbe.2001.1815. S2CID 53184282.

si.edu (Global: 340^th place; English: 295^th place)

nationalzoo.si.edu

"Elephant Reproduction Project: The Estrous Cycle of Elephants". Smithsonian National Zoo. Archived from the original on 6 June 2012. Retrieved 8 October 2012.

smh.com.au (Global: 132^nd place; English: 96^th place)

Highfield, R. (17 February 2006). "Elephant rage: they never forgive, either". The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on 20 September 2013. Retrieved 16 June 2007.

smith.edu (Global: 2,717^th place; English: 2,175^th place)

science.smith.edu

Shoshani, J.; Eisenberg, J. F. (1982). "Elephas maximus" (PDF). Mammalian Species (182): 1–8. doi:10.2307/3504045. JSTOR 3504045. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 27 October 2012.
Laursen, L.; Bekoff, M. (1978). "Loxodonta africana" (PDF). Mammalian Species (92): 1–8. doi:10.2307/3503889. JSTOR 3503889. S2CID 253949585. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 April 2013.

springer.com (Global: 274^th place; English: 309^th place)

link.springer.com

Mole, Michael A.; Rodrigues Dáraujo, Shaun; Van Aarde, Rudi J.; Mitchell, Duncan; Fuller, Andrea (2018). "Savanna elephants maintain homeothermy under African heat". Journal of Comparative Physiology B. 188 (5): 889–897. doi:10.1007/s00360-018-1170-5. PMID 30008137. S2CID 51626564. Archived from the original on 15 May 2021. Retrieved 14 May 2021.

sussex.ac.uk (Global: 6,651^st place; English: 4,464^th place)

lifesci.sussex.ac.uk

McComb, K.; Shannon, G.; Durant, S. M.; Sayialel, K.; Slotow, R.; Poole, J.; Moss, C. (2011). "Leadership in elephants: the adaptive value of age" (PDF). Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 278 (1722): 3270–3276. doi:10.1098/rspb.2011.0168. PMC 3169024. PMID 21411454. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 April 2013. Retrieved 26 December 2012.

taylorfrancis.com (Global: 3,142^nd place; English: 2,072^nd place)

Sanders, William J. (7 July 2023). Evolution and Fossil Record of African Proboscidea (1 ed.). Boca Raton: CRC Press. pp. 154, 220. doi:10.1201/b20016. ISBN 978-1-315-11891-8.

telegraph.co.uk (Global: 30^th place; English: 24^th place)

Gray, R. (20 January 2008). "Why elephants are not so long in the tusk". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 18 October 2009. Retrieved 27 January 2013.

theguardian.com (Global: 12^th place; English: 11^th place)

Hicks, Celeste (19 March 2013). "86 elephants killed in Chad poaching massacre". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 23 September 2015.
Ryan, F. (26 September 2015). "China and US agree on ivory ban in bid to end illegal trade globally". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 21 December 2019. Retrieved 12 October 2015.

tufts.edu (Global: 155^th place; English: 138^th place)

perseus.tufts.edu

Liddell, H. G.; Scott, R (1940). "ἐλέφας". A Greek-English Lexicon (Revised and augmented ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press.

ucdavis.edu (Global: 1,873^rd place; English: 1,347^th place)

roadecology.ucdavis.edu

Reuter, T.; Nummela, S.; Hemilä, S. (1998). "Elephant hearing" (PDF). Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 104 (2): 1122–1123. Bibcode:1998ASAJ..104.1122R. doi:10.1121/1.423341. PMID 9714930. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 December 2012.

ucla.edu (Global: 782^nd place; English: 585^th place)

sscnet.ucla.edu

O'Connell-Rodwell, C. E.; Wood, J. D.; Rodwell, T. C.; Puria, S.; Partan, S. R.; Keefe, R.; Shriver, D.; Arnason, B. T.; Hart, L. A. (2006). "Wild elephant (Loxodonta africana) breeding herds respond to artificially transmitted seismic stimuli" (PDF). Behavioural and Ecological Sociobiology. 59 (6): 842–850. Bibcode:2006BEcoS..59..842O. doi:10.1007/s00265-005-0136-2. S2CID 33221888. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 December 2013.

umontpellier.fr (Global: low place; English: low place)

hal.umontpellier.fr

Benoit, J.; Lyras, G. A.; Schmitt, A.; Nxumalo, M.; Tabuce, R.; Obada, T.; Mararsecul, V.; Manger, P. (2023). "Paleoneurology of the Proboscidea (Mammalia, Afrotheria): Insights from Their Brain Endocast and Labyrinth". In Dozo, M. T.; Paulina-Carabajal, A.; Macrini, T. E.; Walsh, S. (eds.). Paleoneurology of Amniotes. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 579–644. doi:10.1007/978-3-031-13983-3_15. ISBN 978-3-031-13982-6.

washington.edu (Global: 1,067^th place; English: 749^th place)

faculty.washington.edu

Campos-Arceiz, A.; Blake, S. (2011). "Mega-gardeners of the forest – the role of elephants in seed dispersal" (PDF). Acta Oecologica. 37 (6): 542–553. Bibcode:2011AcO....37..542C. doi:10.1016/j.actao.2011.01.014. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 June 2013. Retrieved 22 November 2012.

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

Harper, D. "Elephant". Online Etymology Dictionary. Archived from the original on 24 December 2013. Retrieved 25 October 2012.
Lujan, E. R.; Bernabe, A. (2012). "Ivory and horn production in Mycenaean texts". In Nosch, M.-L.; Laffineur, R. (eds.). Kosmos. Jewellery, Adornment and Textiles in the Aegean Bronze Age. Aegaeum 33. Liège: Peeters. Archived from the original on 20 October 2021. Retrieved 22 January 2013.
"elephant". Palaeolexicon, Word study tool of ancient languages. Archived from the original on 4 December 2012. Retrieved 19 January 2013.
Tabuce, R.; Asher, R. J.; Lehmann, T. (2008). "Afrotherian mammals: a review of current data" (PDF). Mammalia. 72: 2–14. doi:10.1515/MAMM.2008.004. ISSN 0025-1461. S2CID 46133294. Archived from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 19 June 2017.
Shoshani, J. (2005). "Order Proboscidea". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Vol. 1 (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 90–91. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494. Archived from the original on 1 February 2015. Retrieved 11 November 2016.
Shoshani, J.; Eisenberg, J. F. (1982). "Elephas maximus" (PDF). Mammalian Species (182): 1–8. doi:10.2307/3504045. JSTOR 3504045. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 27 October 2012.
Somgrid, C. "Elephant Anatomy and Biology: Skeletal system". Elephant Research and Education Center, Department of Companion Animal and Wildlife Clinics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University. Archived from the original on 13 June 2012. Retrieved 21 September 2012.
Mole, Michael A.; Rodrigues Dáraujo, Shaun; Van Aarde, Rudi J.; Mitchell, Duncan; Fuller, Andrea (2018). "Savanna elephants maintain homeothermy under African heat". Journal of Comparative Physiology B. 188 (5): 889–897. doi:10.1007/s00360-018-1170-5. PMID 30008137. S2CID 51626564. Archived from the original on 15 May 2021. Retrieved 14 May 2021.
Reuter, T.; Nummela, S.; Hemilä, S. (1998). "Elephant hearing" (PDF). Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 104 (2): 1122–1123. Bibcode:1998ASAJ..104.1122R. doi:10.1121/1.423341. PMID 9714930. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 December 2012.
Somgrid, C. "Elephant Anatomy and Biology: Special sense organs". Elephant Research and Education Center, Department of Companion Animal and Wildlife Clinics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University. Archived from the original on 29 July 2013. Retrieved 21 September 2012.
Cole, M. (14 November 1992). "Lead in lake blamed for floppy trunks". New Scientist. Archived from the original on 17 May 2008. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
"Elephants Evolve Smaller Tusks Due to Poaching". Environmental News Network. 20 January 2008. Archived from the original on 21 November 2015. Retrieved 25 September 2012.
"Under poaching pressure, elephants are evolving to lose their tusks". National Geographic. 9 November 2018. Archived from the original on 3 March 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2021.
Gray, R. (20 January 2008). "Why elephants are not so long in the tusk". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 18 October 2009. Retrieved 27 January 2013.
Hutchinson, J. R.; Famini, D.; Lair, R.; Kram, R. (2003). "Biomechanics: Are fast-moving elephants really running?". Nature. 422 (6931): 493–494. Bibcode:2003Natur.422..493H. doi:10.1038/422493a. PMID 12673241. S2CID 4403723. Archived from the original on 9 August 2022. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
O'Connell, Caitlin (20 July 2016). "Elephant Don: The Politics of a Pachyderm Posse". University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-38005-6. Archived from the original on 21 March 2023. Retrieved 16 September 2022.
Murray E. Fowler; Susan K. Mikota (2006). Biology, Medicine, and Surgery of Elephants. John Wiley & Sons. p. 353. ISBN 978-0-8138-0676-1. Archived from the original on 21 March 2023. Retrieved 17 October 2020.
Short, R. V.; Mann, T.; Hay, Mary F. (1967). "Male reproductive organs of the African elephant, Loxodonta africana" (PDF). Journal of Reproduction and Fertility. 13 (3): 517–536. doi:10.1530/jrf.0.0130517. PMID 6029179. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 July 2018. Retrieved 10 July 2017.
Campos-Arceiz, A.; Blake, S. (2011). "Mega-gardeners of the forest – the role of elephants in seed dispersal" (PDF). Acta Oecologica. 37 (6): 542–553. Bibcode:2011AcO....37..542C. doi:10.1016/j.actao.2011.01.014. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 June 2013. Retrieved 22 November 2012.
Laursen, L.; Bekoff, M. (1978). "Loxodonta africana" (PDF). Mammalian Species (92): 1–8. doi:10.2307/3503889. JSTOR 3503889. S2CID 253949585. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 April 2013.
"Tiger kills elephant at Eravikulam park". The New Indian Express. 2009. Archived from the original on 11 May 2016. Retrieved 21 June 2014.
Harris, M.; Sherwin, C.; Harris, S. (2008). "Defra final report on elephant welfare" (PDF). University of Bristol. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 November 2014. Retrieved 30 October 2012.
McComb, K.; Shannon, G.; Durant, S. M.; Sayialel, K.; Slotow, R.; Poole, J.; Moss, C. (2011). "Leadership in elephants: the adaptive value of age" (PDF). Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 278 (1722): 3270–3276. doi:10.1098/rspb.2011.0168. PMC 3169024. PMID 21411454. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 April 2013. Retrieved 26 December 2012.
"Elephant Reproduction Project: The Estrous Cycle of Elephants". Smithsonian National Zoo. Archived from the original on 6 June 2012. Retrieved 8 October 2012.
Poole Joyce H (1989). "Mate guarding, reproductive success and female choice in African elephants" (PDF). Animal Behaviour. 37: 842–849. doi:10.1016/0003-3472(89)90068-7. S2CID 53150105. Archived from the original on 24 October 2018. Retrieved 24 October 2018.
"Elephant Life Cycle". ElephantsForever.co.za. Archived from the original on 29 September 2014. Retrieved 21 June 2014.
"Elephant Life Cycle – Adolescence". ElephantsForever.co.za. Archived from the original on 30 May 2014. Retrieved 21 June 2014.
"War veteran elephant dies". BBC News. 26 February 2003. Archived from the original on 12 November 2012. Retrieved 8 January 2013.
O'Connell-Rodwell, C. E.; Wood, J. D.; Rodwell, T. C.; Puria, S.; Partan, S. R.; Keefe, R.; Shriver, D.; Arnason, B. T.; Hart, L. A. (2006). "Wild elephant (Loxodonta africana) breeding herds respond to artificially transmitted seismic stimuli" (PDF). Behavioural and Ecological Sociobiology. 59 (6): 842–850. Bibcode:2006BEcoS..59..842O. doi:10.1007/s00265-005-0136-2. S2CID 33221888. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 December 2013.
Douglas-Hamilton, I.; Bhallaa, S.; Wittemyera, G.; Vollratha, F. (2006). "Behavioural reactions of elephants towards a dying and deceased matriarch" (PDF). Applied Animal Behaviour Science. 100 (1): 87–102. doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2006.04.014. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 May 2012.
Thouless, C. R.; Dublin, H. T.; Blanc, J. J.; Skinner, D. P.; Daniel, T. E.; Taylor, R. D.; Maisels, F.; Frederick, H. L.; Bouché, P. (2016). "African Elephant Status Report 2016" (PDF). IUCN African Elephant Database. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 June 2021. Retrieved 5 June 2021.
Christy, B. (October 2012). "Ivory Worship". National Geographic. Archived from the original on 26 September 2015. Retrieved 17 October 2012.
Hicks, Celeste (19 March 2013). "86 elephants killed in Chad poaching massacre". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 23 September 2015.
Ryan, F. (26 September 2015). "China and US agree on ivory ban in bid to end illegal trade globally". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 21 December 2019. Retrieved 12 October 2015.
Bist, S. S.; Cheeran, J. V.; Choudhury, S.; Barua, P.; Misra, M. K. "The domesticated Asian elephant in India". Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific. Archived from the original on 1 June 2015. Retrieved 25 December 2012.
Lohanan, Roger (February 2001). "The elephant situation in Thailand and a plea for co-operation". FAO. Archived from the original on 4 April 2016. Retrieved 31 January 2016.
Sterm, A. (28 February 2005). "Elephant deaths at zoos reignite animal debate: Zoo supporters cite conservation, activists cite confined spaces". MSNBC/Reuters. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 24 October 2012.
Harris, M.; Sherwin, C.; Harris, S. (10 November 2008). "Defra Final Report on Elephant Welfare" (PDF). University of Bristol. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 November 2014. Retrieved 16 November 2011.
Mott, M. (11 December 2008). "Wild elephants live longer than their zoo counterparts". National Geographic News. Archived from the original on 4 May 2015. Retrieved 24 October 2012.
"Circus Myths: The true cruelty under the big top". Humane Society of the United States. 25 September 2009. Archived from the original on 5 September 2015. Retrieved 24 October 2012.
Karimi, Faith (2 May 2016). "Ringling Bros. elephants perform last show". St. Petersburg, Florida: CNN. Archived from the original on 22 September 2017. Retrieved 21 September 2017.
Huggler, J. (12 October 2006). "Animal Behaviour: Rogue Elephants". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 14 May 2008. Retrieved 16 June 2007.
Highfield, R. (17 February 2006). "Elephant rage: they never forgive, either". The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on 20 September 2013. Retrieved 16 June 2007.
Siebert, C. (8 October 2006). "An Elephant Crackup?". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 14 November 2012. Retrieved 25 October 2012.
"India elephant rampage". BBC News. 24 December 1998. Archived from the original on 26 May 2007. Retrieved 16 June 2007.
"Drunken elephants trample village". BBC News. 21 October 1999. Archived from the original on 26 December 2007. Retrieved 16 June 2007.
"Drunk elephants kill six people". BBC News. 17 December 2002. Archived from the original on 8 April 2013. Retrieved 16 June 2007.

worldcat.org (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

search.worldcat.org

Tabuce, R.; Asher, R. J.; Lehmann, T. (2008). "Afrotherian mammals: a review of current data" (PDF). Mammalia. 72: 2–14. doi:10.1515/MAMM.2008.004. ISSN 0025-1461. S2CID 46133294. Archived from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 19 June 2017.
Shoshani, J. (2005). "Order Proboscidea". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Vol. 1 (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 90–91. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494. Archived from the original on 1 February 2015. Retrieved 11 November 2016.
Palkopoulou, Eleftheria; Lipson, Mark; Mallick, Swapan; Nielsen, Svend; Rohland, Nadin; Baleka, Sina; Karpinski, Emil; Ivancevic, Atma M.; To, Thu-Hien; Kortschak, R. Daniel; Raison, Joy M. (13 March 2018). "A comprehensive genomic history of extinct and living elephants". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 115 (11): E2566 – E2574. Bibcode:2018PNAS..115E2566P. doi:10.1073/pnas.1720554115. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 5856550. PMID 29483247.
Liu, Alexander G. S. C.; Seiffert, Erik R.; Simons, Elwyn L. (15 April 2008). "Stable isotope evidence for an amphibious phase in early proboscidean evolution". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 105 (15): 5786–5791. Bibcode:2008PNAS..105.5786L. doi:10.1073/pnas.0800884105. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 2311368. PMID 18413605.
Rogers, R. L.; Slatkin, M. (2017). "Excess of genomic defects in a woolly mammoth on Wrangel island". PLOS Genetics. 13 (3) e1006601. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1006601. ISSN 1553-7404. PMC 5333797. PMID 28253255.
Deiringer, Nora; Schneeweiß, Undine; Kaufmann, Lena V.; Eigen, Lennart; Speissegger, Celina; Gerhardt, Ben; Holtze, Susanne; Fritsch, Guido; Göritz, Frank; Becker, Rolf; Ochs, Andreas; Hildebrandt, Thomas; Brecht, Michael (8 June 2023). "The functional anatomy of elephant trunk whiskers". Communications Biology. 6 (1): 591. doi:10.1038/s42003-023-04945-5. ISSN 2399-3642. PMC 10250425. PMID 37291455.
Yang, Patricia J.; Pham, Jonathan; Choo, Jerome; Hu, David L. (19 August 2014). "Duration of urination does not change with body size". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 111 (33): 11932–11937. Bibcode:2014PNAS..11111932Y. doi:10.1073/pnas.1402289111. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 4143032. PMID 24969420.
Sharma, Virag; Lehmann, Thomas; Stuckas, Heiko; Funke, Liane; Hiller, Michael (2018). "Loss of RXFP2 and INSL3 genes in Afrotheria shows that testicular descent is the ancestral condition in placental mammals". PLOS Biology. 16 (6) e2005293. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.2005293. ISSN 1545-7885. PMC 6023123. PMID 29953435.

Elephant (English Wikipedia)

academia.edu (Global: 121st place; English: 142nd place)

ansto.gov.au (Global: low place; English: low place)

apo.ansto.gov.au

archive.org (Global: 6th place; English: 6th place)

archive.today (Global: 14th place; English: 14th place)

asianelephantresearch.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

bbc.co.uk (Global: 8th place; English: 10th place)

news.bbc.co.uk

biologists.org (Global: 3,870th place; English: 3,434th place)

jeb.biologists.org

books.google.com (Global: 3rd place; English: 3rd place)

cnn.com (Global: 28th place; English: 26th place)

dailyrecord.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

defra.gov.uk (Global: 7,481st place; English: 4,473rd place)

randd.defra.gov.uk

doi.org (Global: 2nd place; English: 2nd place)

dw.com (Global: 204th place; English: 353rd place)

elephants.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

elephantsforever.co.za (Global: low place; English: low place)

enn.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

epn.edu.ec (Global: low place; English: low place)

bibdigital.epn.edu.ec

etymonline.com (Global: 287th place; English: 321st place)

fao.org (Global: 318th place; English: 411th place)

ghostarchive.org (Global: 32nd place; English: 21st place)

handle.net (Global: 102nd place; English: 76th place)

hdl.handle.net

harvard.edu (Global: 18th place; English: 17th place)

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

humanesociety.org (Global: low place; English: 6,576th place)

independent.co.uk (Global: 36th place; English: 33rd place)

iucn.org (Global: 3,100th place; English: 2,591st place)

portals.iucn.org

iucnredlist.org (Global: 88th place; English: 160th place)

jstor.org (Global: 26th place; English: 20th place)

nationalgeographic.com (Global: 344th place; English: 296th place)

nationalgeographic.com

ngm.nationalgeographic.com

news.nationalgeographic.com

nature.com (Global: 234th place; English: 397th place)

newindianexpress.com (Global: 188th place; English: 118th place)

newscientist.com (Global: 774th place; English: 716th place)

nih.gov (Global: 4th place; English: 4th place)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

nus.edu.sg (Global: 2,776th place; English: 2,052nd place)

scholarbank.nus.edu.sg

nytimes.com (Global: 7th place; English: 7th place)

palaeolexicon.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

reproduction-online.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

researchgate.net (Global: 120th place; English: 125th place)

rvc.ac.uk (Global: low place; English: 8,474th place)

researchonline.rvc.ac.uk

savetheelephants.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

semanticscholar.org (Global: 11th place; English: 8th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

si.edu (Global: 340th place; English: 295th place)

nationalzoo.si.edu

smh.com.au (Global: 132nd place; English: 96th place)

smith.edu (Global: 2,717th place; English: 2,175th place)

science.smith.edu

springer.com (Global: 274th place; English: 309th place)

link.springer.com

sussex.ac.uk (Global: 6,651st place; English: 4,464th place)

lifesci.sussex.ac.uk

taylorfrancis.com (Global: 3,142nd place; English: 2,072nd place)

telegraph.co.uk (Global: 30th place; English: 24th place)

theguardian.com (Global: 12th place; English: 11th place)

tufts.edu (Global: 155th place; English: 138th place)

perseus.tufts.edu

ucdavis.edu (Global: 1,873rd place; English: 1,347th place)

roadecology.ucdavis.edu

ucla.edu (Global: 782nd place; English: 585th place)

sscnet.ucla.edu

umontpellier.fr (Global: low place; English: low place)

hal.umontpellier.fr

washington.edu (Global: 1,067th place; English: 749th place)

faculty.washington.edu

web.archive.org (Global: 1st place; English: 1st place)

academia.edu (Global: 121^st place; English: 142^nd place)

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; English: 6^th place)

archive.today (Global: 14^th place; English: 14^th place)

bbc.co.uk (Global: 8^th place; English: 10^th place)

biologists.org (Global: 3,870^th place; English: 3,434^th place)

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

cnn.com (Global: 28^th place; English: 26^th place)

defra.gov.uk (Global: 7,481^st place; English: 4,473^rd place)

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

dw.com (Global: 204^th place; English: 353^rd place)

etymonline.com (Global: 287^th place; English: 321^st place)

fao.org (Global: 318^th place; English: 411^th place)

ghostarchive.org (Global: 32^nd place; English: 21^st place)

handle.net (Global: 102^nd place; English: 76^th place)

harvard.edu (Global: 18^th place; English: 17^th place)

humanesociety.org (Global: low place; English: 6,576^th place)

independent.co.uk (Global: 36^th place; English: 33^rd place)

iucn.org (Global: 3,100^th place; English: 2,591^st place)

iucnredlist.org (Global: 88^th place; English: 160^th place)

jstor.org (Global: 26^th place; English: 20^th place)

nationalgeographic.com (Global: 344^th place; English: 296^th place)

nature.com (Global: 234^th place; English: 397^th place)

newindianexpress.com (Global: 188^th place; English: 118^th place)

newscientist.com (Global: 774^th place; English: 716^th place)

nih.gov (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)

nus.edu.sg (Global: 2,776^th place; English: 2,052^nd place)

nytimes.com (Global: 7^th place; English: 7^th place)

researchgate.net (Global: 120^th place; English: 125^th place)

rvc.ac.uk (Global: low place; English: 8,474^th place)

semanticscholar.org (Global: 11^th place; English: 8^th place)

si.edu (Global: 340^th place; English: 295^th place)

smh.com.au (Global: 132^nd place; English: 96^th place)

smith.edu (Global: 2,717^th place; English: 2,175^th place)

springer.com (Global: 274^th place; English: 309^th place)

sussex.ac.uk (Global: 6,651^st place; English: 4,464^th place)

taylorfrancis.com (Global: 3,142^nd place; English: 2,072^nd place)

telegraph.co.uk (Global: 30^th place; English: 24^th place)

theguardian.com (Global: 12^th place; English: 11^th place)

tufts.edu (Global: 155^th place; English: 138^th place)

ucdavis.edu (Global: 1,873^rd place; English: 1,347^th place)

ucla.edu (Global: 782^nd place; English: 585^th place)

washington.edu (Global: 1,067^th place; English: 749^th place)

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

worldcat.org (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)