Emperor penguin (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Emperor penguin" in English language version.

refsWebsite

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37doi.org

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23nih.gov

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16web.archive.org

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16harvard.edu

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14semanticscholar.org

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6nationalgeographic.com

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4worldcat.org

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4bbc.co.uk

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2archive.today

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2marineornithology.org

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2biologists.org

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2birdtheme.org

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1canada.com

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1abc.net.au

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1stuff.co.nz

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1birdlife.org

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1theguardian.com

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1livescience.com

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1archive.org

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1sciencealert.com

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1physiology.org

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1aalborgzoo.dk

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1ecns.cn

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1japantimes.co.jp

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1tvnz.co.nz

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1luc-jacquet.com

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1booqster.com

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aalborgzoo.dk

"75 år med dyrebare oplevelser" (PDF). Aalborg Zoo. 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 February 2018. Retrieved 13 February 2018.

abc.net.au

Goerling, Samantha; Thannoo, Jamie; Barr, Peter (5 November 2024). "Emperor penguin waddles up to surfer at WA beach in most northern recorded sighting of species". ABC News. Retrieved 5 November 2024.

archive.org

Wood, Gerald (1983). The Guinness Book of Animal Facts and Feats. Guinness Superlatives. ISBN 978-0-85112-235-9.

archive.today

"Emperor Penguin, Aptenodytes forsteri at MarineBio.org". Marinebio.org. Archived from the original on 4 June 2012. Retrieved 3 November 2008.
New Zealand releases penguin Happy Feet. Associated Press, 5 September 2011

bbc.co.uk

Rebecca Morelle (2 June 2011). "Penguin huddle secrets revealed with time lapse footage". BBC News. Retrieved 4 June 2011. The mystery of how penguins stay warm while they huddle has been revealed by an international team of scientists. ... Dr Zitterbart explained: "The colony would stay still for most of the time, but every 30–60 seconds one penguin or a group of penguin starts to move – just a little bit. "This makes the surrounding ones move – and all of a sudden this moves throughout the colony like a wave."
"Cold comfort". Life in the Freezer. David Attenborough (narrator). BBC. Archived from the original on 24 August 2018. Retrieved 3 February 2015.{{cite AV media}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
Concern mounts for 'missing' penguin Happy Feet, BBC, 12 September 2011.

news.bbc.co.uk

Bowes P (19 August 2005). "Penguin secrets captivate US viewers". BBC website. British Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 23 March 2008.

bbc.com

Amos, Jonathon (5 August 2020). "Climate change: Satellites find new colonies of Emperor penguins". BBC News. Retrieved 25 August 2020.

biologists.org

jeb.biologists.org

Kooyman GL, Ponganis PJ, Castellini MA, Ponganis EP, Ponganis KV, Thorson PH, Eckert SA, LeMaho Y (1992). "Heart rates and swim speeds of emperor penguins diving under sea ice" (PDF). Journal of Experimental Biology. 165 (1): 1161–80. doi:10.1242/jeb.165.1.161. PMID 1588249.
Ponganis PJ, Van Dam RP, Marshall G, Knower T, Levenson DH (2003). "Sub-ice foraging behavior of emperor penguins" (PDF). Journal of Experimental Biology. 203 (21): 3275–78. doi:10.1242/jeb.203.21.3275. PMID 11023847.

birdlife.org

"Recently recategorised species". Birdlife International (2012). Archived from the original on 28 August 2007. Retrieved 14 June 2012.

birdtheme.org

Scharning K (2008). "Penguins Spheniscidae". Theme Birds on Stamps. self. Retrieved 29 March 2008.
Scharning K (2008). "Bird stamps from Belgium". Theme Birds on Stamps. self. Retrieved 29 March 2008.

booqster.com

b186625.booqster.com

The Emperor Lays an Egg at Booqster

britishmuseum.org

British Museum. "King penguin: The Forsters, King and Emperor". Explore/Highlights. Trustees of the British Museum. Archived from the original on 5 August 2008. Retrieved 28 July 2013.

canada.com

www2.canada.com

"Daddy Dearest". .canada.com. 19 June 1910. Archived from the original on 12 June 2012. Retrieved 21 November 2012.

cdnn.info

CDNN (8 September 2001). "Scientists find rare all-white emperor penguin". CDNN. Cyber Diver News Network. Archived from the original on 7 November 2012. Retrieved 29 March 2008.

doi.org

BirdLife International (2020). "Aptenodytes forsteri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T22697752A157658053. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22697752A157658053.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
Wienecke, B. (2009). "The history of the discovery of emperor penguin colonies, 1902–2004". Polar Record. 46 (3): 271–276. doi:10.1017/S0032247409990283. S2CID 129641322.
Baker AJ, Pereira SL, Haddrath OP, Edge KA (2006). "Multiple gene evidence for expansion of extant penguins out of Antarctica due to global cooling". Proc Biol Sci. 273 (1582): 11–17. doi:10.1098/rspb.2005.3260. PMC 1560011. PMID 16519228.
Ksepka, Daniel T.; Fordyce, R. Ewan; Ando, Tatsuro; Jones, Craig M. (1 March 2012). "New fossil penguins (Aves, Sphenisciformes) from the Oligocene of New Zealand reveal the skeletal plan of stem penguins". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 32 (2): 235–254. Bibcode:2012JVPal..32..235K. doi:10.1080/02724634.2012.652051. ISSN 0272-4634. S2CID 85887012.
Gilbert, Caroline; Blanc, Stéphane; Le Maho, Yvon; Ancel, André (1 January 2008). "Energy saving processes in huddling emperor penguins: from experiments to theory". Journal of Experimental Biology. 211 (1): 1–8. doi:10.1242/jeb.005785. ISSN 1477-9145. PMID 18083725. S2CID 23176358.
Davenport, J; Hughes, RN; Shorten, M; Larsen, PS (26 May 2011). "Drag reduction by air release promotes fast ascent in jumping emperor penguins—a novel hypothesis". Marine Ecology Progress Series. 430: 171–182. Bibcode:2011MEPS..430..171D. doi:10.3354/meps08868. hdl:10468/8867. ISSN 0171-8630.
Cassondra WL, Hagelin JC, Kooyman GL (2015). "Hidden keys to survival: the type, density, pattern and functional role of emperor penguin body feathers". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 282 (1817): 2015–2033. doi:10.1098/rspb.2015.2033. PMC 4633883. PMID 26490794.
Kooyman GL, Gentry RL, Bergman WP, Hammel HT (1976). "Heat loss in penguins during immersion and compression". Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. 54A (1): 75–80. doi:10.1016/S0300-9629(76)80074-6. PMID 3348.
Robertson, G (1992). "Population size and breeding success of Emperor Penguins Aptenodytes forsteri at Auster and Taylor Glacier colonies, Mawson Coast, Antarctica". Emu. 92 (2): 65–71. Bibcode:1992EmuAO..92...65R. doi:10.1071/MU9920065.
Fretwell, P. T.; Trathan, P. N.; Wienecke, B.; Kooyman, G. L. (2014). "Emperor Penguins Breeding on Iceshelves". PLOS ONE. 9 (1): e85285. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...985285F. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0085285. PMC 3885707. PMID 24416381.
Fretwell PT; LaRue MA; Morin P; Kooyman GL; B Wienecke; N Ratcliffe; AJ Fox; AH Fleming; C Porter; PN Trathan (2012). "An Emperor Penguin Population Estimate: The First Global, Synoptic Survey of a Species from Space". PLOS ONE. 7 (4): e33751. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...733751F. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0033751. PMC 3325796. PMID 22514609.
Stonehouse, B. (1964). "Emperor Penguins at Cape Crozier". Nature. 203 (4947): 849–851. Bibcode:1964Natur.203..849S. doi:10.1038/203849a0. S2CID 4188703.
Burger J.; Gochfeld M. (2007). "Responses of Emperor Penguins (Aptenodytes forsteri) to encounters with ecotourists while commuting to and from their breeding colony". Polar Biology. 30 (10): 1303–1313. Bibcode:2007PoBio..30.1303B. doi:10.1007/s00300-007-0291-1. S2CID 9358798.
Giese M, Riddle M (1997). "Disturbance of emperor penguin Aptenodytes forsteri chicks by helicopters". Polar Biology. 22 (6): 366–71. doi:10.1007/s003000050430. S2CID 2548268.
Barbraud, C.; Weimerskirch H. (2001). "Emperor penguins and climate change". Nature. 411 (6834): 183–186. Bibcode:2001Natur.411..183B. doi:10.1038/35075554. PMID 11346792. S2CID 205016817.
Trathan, P. N.; Fretwell, P. T.; Stonehouse, B. (2011). Briffa, Mark (ed.). "First Recorded Loss of an Emperor Penguin Colony in the Recent Period of Antarctic Regional Warming: Implications for Other Colonies". PLOS ONE. 6 (2): e14738. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...614738T. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0014738. PMC 3046112. PMID 21386883.
Fretwell, Peter T.; Trathan, Philip N. (25 April 2019). "Emperors on thin ice: Three years of breeding failure at Halley Bay". Antarctic Science. 31 (3): 133–138. Bibcode:2019AntSc..31..133F. doi:10.1017/S0954102019000099.
Jenouvrier, S.; Caswell, H.; Barbraud, C.; Holland, M.; Str Ve, J.; Weimerskirch, H. (2009). "Demographic models and IPCC climate projections predict the decline of an emperor penguin population". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 106 (6): 1844–1847. Bibcode:2009PNAS..106.1844J. doi:10.1073/pnas.0806638106. PMC 2644125. PMID 19171908.
Fretwell, Peter; Boutet, Aude; Ratcliffe, Norman (2023). "Record low 2022 Antarctic sea ice led to catastrophic breeding failure of emperor penguins". Communications Earth & Environment. 4 (1): 273. Bibcode:2023ComEE...4..273F. doi:10.1038/s43247-023-00927-x. S2CID 261198955.
Kooyman GL, Drabek CM, Elsner R, Campbell WB (1971). "Diving behaviour of the Emperor Penguin Aptenodytes forsteri" (PDF). Auk. 88 (4): 775–95. doi:10.2307/4083837. JSTOR 4083837.
Ancel A, Kooyman GL, Ponganis PJ, Gendner JP, Lignon J, Mestre X (1992). "Foraging behaviour of Emperor Penguins as a resource detector in Winter and Summer". Nature. 360 (6402): 336–39. Bibcode:1992Natur.360..336A. doi:10.1038/360336a0. S2CID 4274467.
Wienecke, B.; Robertson, G.; Kirkwood, R.; Lawton, K. (2007). "Extreme dives by free-ranging emperor penguins". Polar Biology. 30 (2): 133–142. doi:10.1007/s00300-006-0168-8. S2CID 455088.
Lovvorn, J. R. (2001). "Upstroke thrust, drag effects, and stroke-glide cycles in wing-propelled swimming by birds". American Zoologist. 41 (2): 154–165. doi:10.1093/icb/41.2.154.
Kooyman GL, Ponganis PJ, Castellini MA, Ponganis EP, Ponganis KV, Thorson PH, Eckert SA, LeMaho Y (1992). "Heart rates and swim speeds of emperor penguins diving under sea ice" (PDF). Journal of Experimental Biology. 165 (1): 1161–80. doi:10.1242/jeb.165.1.161. PMID 1588249.
Pinshow B.; Fedak M.A.; Battles D.R; Schmidt-Nielsen K. (1976). "Energy expenditure for thermoregulation and locomotion in emperor penguins". American Journal of Physiology. 231 (3): 903–12. doi:10.1152/ajplegacy.1976.231.3.903. PMID 970474. S2CID 19141176.
Kooyman GL, Croll DA, Stone S, Smith S (1990). "Emperor penguin colony at Cape Washington, Antarctica". Polar Record. 26 (157): 103–08. Bibcode:1990PoRec..26..103K. doi:10.1017/S0032247400011141. S2CID 129187086.
Groscolas, R; Jallageas, M; Goldsmith, A; Assenmacher, I (1986). "The endocrine control of reproduction and molt in male and female Emperor (Aptenodytes forsteri) and Adélie (Pygoscelis adeliae) Penguins. I. Annual changes in plasma levels of gonadal steroids and luteinizing hormone". Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 62 (1): 43–53. doi:10.1016/0016-6480(86)90092-4. PMID 3781216.
Robin, J. P.; M. Frain; C. Sardet; R. Groscolas; Y. Le Maho (1988). "Protein and lipid utilization during long-term fasting in emperor penguins". Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 254 (1 Pt 2): R61–R68. doi:10.1152/ajpregu.1988.254.1.R61. PMID 3337270.
Le Maho, Y.; P. Delclitte; J Chatonnet (1976). "Thermoregulation in fasting emperor penguins under natural conditions". Am. J. Physiol. 231 (3): 913–922. doi:10.1152/ajplegacy.1976.231.3.913. PMID 970475.
Robin, Jean-Patrice; Boucontet, Laurent; Chillet, Pascal; Groscolas, René (1998). "Behavioral changes in fasting emperor penguins: evidence for a "refeeding signal" linked to a metabolic shift". Am. J. Physiol. 274 (Regulatory Integrative Comp. Physiol. 43): R746–R753. doi:10.1152/ajpregu.1998.274.3.R746. PMID 9530242.
Robin, Jean-Patrice; Boucontet, Laurent; Chillet, Pascal; Groscolas, René (1998). "Behavioral changes in fasting emperor penguins: evidence for a 'refeeding signal' linked to a metabolic shift". Am. J. Physiol. 274 (Regulatory Integrative Comp. Physiol. 43): R746–R753. doi:10.1152/ajpregu.1998.274.3.R746. PMID 9530242.
Pütz, K.; Plötz, J. (1991). "Moulting starvation in emperor penguin (Aptenodytes forsteri) chicks". Polar Biology. 11 (4): 253–258. Bibcode:1991PoBio..11..253P. doi:10.1007/BF00238459. S2CID 28535093.
Cherel Y, Kooyman GL (1998). "Food of emperor penguins (Aptenodytes forsteri) in the western Ross Sea, Antarctica". Marine Biology. 130 (3): 335–44. Bibcode:1998MarBi.130..335C. doi:10.1007/s002270050253. S2CID 62841771.
Ponganis PJ, Van Dam RP, Marshall G, Knower T, Levenson DH (2003). "Sub-ice foraging behavior of emperor penguins" (PDF). Journal of Experimental Biology. 203 (21): 3275–78. doi:10.1242/jeb.203.21.3275. PMID 11023847.
Behle, William H.; Storer, Robert W.; Whitney, Nathaniel R.; Manville, Richard H.; Orr, Robert T.; Hertlein, Leo G. (October 1971). "Obituaries". The Auk. 88 (4): 962. doi:10.2307/4083872. JSTOR 4083872. Retrieved 14 December 2020.
Todd, FS (1986). "Techniques for propagating King and Emperor penguins Aptenodytes patagonica and A. forsteri at Sea World, San Diego". International Zoo Yearbook. 26 (1): 110–24. doi:10.1111/j.1748-1090.1986.tb02208.x (inactive 14 November 2024).{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link)

dx.doi.org

Gilbert, Caroline; Blanc, Stéphane; Le Maho, Yvon; Ancel, André (1 January 2008). "Energy saving processes in huddling emperor penguins: from experiments to theory". Journal of Experimental Biology. 211 (1): 1–8. doi:10.1242/jeb.005785. ISSN 1477-9145. PMID 18083725. S2CID 23176358.

ecns.cn

"World's first twin penguins born in China". ecns.cn. 4 November 2017. Retrieved 13 February 2018.

handle.net

hdl.handle.net

Davenport, J; Hughes, RN; Shorten, M; Larsen, PS (26 May 2011). "Drag reduction by air release promotes fast ascent in jumping emperor penguins—a novel hypothesis". Marine Ecology Progress Series. 430: 171–182. Bibcode:2011MEPS..430..171D. doi:10.3354/meps08868. hdl:10468/8867. ISSN 0171-8630.

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Ksepka, Daniel T.; Fordyce, R. Ewan; Ando, Tatsuro; Jones, Craig M. (1 March 2012). "New fossil penguins (Aves, Sphenisciformes) from the Oligocene of New Zealand reveal the skeletal plan of stem penguins". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 32 (2): 235–254. Bibcode:2012JVPal..32..235K. doi:10.1080/02724634.2012.652051. ISSN 0272-4634. S2CID 85887012.
Davenport, J; Hughes, RN; Shorten, M; Larsen, PS (26 May 2011). "Drag reduction by air release promotes fast ascent in jumping emperor penguins—a novel hypothesis". Marine Ecology Progress Series. 430: 171–182. Bibcode:2011MEPS..430..171D. doi:10.3354/meps08868. hdl:10468/8867. ISSN 0171-8630.
Robertson, G (1992). "Population size and breeding success of Emperor Penguins Aptenodytes forsteri at Auster and Taylor Glacier colonies, Mawson Coast, Antarctica". Emu. 92 (2): 65–71. Bibcode:1992EmuAO..92...65R. doi:10.1071/MU9920065.
Fretwell, P. T.; Trathan, P. N.; Wienecke, B.; Kooyman, G. L. (2014). "Emperor Penguins Breeding on Iceshelves". PLOS ONE. 9 (1): e85285. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...985285F. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0085285. PMC 3885707. PMID 24416381.
Fretwell PT; LaRue MA; Morin P; Kooyman GL; B Wienecke; N Ratcliffe; AJ Fox; AH Fleming; C Porter; PN Trathan (2012). "An Emperor Penguin Population Estimate: The First Global, Synoptic Survey of a Species from Space". PLOS ONE. 7 (4): e33751. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...733751F. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0033751. PMC 3325796. PMID 22514609.
Stonehouse, B. (1964). "Emperor Penguins at Cape Crozier". Nature. 203 (4947): 849–851. Bibcode:1964Natur.203..849S. doi:10.1038/203849a0. S2CID 4188703.
Burger J.; Gochfeld M. (2007). "Responses of Emperor Penguins (Aptenodytes forsteri) to encounters with ecotourists while commuting to and from their breeding colony". Polar Biology. 30 (10): 1303–1313. Bibcode:2007PoBio..30.1303B. doi:10.1007/s00300-007-0291-1. S2CID 9358798.
Barbraud, C.; Weimerskirch H. (2001). "Emperor penguins and climate change". Nature. 411 (6834): 183–186. Bibcode:2001Natur.411..183B. doi:10.1038/35075554. PMID 11346792. S2CID 205016817.
Trathan, P. N.; Fretwell, P. T.; Stonehouse, B. (2011). Briffa, Mark (ed.). "First Recorded Loss of an Emperor Penguin Colony in the Recent Period of Antarctic Regional Warming: Implications for Other Colonies". PLOS ONE. 6 (2): e14738. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...614738T. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0014738. PMC 3046112. PMID 21386883.
Fretwell, Peter T.; Trathan, Philip N. (25 April 2019). "Emperors on thin ice: Three years of breeding failure at Halley Bay". Antarctic Science. 31 (3): 133–138. Bibcode:2019AntSc..31..133F. doi:10.1017/S0954102019000099.
Jenouvrier, S.; Caswell, H.; Barbraud, C.; Holland, M.; Str Ve, J.; Weimerskirch, H. (2009). "Demographic models and IPCC climate projections predict the decline of an emperor penguin population". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 106 (6): 1844–1847. Bibcode:2009PNAS..106.1844J. doi:10.1073/pnas.0806638106. PMC 2644125. PMID 19171908.
Fretwell, Peter; Boutet, Aude; Ratcliffe, Norman (2023). "Record low 2022 Antarctic sea ice led to catastrophic breeding failure of emperor penguins". Communications Earth & Environment. 4 (1): 273. Bibcode:2023ComEE...4..273F. doi:10.1038/s43247-023-00927-x. S2CID 261198955.
Ancel A, Kooyman GL, Ponganis PJ, Gendner JP, Lignon J, Mestre X (1992). "Foraging behaviour of Emperor Penguins as a resource detector in Winter and Summer". Nature. 360 (6402): 336–39. Bibcode:1992Natur.360..336A. doi:10.1038/360336a0. S2CID 4274467.
Kooyman GL, Croll DA, Stone S, Smith S (1990). "Emperor penguin colony at Cape Washington, Antarctica". Polar Record. 26 (157): 103–08. Bibcode:1990PoRec..26..103K. doi:10.1017/S0032247400011141. S2CID 129187086.
Pütz, K.; Plötz, J. (1991). "Moulting starvation in emperor penguin (Aptenodytes forsteri) chicks". Polar Biology. 11 (4): 253–258. Bibcode:1991PoBio..11..253P. doi:10.1007/BF00238459. S2CID 28535093.
Cherel Y, Kooyman GL (1998). "Food of emperor penguins (Aptenodytes forsteri) in the western Ross Sea, Antarctica". Marine Biology. 130 (3): 335–44. Bibcode:1998MarBi.130..335C. doi:10.1007/s002270050253. S2CID 62841771.

iucnredlist.org

BirdLife International (2020). "Aptenodytes forsteri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T22697752A157658053. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22697752A157658053.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.

japantimes.co.jp

"Penguin chick makes public debut". The Japan Times. 2 November 2011. Retrieved 28 January 2015.

jstor.org

Kooyman GL, Drabek CM, Elsner R, Campbell WB (1971). "Diving behaviour of the Emperor Penguin Aptenodytes forsteri" (PDF). Auk. 88 (4): 775–95. doi:10.2307/4083837. JSTOR 4083837.
Behle, William H.; Storer, Robert W.; Whitney, Nathaniel R.; Manville, Richard H.; Orr, Robert T.; Hertlein, Leo G. (October 1971). "Obituaries". The Auk. 88 (4): 962. doi:10.2307/4083872. JSTOR 4083872. Retrieved 14 December 2020.

latimes.com

Khan A (20 October 2015). "Emperor penguins' feathers defy conventional wisdom, study finds". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 21 October 2015.

livescience.com

Metcalfe, Tom (20 January 2023). "Hidden, never-before-seen penguin colony spotted from space". livescience.com. Retrieved 21 January 2023.

luc-jacquet.com

empereur.luc-jacquet.com

"La Marche de l'empereur, un film de Luc Jacquet". Official Site (in French). Archived from the original on 6 March 2008. Retrieved 19 March 2008.

marinebio.org

"Emperor Penguin, Aptenodytes forsteri at MarineBio.org". Marinebio.org. Archived from the original on 4 June 2012. Retrieved 3 November 2008.

marineornithology.org

Clark, G S (1986). "Eighth record of the Emperor penguin Aptenodytes forsteri at South Georgia" (PDF). Cormorant. 13 (2): 180–181. Retrieved 16 May 2013.
Diebold EN, Branch S, Henry L (1999). "Management of penguin populations in North American zoos and aquariums" (PDF). Marine Ornithology. 27: 171–76. Retrieved 31 March 2008.

nationalgeographic.com

news.nationalgeographic.com

Owen J (30 January 2004). ""Penguin Ranch" Reveals Hunting, Swimming Secrets". National Geographic website. National Geographic. Archived from the original on 11 November 2007. Retrieved 26 March 2008.
"Emperor Penguins: Uniquely Armed for Antarctica". National Geographic. Archived from the original on 3 June 2004.
Norris S (7 December 2007). "Penguins Safely Lower Oxygen to "Blackout" Levels". National Geographic website. National Geographic. Archived from the original on 8 December 2007. Retrieved 26 March 2008.
Hile J (29 March 2004). "Emperor Penguins: Uniquely Armed for Antarctica". National Geographic website. National Geographic. Archived from the original on 3 June 2004. Retrieved 31 March 2008.
Lovgren S (16 November 2006). ""Happy Feet": Movie Magic vs. Penguin Truths". National Geographic website. National Geographic. Archived from the original on 8 December 2006. Retrieved 26 March 2008.

kids.nationalgeographic.com

Lovgren S (2007). "Behind the Scenes of the New Movie "Surf's Up"". National Geographic website. National Geographic. Archived from the original on 10 March 2008. Retrieved 26 March 2008.

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Baker AJ, Pereira SL, Haddrath OP, Edge KA (2006). "Multiple gene evidence for expansion of extant penguins out of Antarctica due to global cooling". Proc Biol Sci. 273 (1582): 11–17. doi:10.1098/rspb.2005.3260. PMC 1560011. PMID 16519228.
Gilbert, Caroline; Blanc, Stéphane; Le Maho, Yvon; Ancel, André (1 January 2008). "Energy saving processes in huddling emperor penguins: from experiments to theory". Journal of Experimental Biology. 211 (1): 1–8. doi:10.1242/jeb.005785. ISSN 1477-9145. PMID 18083725. S2CID 23176358.
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