Empirical evidence (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Empirical evidence" in English language version.

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archive.org

Kuhn 1970 Kuhn, Thomas S. (1970) [1962]. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (2nd ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0226458045.
Bunge, Mario (1998) [1967]. Philosophy of Science: Volume 1, From Problem to Theory. Science and Technology Studies (Revised ed.). New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers. p. 21. ISBN 9780765804136. OCLC 37156799. ... empirical information is not weighed in a theoretical vacuum: every piece of evidence must be judged in the light of the theory employed in the design and implementation of the technique used to gather that information. Just as no factual theory stands by itself, so no datum constitutes an evidence for or against a theory unless it is gathered and interpreted with the help of some scientific theory.

books.google.com

Gensler, Harry J. (2012). "3.7 A priori and a posteriori". Introduction to Logic. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-99452-4.
González, Wenceslao J. (2010). "1. Recent approaches on Observation and Experimentation". New Methodological Perspectives on Observation and Experimentation in Science. Netbiblo. ISBN 978-84-9745-530-5.

britannica.com

"Philosophy of mind – Propositional attitudes". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 19 July 2020. Retrieved 2 April 2021.
"Philosophy of science – Underdetermination". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 16 June 2021. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
"Empiricism". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 3 May 2021. Retrieved 17 June 2021.

cambridge.org

Friedman, Michael (2007). "The Aufbau and the rejection of metaphysics". The Cambridge Companion to Carnap. Cambridge University Press. pp. 129–152. ISBN 978-0-521-84015-6. Archived from the original on 2021-06-30. Retrieved 2021-06-21.

doi.org

Piazza, Tommaso (2009). "Evidentialism and the Problem of Stored Beliefs". Philosophical Studies. 145 (2): 311–324. doi:10.1007/s11098-008-9233-1. S2CID 56299607. Archived from the original on 2021-06-16. Retrieved 2021-06-21.
Williamson, Timothy (2002). Evidence. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/019925656X.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-159867-8. Archived from the original on 2021-06-16. Retrieved 2021-06-21.
Andersen, Hanne; Green, Sara (2013). "Theory-Ladenness". Encyclopedia of Systems Biology. Springer. pp. 2165–2167. doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-9863-7_86. ISBN 978-1-4419-9863-7. Archived from the original on 2022-04-08. Retrieved 2021-06-21.
Willer, David; Webster, Murray (1970). "Theoretical Concepts and Observables". American Sociological Review. 35 (4): 748–757. doi:10.2307/2093949. ISSN 0003-1224. JSTOR 2093949. Archived from the original on 2021-06-25. Retrieved 2021-06-21.
Schickore, Jutta (1999). "Sehen, Sichtbarkeit Und Empirische Forschung". Journal for General Philosophy of Science. 30 (2): 273–287. doi:10.1023/A:1008374032737. S2CID 119357187. Archived from the original on 2021-06-24. Retrieved 2021-06-21.
Shapere, Dudley (1982). "The Concept of Observation in Science and Philosophy". Philosophy of Science. 49 (4): 485–525. doi:10.1086/289075. S2CID 224832408. Archived from the original on 2021-06-28. Retrieved 2021-06-21.
Malik, Saira (2017-03-01). "Observation Versus Experiment: An Adequate Framework for Analysing Scientific Experimentation?". Journal for General Philosophy of Science. 48 (1): 71–95. doi:10.1007/s10838-016-9335-y. ISSN 1572-8587.
Boyd, Nora Mills (2018). "Evidence Enriched". Philosophy of Science. 85 (3): 403–421. doi:10.1086/697747. S2CID 224833831. Archived from the original on 2021-06-24. Retrieved 2021-06-21.
Siebel, Mark (2005). "A Puzzle About Concept Possession". Grazer Philosophische Studien. 68 (1): 1–22. doi:10.1163/18756735-068001001. Archived from the original on 2021-06-28. Retrieved 2021-06-21.
Alston, William P. (1998). "Empiricism". Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Taylor and Francis. doi:10.4324/9780415249126-P014-1. ISBN 978-0415250696. Archived from the original on 2021-06-24. Retrieved 2021-06-21.
Markie, Peter J. (1998). "Rationalism". Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Taylor and Francis. doi:10.4324/9780415249126-P041-1. ISBN 978-0415250696. Archived from the original on 2021-06-24. Retrieved 2021-06-21.
Teixeira, Célia (2018). "How Not to Reject the a Priori". Kriterion: Journal of Philosophy. 59 (140): 365–384. doi:10.1590/0100-512x2018n14002ct.
Chakravartty, Anjan (2004). "Stance Relativism: Empiricism Versus Metaphysics". Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A. 35 (1): 173–184. doi:10.1016/j.shpsa.2003.12.002. Archived from the original on 2021-06-29. Retrieved 2021-06-21.
Santana, Carlos (2018). "Why Not All Evidence is Scientific Evidence". Episteme. 15 (2): 209–227. doi:10.1017/epi.2017.3. S2CID 152066892. Archived from the original on 2021-06-27. Retrieved 2021-06-21.
Browning, Heather (2017). "Anecdotes Can Be Evidence Too". Animal Sentience. 2 (16): 13. doi:10.51291/2377-7478.1246. Archived from the original on 2021-06-29. Retrieved 2021-06-21.
Bogen, James (2016). "Empiricism and After". In Humphreys, Paul; Chakravartty, Anjan; Morrison, Margaret; Woody, Andrea (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy of Science. Oxford Handbooks in Philosophy. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 779–795. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199368815.013.12. ISBN 978-0199368815. OCLC 933596096.
Tversky, Amos; Kahneman, Daniel (1974-09-27). "Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases". Science. 185 (4157): 1124–1131. Bibcode:1974Sci...185.1124T. doi:10.1126/science.185.4157.1124. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 17835457. S2CID 143452957. Archived from the original on 2022-07-15. Retrieved 2022-06-30.
Malik, Saira (2017). "Observation Versus Experiment: An Adequate Framework for Analysing Scientific Experimentation?". Journal for General Philosophy of Science. 48 (1): 71–95. doi:10.1007/s10838-016-9335-y. Archived from the original on 2021-06-24. Retrieved 2021-06-21.
Okasha, S. (2011). "Experiment, Observation and the Confirmation of Laws". Analysis. 71 (2): 222–232. doi:10.1093/analys/anr014. hdl:1983/79e68032-e432-47de-adb5-e7ca3ff2841d. Archived from the original on 2021-06-24. Retrieved 2021-06-21.

handle.net

hdl.handle.net

Okasha, S. (2011). "Experiment, Observation and the Confirmation of Laws". Analysis. 71 (2): 222–232. doi:10.1093/analys/anr014. hdl:1983/79e68032-e432-47de-adb5-e7ca3ff2841d. Archived from the original on 2021-06-24. Retrieved 2021-06-21.

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Tversky, Amos; Kahneman, Daniel (1974-09-27). "Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases". Science. 185 (4157): 1124–1131. Bibcode:1974Sci...185.1124T. doi:10.1126/science.185.4157.1124. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 17835457. S2CID 143452957. Archived from the original on 2022-07-15. Retrieved 2022-06-30.

jstor.org

Willer, David; Webster, Murray (1970). "Theoretical Concepts and Observables". American Sociological Review. 35 (4): 748–757. doi:10.2307/2093949. ISSN 0003-1224. JSTOR 2093949. Archived from the original on 2021-06-25. Retrieved 2021-06-21.

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Tversky, Amos; Kahneman, Daniel (1974-09-27). "Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases". Science. 185 (4157): 1124–1131. Bibcode:1974Sci...185.1124T. doi:10.1126/science.185.4157.1124. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 17835457. S2CID 143452957. Archived from the original on 2022-07-15. Retrieved 2022-06-30.

philpapers.org

Gage, Logan Paul (2014). "1. Introduction: Two Rival Conceptions of Evidence". Objectivity and Subjectivity in Epistemology: A Defense of the Phenomenal Conception of Evidence (PhD Thesis). Baylor University. Archived from the original on 2021-06-16. Retrieved 2021-06-21.
Conee, Earl; Feldman, Richard (2008). "Evidence". Epistemology: New Essays. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 2021-06-24. Retrieved 2021-06-21.
Piazza, Tommaso (2009). "Evidentialism and the Problem of Stored Beliefs". Philosophical Studies. 145 (2): 311–324. doi:10.1007/s11098-008-9233-1. S2CID 56299607. Archived from the original on 2021-06-16. Retrieved 2021-06-21.
Schickore, Jutta (1999). "Sehen, Sichtbarkeit Und Empirische Forschung". Journal for General Philosophy of Science. 30 (2): 273–287. doi:10.1023/A:1008374032737. S2CID 119357187. Archived from the original on 2021-06-24. Retrieved 2021-06-21.
Shapere, Dudley (1982). "The Concept of Observation in Science and Philosophy". Philosophy of Science. 49 (4): 485–525. doi:10.1086/289075. S2CID 224832408. Archived from the original on 2021-06-28. Retrieved 2021-06-21.
Boyd, Nora Mills (2018). "Evidence Enriched". Philosophy of Science. 85 (3): 403–421. doi:10.1086/697747. S2CID 224833831. Archived from the original on 2021-06-24. Retrieved 2021-06-21.
Siebel, Mark (2005). "A Puzzle About Concept Possession". Grazer Philosophische Studien. 68 (1): 1–22. doi:10.1163/18756735-068001001. Archived from the original on 2021-06-28. Retrieved 2021-06-21.
Chakravartty, Anjan (2004). "Stance Relativism: Empiricism Versus Metaphysics". Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A. 35 (1): 173–184. doi:10.1016/j.shpsa.2003.12.002. Archived from the original on 2021-06-29. Retrieved 2021-06-21.
Santana, Carlos (2018). "Why Not All Evidence is Scientific Evidence". Episteme. 15 (2): 209–227. doi:10.1017/epi.2017.3. S2CID 152066892. Archived from the original on 2021-06-27. Retrieved 2021-06-21.
Browning, Heather (2017). "Anecdotes Can Be Evidence Too". Animal Sentience. 2 (16): 13. doi:10.51291/2377-7478.1246. Archived from the original on 2021-06-29. Retrieved 2021-06-21.
Malik, Saira (2017). "Observation Versus Experiment: An Adequate Framework for Analysing Scientific Experimentation?". Journal for General Philosophy of Science. 48 (1): 71–95. doi:10.1007/s10838-016-9335-y. Archived from the original on 2021-06-24. Retrieved 2021-06-21.
Okasha, S. (2011). "Experiment, Observation and the Confirmation of Laws". Analysis. 71 (2): 222–232. doi:10.1093/analys/anr014. hdl:1983/79e68032-e432-47de-adb5-e7ca3ff2841d. Archived from the original on 2021-06-24. Retrieved 2021-06-21.

routledge.com

rep.routledge.com

Alston, William P. (1998). "Empiricism". Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Taylor and Francis. doi:10.4324/9780415249126-P014-1. ISBN 978-0415250696. Archived from the original on 2021-06-24. Retrieved 2021-06-21.
Markie, Peter J. (1998). "Rationalism". Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Taylor and Francis. doi:10.4324/9780415249126-P041-1. ISBN 978-0415250696. Archived from the original on 2021-06-24. Retrieved 2021-06-21.

science.org

Tversky, Amos; Kahneman, Daniel (1974-09-27). "Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases". Science. 185 (4157): 1124–1131. Bibcode:1974Sci...185.1124T. doi:10.1126/science.185.4157.1124. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 17835457. S2CID 143452957. Archived from the original on 2022-07-15. Retrieved 2022-06-30.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

Piazza, Tommaso (2009). "Evidentialism and the Problem of Stored Beliefs". Philosophical Studies. 145 (2): 311–324. doi:10.1007/s11098-008-9233-1. S2CID 56299607. Archived from the original on 2021-06-16. Retrieved 2021-06-21.
Schickore, Jutta (1999). "Sehen, Sichtbarkeit Und Empirische Forschung". Journal for General Philosophy of Science. 30 (2): 273–287. doi:10.1023/A:1008374032737. S2CID 119357187. Archived from the original on 2021-06-24. Retrieved 2021-06-21.
Shapere, Dudley (1982). "The Concept of Observation in Science and Philosophy". Philosophy of Science. 49 (4): 485–525. doi:10.1086/289075. S2CID 224832408. Archived from the original on 2021-06-28. Retrieved 2021-06-21.
Boyd, Nora Mills (2018). "Evidence Enriched". Philosophy of Science. 85 (3): 403–421. doi:10.1086/697747. S2CID 224833831. Archived from the original on 2021-06-24. Retrieved 2021-06-21.
Santana, Carlos (2018). "Why Not All Evidence is Scientific Evidence". Episteme. 15 (2): 209–227. doi:10.1017/epi.2017.3. S2CID 152066892. Archived from the original on 2021-06-27. Retrieved 2021-06-21.
Tversky, Amos; Kahneman, Daniel (1974-09-27). "Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases". Science. 185 (4157): 1124–1131. Bibcode:1974Sci...185.1124T. doi:10.1126/science.185.4157.1124. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 17835457. S2CID 143452957. Archived from the original on 2022-07-15. Retrieved 2022-06-30.

springer.com

link.springer.com

Andersen, Hanne; Green, Sara (2013). "Theory-Ladenness". Encyclopedia of Systems Biology. Springer. pp. 2165–2167. doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-9863-7_86. ISBN 978-1-4419-9863-7. Archived from the original on 2022-04-08. Retrieved 2021-06-21.

stanford.edu

plato.stanford.edu

Kelly, Thomas (2016). "Evidence". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Archived from the original on 8 September 2021. Retrieved 11 June 2021.
Steup, Matthias; Neta, Ram (2020). "Epistemology". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Archived from the original on 21 July 2020. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
Huemer, Michael (2019). "Sense-Data". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Archived from the original on 11 June 2018. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
Crupi, Vincenzo (2021). "Confirmation". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Archived from the original on 17 May 2021. Retrieved 13 June 2021.
Stanford, Kyle (2017). "Underdetermination of Scientific Theory". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Archived from the original on 21 May 2021. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
Bird 2013 Bird, Alexander (2013). "Thomas Kuhn". In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Section 4.2 Perception, Observational Incommensurability, and World-Change. Retrieved 25 January 2012.
Russell, Bruce (2020). "A Priori Justification and Knowledge". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Archived from the original on 12 August 2021. Retrieved 20 June 2021.
Markie, Peter (2017). "Rationalism vs. Empiricism". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Archived from the original on 9 August 2019. Retrieved 20 June 2021.
Boyd, Nora Mills; Bogen, James (2021). "Theory and Observation in Science". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Archived from the original on 14 June 2021. Retrieved 21 June 2021.

universitypressscholarship.com

oxford.universitypressscholarship.com

Williamson, Timothy (2002). Evidence. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/019925656X.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-159867-8. Archived from the original on 2021-06-16. Retrieved 2021-06-21.

utm.edu

iep.utm.edu

DiFate, Victor. "Evidence". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Archived from the original on 25 June 2021. Retrieved 11 June 2021.
Mittag, Daniel M. "Evidentialism". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Archived from the original on 29 July 2021. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
Baehr, Jason S. "A Priori and A Posteriori". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Archived from the original on 4 October 2019. Retrieved 18 June 2021.

veryshortintroductions.com

Okasha, Samir (2016). "4. Realism and anti-realism". Philosophy of Science: Very Short Introduction (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-180764-0. Archived from the original on 2021-06-24. Retrieved 2021-06-21.

web.archive.org

DiFate, Victor. "Evidence". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Archived from the original on 25 June 2021. Retrieved 11 June 2021.
Kelly, Thomas (2016). "Evidence". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Archived from the original on 8 September 2021. Retrieved 11 June 2021.
Steup, Matthias; Neta, Ram (2020). "Epistemology". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Archived from the original on 21 July 2020. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
Mittag, Daniel M. "Evidentialism". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Archived from the original on 29 July 2021. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
Gage, Logan Paul (2014). "1. Introduction: Two Rival Conceptions of Evidence". Objectivity and Subjectivity in Epistemology: A Defense of the Phenomenal Conception of Evidence (PhD Thesis). Baylor University. Archived from the original on 2021-06-16. Retrieved 2021-06-21.
Conee, Earl; Feldman, Richard (2008). "Evidence". Epistemology: New Essays. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 2021-06-24. Retrieved 2021-06-21.
Piazza, Tommaso (2009). "Evidentialism and the Problem of Stored Beliefs". Philosophical Studies. 145 (2): 311–324. doi:10.1007/s11098-008-9233-1. S2CID 56299607. Archived from the original on 2021-06-16. Retrieved 2021-06-21.
Williamson, Timothy (2002). Evidence. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/019925656X.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-159867-8. Archived from the original on 2021-06-16. Retrieved 2021-06-21.
"Philosophy of mind – Propositional attitudes". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 19 July 2020. Retrieved 2 April 2021.
Huemer, Michael (2019). "Sense-Data". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Archived from the original on 11 June 2018. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
Crupi, Vincenzo (2021). "Confirmation". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Archived from the original on 17 May 2021. Retrieved 13 June 2021.
Stanford, Kyle (2017). "Underdetermination of Scientific Theory". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Archived from the original on 21 May 2021. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
"Philosophy of science – Underdetermination". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 16 June 2021. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
Andersen, Hanne; Green, Sara (2013). "Theory-Ladenness". Encyclopedia of Systems Biology. Springer. pp. 2165–2167. doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-9863-7_86. ISBN 978-1-4419-9863-7. Archived from the original on 2022-04-08. Retrieved 2021-06-21.
"Empiricism". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 3 May 2021. Retrieved 17 June 2021.
Baehr, Jason S. "A Priori and A Posteriori". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Archived from the original on 4 October 2019. Retrieved 18 June 2021.
Willer, David; Webster, Murray (1970). "Theoretical Concepts and Observables". American Sociological Review. 35 (4): 748–757. doi:10.2307/2093949. ISSN 0003-1224. JSTOR 2093949. Archived from the original on 2021-06-25. Retrieved 2021-06-21.
Schickore, Jutta (1999). "Sehen, Sichtbarkeit Und Empirische Forschung". Journal for General Philosophy of Science. 30 (2): 273–287. doi:10.1023/A:1008374032737. S2CID 119357187. Archived from the original on 2021-06-24. Retrieved 2021-06-21.
Shapere, Dudley (1982). "The Concept of Observation in Science and Philosophy". Philosophy of Science. 49 (4): 485–525. doi:10.1086/289075. S2CID 224832408. Archived from the original on 2021-06-28. Retrieved 2021-06-21.
Okasha, Samir (2016). "4. Realism and anti-realism". Philosophy of Science: Very Short Introduction (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-180764-0. Archived from the original on 2021-06-24. Retrieved 2021-06-21.
Boyd, Nora Mills (2018). "Evidence Enriched". Philosophy of Science. 85 (3): 403–421. doi:10.1086/697747. S2CID 224833831. Archived from the original on 2021-06-24. Retrieved 2021-06-21.
Russell, Bruce (2020). "A Priori Justification and Knowledge". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Archived from the original on 12 August 2021. Retrieved 20 June 2021.
Markie, Peter (2017). "Rationalism vs. Empiricism". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Archived from the original on 9 August 2019. Retrieved 20 June 2021.
Siebel, Mark (2005). "A Puzzle About Concept Possession". Grazer Philosophische Studien. 68 (1): 1–22. doi:10.1163/18756735-068001001. Archived from the original on 2021-06-28. Retrieved 2021-06-21.
Alston, William P. (1998). "Empiricism". Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Taylor and Francis. doi:10.4324/9780415249126-P014-1. ISBN 978-0415250696. Archived from the original on 2021-06-24. Retrieved 2021-06-21.
Markie, Peter J. (1998). "Rationalism". Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Taylor and Francis. doi:10.4324/9780415249126-P041-1. ISBN 978-0415250696. Archived from the original on 2021-06-24. Retrieved 2021-06-21.
Friedman, Michael (2007). "The Aufbau and the rejection of metaphysics". The Cambridge Companion to Carnap. Cambridge University Press. pp. 129–152. ISBN 978-0-521-84015-6. Archived from the original on 2021-06-30. Retrieved 2021-06-21.
Chakravartty, Anjan (2004). "Stance Relativism: Empiricism Versus Metaphysics". Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A. 35 (1): 173–184. doi:10.1016/j.shpsa.2003.12.002. Archived from the original on 2021-06-29. Retrieved 2021-06-21.
Santana, Carlos (2018). "Why Not All Evidence is Scientific Evidence". Episteme. 15 (2): 209–227. doi:10.1017/epi.2017.3. S2CID 152066892. Archived from the original on 2021-06-27. Retrieved 2021-06-21.
Browning, Heather (2017). "Anecdotes Can Be Evidence Too". Animal Sentience. 2 (16): 13. doi:10.51291/2377-7478.1246. Archived from the original on 2021-06-29. Retrieved 2021-06-21.
Tversky, Amos; Kahneman, Daniel (1974-09-27). "Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases". Science. 185 (4157): 1124–1131. Bibcode:1974Sci...185.1124T. doi:10.1126/science.185.4157.1124. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 17835457. S2CID 143452957. Archived from the original on 2022-07-15. Retrieved 2022-06-30.
Malik, Saira (2017). "Observation Versus Experiment: An Adequate Framework for Analysing Scientific Experimentation?". Journal for General Philosophy of Science. 48 (1): 71–95. doi:10.1007/s10838-016-9335-y. Archived from the original on 2021-06-24. Retrieved 2021-06-21.
Boyd, Nora Mills; Bogen, James (2021). "Theory and Observation in Science". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Archived from the original on 14 June 2021. Retrieved 21 June 2021.
Okasha, S. (2011). "Experiment, Observation and the Confirmation of Laws". Analysis. 71 (2): 222–232. doi:10.1093/analys/anr014. hdl:1983/79e68032-e432-47de-adb5-e7ca3ff2841d. Archived from the original on 2021-06-24. Retrieved 2021-06-21.

worldcat.org

search.worldcat.org

Willer, David; Webster, Murray (1970). "Theoretical Concepts and Observables". American Sociological Review. 35 (4): 748–757. doi:10.2307/2093949. ISSN 0003-1224. JSTOR 2093949. Archived from the original on 2021-06-25. Retrieved 2021-06-21.
Malik, Saira (2017-03-01). "Observation Versus Experiment: An Adequate Framework for Analysing Scientific Experimentation?". Journal for General Philosophy of Science. 48 (1): 71–95. doi:10.1007/s10838-016-9335-y. ISSN 1572-8587.
Bogen, James (2016). "Empiricism and After". In Humphreys, Paul; Chakravartty, Anjan; Morrison, Margaret; Woody, Andrea (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy of Science. Oxford Handbooks in Philosophy. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 779–795. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199368815.013.12. ISBN 978-0199368815. OCLC 933596096.
Bunge, Mario (1998) [1967]. Philosophy of Science: Volume 1, From Problem to Theory. Science and Technology Studies (Revised ed.). New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers. p. 21. ISBN 9780765804136. OCLC 37156799. ... empirical information is not weighed in a theoretical vacuum: every piece of evidence must be judged in the light of the theory employed in the design and implementation of the technique used to gather that information. Just as no factual theory stands by itself, so no datum constitutes an evidence for or against a theory unless it is gathered and interpreted with the help of some scientific theory.
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