Elizabeth Fry (English Wikipedia)

Evans, R. Paul; Wilkinson, Alf (2018). "6. Methods of punishment; The need for prison reform". WJEC GCSE History: Changes in Crime and Punishment, c.1500 to the present day. Study guides. Hodder Education. ISBN 978-1-510401921 – via BBC Bitesize guides.

bbc.com (Global: 26^th place; English: 23^rd place)

"£5 note: Deadline looms for digging out old paper fivers". BBC News. 3 May 2017. Retrieved 31 March 2023.

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

Frost, Lucy (2008). "Gifts of Patchwork and Visits to Whitehall: The British Ladies' Society and Female Convict Ships". In Thomas, Sue (ed.). Victorian Traffic: Identity, Exchange, Performance. Newcastle, UK: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 2–18. ISBN 978-1-4438-1025-8.
Drenth, Annemieke van; Haan, Francisca de (1999). The Rise of Caring Power: Elizabeth Fry and Josephine Butler in Britain and the Netherlands. Amsterdam University Press. p. 27. ISBN 978-90-5356-385-4.

britannica.com (Global: 37^th place; English: 64^th place)

"Joseph John Gurney". Britannica.

brunel.ac.uk (Global: low place; English: 8,368^th place)

bura.brunel.ac.uk

Bruin, Mary (2005). The transcription and notation of Elizabeth Fry's journal 1780–1845 (PhD thesis). Brunel Business School, Brunel University. For references to use of the name Betsy, see pp. 18, 25, 52, 56–59, 63, 66, 70.

churchofengland.org (Global: 5,737^th place; English: 3,437^th place)

"The Calendar". The Church of England. Retrieved 8 April 2021.

cliftonbelfast.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Elizabeth Fry & the Foundation of the Ladies Committee of the Poor House". Clifton House. 13 March 2020.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

de Haan, Francisca. "Fry [née Gurney], Elizabeth (1780–1845)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/10208. (Subscription, Wikipedia Library access or UK public library membership required.)
Huntsman, R G; Bruin, Mary; Holttum, Deborah (2002). "Twixt Candle and Lamp: The Contribution of Elizabeth Fry and the Institution of Nursing Sisters to Nursing Reform". Medical History. 46 (3): 351–380. doi:10.1017/S0025727300069398. PMC 1044528. PMID 12194425.

dur.ac.uk (Global: 3,454^th place; English: 2,094^th place)

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"Crime and Punishment: Elizabeth Fry". Durham University. Archived from the original on 22 October 2021. Retrieved 2 June 2022.

eastendwomensmuseum.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Barrett, Elizabeth (10 August 2021). "Elizabeth Fry: The Angel of Prisons". East End Women's Museum. Retrieved 11 February 2022.

elizabethfry.co.uk (Global: low place; English: low place)

"History". The Elizabeth Fry Charity. 2020. Archived from the original on 11 February 2022. Retrieved 11 February 2022. Elizabeth Fry died in 1845. Wishing to commemorate her work, the Lord Mayor of London convened a meeting at which it was decided to found an institute for ex-prisoners in her memory – the Elizabeth Fry Refuge

friendshouse.co.uk (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Meeting Rooms". Friends House. Retrieved 3 January 2023.

geoview.info (Global: low place; English: 8,959^th place)

za.geoview.info

"Elizabeth Fry Street". ZA geoview. City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality, Gauteng, South Africa. Retrieved 24 October 2019.

gutenberg.org (Global: 629^th place; English: 427^th place)

Pitman, E. R. (Mrs.) (2005) [1884]. "VII. Evidence Before the House of Commons". Elizabeth Fry (Ebook ed.). Boston: Roberts Brothers – via Project Gutenberg.

hackneyhistory.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"195 Mare Street" (PDF). Discovery. The Friends of Hackney Archives. Hester Johanna (b. 1801), lived on in the house until 1860, when it was purchased by the trustees of the Elizabeth Fry Refuge.

historicengland.org.uk (Global: 275^th place; English: 123^rd place)

Historic England. "WEST HAM PARK, Newham (1001685)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 22 March 2018.

howardleague.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

""Elizabeth Fry", The Howard League for Penal Reform". Archived from the original on 27 March 2013.

nationalarchives.gov.uk (Global: 718^th place; English: 414^th place)

discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk

"Elizabeth Fry Probation Hostel". Discovery. The National Archives. The Elizabeth Fry Refuge was founded in 1849, following a public subscription undertaken in 1846 shortly after the death of the prison reformer Elizabeth Fry (1780–1845).
"Summaries of records created by: Fry, Elizabeth, (1780–1845), penal reformer and philanthropist". Discovery. The National Archives.

nih.gov (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Huntsman, R G; Bruin, Mary; Holttum, Deborah (2002). "Twixt Candle and Lamp: The Contribution of Elizabeth Fry and the Institution of Nursing Sisters to Nursing Reform". Medical History. 46 (3): 351–380. doi:10.1017/S0025727300069398. PMC 1044528. PMID 12194425.

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Huntsman, R G; Bruin, Mary; Holttum, Deborah (2002). "Twixt Candle and Lamp: The Contribution of Elizabeth Fry and the Institution of Nursing Sisters to Nursing Reform". Medical History. 46 (3): 351–380. doi:10.1017/S0025727300069398. PMC 1044528. PMID 12194425.

nsw.gov.au (Global: 233^rd place; English: 113^th place)

historyandheritage.cityofparramatta.nsw.gov.au

"Women Transported", Parramatta Heritage Centre, p. 13

oxforddnb.com (Global: 179^th place; English: 104^th place)

de Haan, Francisca. "Fry [née Gurney], Elizabeth (1780–1845)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/10208. (Subscription, Wikipedia Library access or UK public library membership required.)
Hudson Gurney: ODNB article Peter Osborne (2004) "Gurney, Hudson (1775–1864)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press
Amanda Phillips (2004) "Irving, Lydia (1797–1893)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press. Accessed 20 June 2017

play.google.com (Global: 1,365^th place; English: 1,034^th place)

Sigourney, Lydia (1842). "Mrs. Fry at Newgate Prison". Pleasant Memories of Pleasant Lands. James Munroe & Company.

prisonhistory.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Crone, Rosalind (25 June 2022). "Elizabeth Fry Refuge". 19th Century Prison History. Retrieved 23 June 2025.

quakersintheworld.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Elizabeth Fry". www.quakersintheworld.org.

spartacus-educational.com (Global: 4,241^st place; English: 3,572^nd place)

"Elizabeth Fry". Spartacus Educational. Retrieved 29 March 2024.

theguardian.com (Global: 16^th place; English: 11^th place)

Allen, Katie (26 April 2013). "New £5 note replaces Elizabeth Fry with Sir Winston Churchill". The Guardian. Retrieved 29 June 2013.

uea.ac.uk (Global: low place; English: 6,154^th place)

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"Earlham Hall: A history". University of East Anglia. Archived from the original on 24 October 2008. Retrieved 11 July 2008.

ukwells.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Elizabeth Fry". UK Wells. UK Christian Heritage. 2023. Betsy's character as a child is described by her sister Catherine in her later years. 'Betsy had more genius than anyone ...'

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

"Crime and Punishment: Elizabeth Fry". Durham University. Archived from the original on 22 October 2021. Retrieved 2 June 2022.
"Earlham Hall: A history". University of East Anglia. Archived from the original on 24 October 2008. Retrieved 11 July 2008.
""Elizabeth Fry", The Howard League for Penal Reform". Archived from the original on 27 March 2013.
"History". The Elizabeth Fry Charity. 2020. Archived from the original on 11 February 2022. Retrieved 11 February 2022. Elizabeth Fry died in 1845. Wishing to commemorate her work, the Lord Mayor of London convened a meeting at which it was decided to found an institute for ex-prisoners in her memory – the Elizabeth Fry Refuge
"Current Banknotes £5 Note (Elizabeth Fry)". Bank of England. Archived from the original on 24 March 2006. Retrieved 19 October 2008.

wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org (Global: 524^th place; English: 218^th place)

de Haan, Francisca. "Fry [née Gurney], Elizabeth (1780–1845)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/10208. (Subscription, Wikipedia Library access or UK public library membership required.)

worldcat.org (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)

search.worldcat.org

Hunter, Clare (2019). Threads of life: A history of the world through the eye of a needle. London: Sceptre (Hodder & Stoughton). p. 50. ISBN 978-1473687912. OCLC 1079199690.

Elizabeth Fry (English Wikipedia)

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