Engineering (English Wikipedia)

"Systems Biology: a vision for engineering and medicine" (PDF). Royal Academy of Engineering and Academy of Medical Sciences. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 10, 2007. Retrieved April 10, 2007. quote1: Systems Biology is an emerging methodology that has yet to be defined quote2: It applies the concepts of systems engineering to the study of complex biological systems through iteration between computational or mathematical modelling and experimentation.

aip.org (Global: 2,204^th place; English: 1,735^th place)

"Industrial Physicists: Primarily specialising in Engineering" (PDF). American Institute for Physics. October 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 6, 2015. Retrieved December 23, 2016.

antikythera-mechanism.gr (Global: low place; English: low place)

"The Antikythera Mechanism Research Project". www.antikythera-mechanism.gr. Archived from the original on April 28, 2008. Retrieved July 1, 2007. The Antikythera Mechanism is now understood to be dedicated to astronomical phenomena and operates as a complex mechanical "computer" which tracks the cycles of the Solar System

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; English: 6^th place)

Wood, Michael (2000). Ancient Machines: From Grunts to Graffiti. Minneapolis, MN: Runestone Press. pp. 35, 36. ISBN 0-8225-2996-3.
Eldridge, Frank (1980). Wind Machines (2nd ed.). New York: Litton Educational Publishing, Inc. p. 15. ISBN 0-442-26134-9.
Musson, A.E.; Robinson, Eric H. (1969). Science and Technology in the Industrial Revolution. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-1637-9.

archive.today (Global: 14^th place; English: 14^th place)

George Edwards. "Why Does It Matter? – why are engineering skills important?". Archived from the original on June 19, 2014. Retrieved June 19, 2014.

artic.edu (Global: 6,314^th place; English: 4,201^st place)

"The Art of Engineering from NASA's Aeronautical Research". Aerospace Design. The Art Institute of Chicago. Archived from the original on August 15, 2003. Retrieved March 31, 2007.

asce.org (Global: 7,150^th place; English: 5,488^th place)

"Forensic Engineering | ASCE". www.asce.org. Archived from the original on April 8, 2020. Retrieved September 15, 2019.

bbc.co.uk (Global: 8^th place; English: 10^th place)

"Isambard Kingdom Brunel (1806 - 1859)". History. BBC. Retrieved October 11, 2025.

berkeley.edu (Global: 580^th place; English: 462^nd place)

"UC Berkeley News: UC researchers create model of brain's electrical storm during a seizure". Archived from the original on February 2, 2007. Retrieved March 30, 2007.

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

Faiella, Graham (2006). The Technology of Mesopotamia. The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 27. ISBN 978-1-4042-0560-4. Archived from the original on January 3, 2020. Retrieved October 13, 2019.
Woods, Michael; Woods, Mary B. (2000). Ancient Machines: From Wedges to Waterwheels. USA: Twenty-First Century Books. p. 58. ISBN 0-8225-2994-7. Archived from the original on January 4, 2020. Retrieved October 13, 2019.
Kemp, Barry J. (2007). Ancient Egypt: Anatomy of a Civilisation. Routledge. p. 159. ISBN 978-1-134-56388-3. Archived from the original on August 1, 2020. Retrieved August 20, 2019.
Mokhtar, G. (1981). Ancient civilizations of Africa. Unesco. International Scientific Committee for the Drafting of a General History of Africa. p. 309. ISBN 978-0-435-94805-4. Archived from the original on May 2, 2022. Retrieved June 19, 2012 – via Books.google.com.
Török, László (2015). The Kingdom of Kush: Handbook of the Napatan-Meroitic Civilization. Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 1 The Near and Middle East. Vol. 31. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-29401-1.
Collins, Robert O.; Burns, James M. (2007). A History of Sub-Saharan Africa. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-86746-7. Archived from the original on July 9, 2021. Retrieved September 23, 2020 – via Google Books.
Edwards, David N. (2004). The Nubian Past: An Archaeology of the Sudan. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-203-48276-6. Archived from the original on July 9, 2021. Retrieved September 23, 2020 – via Google Books.
van de Noort, Robert (2013). "Seafaring and Riverine Navigation in the Bronze Age of Europe". In Harding, Anthony; Fokkens, Harry (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of the European Bronze Age. Oxford Handbooks. OUP Oxford. pp. 382–386. ISBN 978-0-19-100732-3.
Rance, Philip (June 27, 2016). "Philo of Byzantium". In Phang, Sara Elise; et al. (eds.). Conflict in Ancient Greece and Rome: The Definitive Political, Social, and Military Encyclopedia. Bloomsbury Publishing USA, 2016. ISBN 979-8-216-06469-5.
Chevedden, Paul E. (1988). "The hybrid trebuchet: the halfway step to the counterweight trebuchet". In Kagay, Donald J.; O'Callaghan, Joseph F.; Vann, Theresa M. (eds.). On the Social Origins of Medieval Institutions Essays in Honor of Joseph F. O'Callaghan. The medieval Mediterranean peoples, economies, and cultures, 400-1453. Vol. 19. Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill. p. 179. ISBN 978-90-04-11096-0. ISSN 0928-5520. Retrieved February 16, 2025 – via Google Books.
Lakwete, Angela (2003). Inventing the Cotton Gin: Machine and Myth in Antebellum America. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 1–6. ISBN 978-0-8018-7394-2. Archived from the original on April 20, 2021. Retrieved October 13, 2019.
Žmolek, Michael Andrew (2013). Rethinking the Industrial Revolution: Five Centuries of Transition from Agrarian to Industrial Capitalism in England. Brill. p. 328. ISBN 978-90-04-25179-3. Archived from the original on December 29, 2019. Retrieved October 13, 2019. The spinning jenny was basically an adaptation of its precursor the spinning wheel
Roe, Joseph Wickham (1916). English and American Tool Builders. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. LCCN 16011753. Archived from the original on January 26, 2021. Retrieved November 10, 2018.
Aslaksen, Erik W. (2012). The System Concept and Its Application to Engineering. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 145. ISBN 978-3-642-32169-6.
Young, Michael; Muller, Johan, eds. (2014). Knowledge, Expertise and the Professions. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-68392-5.
Engineering Research Board, National Research Council (1987). Directions in Engineering Research: An Assessment of Opportunities and Needs. National Academies Press. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-309-03747-1.
"British Nuclear Energy Society". Journal of the British Nuclear Energy Society. 1. 1962. In most universities it should be possible to cover the main branches of engineering, i.e. civil, mechanical, electrical and chemical engineering in this way. More specialized fields of engineering application, of which nuclear power is ...
Ramchandani, Indu (2000). Student's Britannica India,7vol.Set. Popular Prakashan. p. 146. ISBN 978-0-85229-761-2. Branches: There are traditionally four primary engineering disciplines: civil, mechanical, electrical and chemical.
Fitzpatrick, Corine; Costantini, Kathleen (2022). Counseling 21st Century Students for Optimal College and Career Readiness: A 9th–12th Grade Curriculum (2nd ed.). Routledge. ISBN 978-1-000-54220-2.
Tzafestas, Spyros G. (2022). Systems, Cybernetics, Control, and Automation. CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-000-79706-0.
Bronzino, Joseph D. (2000). Biomedical Engineering Handbook. Electrical engineering handbook series. Vol. 2 (2 ed.). Springer Science & Business Media. p. 126–2. ISBN 978-3-540-66808-4.
Murphy, Colleen; Gardoni, Paolo (2012). "Design, Risk and Capabilities". In Oosterlaken, Ilse; van den Hoven, Jeroen (eds.). The Capability Approach, Technology and Design. Philosophy of Engineering and Technology. Vol. 5. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 174–175. ISBN 978-94-007-3878-2.
Statnikov, R. B.; Matusov, J. B. (2012). Multicriteria Optimization and Engineering. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. ix–xii. ISBN 978-1-4615-2089-4.
Goldstein, Harold; Fraser, Bryna Shore (1986). Training for Work in the Computer Age: How Workers who Use Computers Get Their Training. Research report series. Vol. 85. National Commission for Employment Policy.
Walker, David; et al. (2018). Engineering Modelling and Analysis. CRC Press. p. 8. ISBN 978-1-4822-6640-5.
Barua, Ranjit (2024). Robotics, Automation and Computer Numerical Control. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 108. ISBN 978-1-0364-1466-5.
Reible, Danny (2017). Fundamentals of Environmental Engineering. CRC Press. pp. 1–4. ISBN 978-1-351-44659-4.
American Society for Engineering Education (1970). Engineering education. Vol. 60. American Society for Engineering Education. p. 467. Archived from the original on April 16, 2021. Retrieved June 27, 2015. The great engineer Theodore von Karman once said, "Scientists study the world as it is, engineers create the world that never has been." Today, more than ever, the engineer must create a world that never has been ...
Walter G Whitman; August Paul Peck. Whitman-Peck Physics. American Book Company, 1946, p. 06 Archived August 1, 2020, at the Wayback Machine. OCLC 3247002
Ateneo de Manila University Press. Philippine Studies, vol. 11, no. 4, 1963. p. 600
Puttaswamaiah. Future Of Economic Science Archived October 26, 2018, at the Wayback Machine. Oxford and IBH Publishing, 2008, p. 208.
Yoseph Bar-Cohen, Cynthia L. Breazeal. Biologically Inspired Intelligent Robots. SPIE Press, 2003. ISBN 978-0-8194-4872-9. p. 190
R Gazzinelli, R L Moreira, W N Rodrigues. Physics and Industrial Development: Bridging the Gap Archived August 1, 2020, at the Wayback Machine. World Scientific, 1997, p. 110.
Steve Fuller. Knowledge Management Foundations. Routledge, 2012. ISBN 978-1-136-38982-5. p. 92 Archived August 1, 2020, at the Wayback Machine
Baofu, Peter (March 26, 2009). The Future of Post-Human Engineering: A Preface to a New Theory of Technology. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 141. ISBN 978-1-4438-0813-2.
Jaun, Marlon A. (2021). Lean Six Sigma Techniques: Reference Book for Practical Work. BoD – Books on Demand. p. 18. ISBN 978-3-7543-0812-7.

brewminate.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Mark, Joshua J. (November 29, 2023). "Pyramids, Statues, and Temples: The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World". Brewminate: A Bold Blend of News and Ideas. Retrieved October 10, 2025.

britannica.com (Global: 40^th place; English: 58^th place)

Smith, Ralph J. (March 29, 2024). "engineering". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on April 25, 2024.
"Greek civilization in the 5th century – Military technology". Britannica. Archived from the original on June 6, 2009. Retrieved June 6, 2009. Quote: "The 7th century, by contrast, had witnessed rapid innovations, such as the introduction of the hoplite and the trireme, which still were the basic instruments of war in the 5th.' and "But it was the development of artillery that opened an epoch, and this invention did not predate the 4th century. It was first heard of in the context of Sicilian warfare against Carthage in the time of Dionysius I of Syracuse."

bu.edu (Global: 2,120^th place; English: 1,328^th place)

"Ethical Assessment of Implantable Brain Chips. Ellen M. McGee and G.Q. Maguire, Jr. from Boston University". Archived from the original on April 7, 2016. Retrieved March 30, 2007.

caltech.edu (Global: 887^th place; English: 714^th place)

eas.caltech.edu

Rosakis, Ares. "Chair's Message, Caltech". Archived from the original on November 4, 2011. Retrieved October 15, 2011.

cambridge.org (Global: 305^th place; English: 264^th place)

dictionary.cambridge.org

definition of "engineering" from: "English Dictionary". Cambridge Academic Content Dictionary. Cambridge University. Archived from the original on February 16, 2021. Retrieved February 16, 2021.

careercornerstone.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Nuclear Engineering Overview" (PDF). Career Cornerstone Center. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 29, 2011. Retrieved August 2, 2011.

chiefengineer.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"The Art of Engineering". The Chief Engineers Association of Chicago. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved September 27, 2007. ...the tools of artists and the perspective of engineers...

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Chondros, Thomas G. (2017). "Natural Philosophy and the Development of Mechanics and Engineering from the 5th century B.C. to Middle-Ages". FME Transactions. 45 (4): 603–619. doi:10.5937/fmet1704603C.
De Feo, Giovanni; et al. (2013). "Historical and Technical Notes on Aqueducts from Prehistoric to Medieval Times". Water. 5 (4): 1996–2025. Bibcode:2013Water...5.1996D. doi:10.3390/w5041996. hdl:2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/168168.
Humphris, Jane; Charlton, Michael F.; Keen, Jake; Sauder, Lee; Alshishani, Fareed (2018). "Iron Smelting in Sudan: Experimental Archaeology at The Royal City of Meroe". Journal of Field Archaeology. 43 (5): 399. doi:10.1080/00934690.2018.1479085. ISSN 0093-4690.
Humphris, J.; Charlton, M.F.; Keen, J.; Sauder, L.; Alshishani, F. (June 2018). "Iron Smelting in Sudan: Experimental Archaeology at The Royal City of Meroe". Journal of Field Archaeology. 43 (5): 399–416. doi:10.1080/00934690.2018.1479085.
Koetsier, Teun (2001). "On the prehistory of programmable machines: musical automata, looms, calculators". Mechanism and Machine Theory. 36 (5). Elsevier: 589–603. doi:10.1016/S0094-114X(01)00005-2.
Kapur, Ajay; Carnegie, Dale; Murphy, Jim; Long, Jason (2017). "Loudspeakers Optional: A history of non-loudspeaker-based electroacoustic music". Organised Sound. 22 (2). Cambridge University Press: 195–205. doi:10.1017/S1355771817000103. ISSN 1355-7718. S2CID 143427257.
Swezey, Kenneth M. (May 16, 1958). "Nikola Tesla". Science. 127 (3307): 1147–1159. Bibcode:1958Sci...127.1147S. doi:10.1126/science.127.3307.1147. PMID 17771481.
Flood, J. E. (March 1976). "Alexander Graham Bell and the invention of the telephone". Electronics and Power. 22 (3): 159. doi:10.1049/ep.1976.0077.
Bryant, Lynwood (March 1967). "The Origin of the Automobile Engine". Scientific American. 216 (3): 102–113. Bibcode:1967SciAm.216c.102B. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0367-102. JSTOR 24931437.
Giroux, Raymond Paul (April 26, 2012). "Building Hoover Dam (Men, Machines, and Methods)". Hoover Dam: 75th Anniversary History Symposium. pp. 360–410. doi:10.1061/41141(390)20. ISBN 978-0-7844-1141-4.
Verrax, Fanny (August 2017). "Engineering ethics and post-normal science: A French perspective". Futures. 91: 76–79. doi:10.1016/j.futures.2017.01.009.
Starrett, Steve (December 16, 2012). "Engineers Face Ethical Dilemmas". Leadership and Management in Engineering. 13 (1): 49–50. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)LM.1943-5630.0000213.
Fajri, Aprianur; et al. (2021). "Fatigue Analysis of Engineering Structures: State of Development and Achievement". Procedia Structural Integrity. 33. Elsevier: 19–26. doi:10.1016/j.prostr.2021.10.004.
McQuaid, Patricia A. (August 2012). "Software disasters—understanding the past, to improve the future". Journal of Software: Evolution and Process. 24 (5, Special Issue: Software, Systems and Services Process Improvement (EuroSPI 2009)): 459–470. doi:10.1002/smr.500.
Zhou, Tianyu; et al. (2022). "Digital product design and engineering analysis techniques". Digital Manufacturing: The Industrialization of Art to Part 3D Additive Printing. pp. 57–96. doi:10.1016/B978-0-323-95062-6.00003-6. ISBN 978-0-323-95062-6.
Fortin, Clement; Huet, Gregory (February 20, 2007). "Manufacturing Process Management: iterative synchronisation of engineering data with manufacturing realities". International Journal of Product Development. 4 (3–4): 280–295. doi:10.1504/IJPD.2007.012496.
Hadrović, Petra; et al. (September 2, 2025). Printed Circuit Board Design in Computer-Aided Design Tool. 2025 MIPRO 48th ICT and Electronics Convention. IEEE. doi:10.1109/MIPRO65660.2025.11132005.
Liu, Yi; et al. (November 9, 2020). "Development of Tailored Engineering Software by Architecture, Engineering, and Construction Companies: Benefits versus Risks". Construction Research Congress 2020: Computer Applications. ACSE Library. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers. pp. 725–732. doi:10.1061/9780784482865.077. ISBN 978-0-7844-8286-5.
Aslaksen, E. W. (2017). "Engineers and the Evolution of Society". In Michelfelder, D.; et al. (eds.). Philosophy and Engineering. Philosophy of Engineering and Technology. Vol. 26. Springer, Cham. pp. 113–124. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-45193-0_9. ISBN 978-3-319-45191-6.
Hayes, Jan (August 2015). "Taking responsibility for public safety: How engineers seek to minimise disaster incubation in design of hazardous facilities". Safety Science. 77. Elsevier: 48–56. doi:10.1016/j.ssci.2015.03.016.
Xu, Xibao; et al. (May 20, 2020). "Unravelling the effects of large-scale ecological programs on ecological rehabilitation of China's Three Gorges Dam". Journal of Cleaner Production. 256 120446. Bibcode:2020JCPro.25620446X. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120446.
Smith, N. M.; et al. (2021). "Enhancing Engineering Ethics: Role Ethics and Corporate Social Responsibility". Science and Engineering Ethics. 27 (3) 28. doi:10.1007/s11948-021-00289-7. PMID 33864147.
"Relationship between physics and electrical engineering". Journal of the A.I.E.E. 46 (2): 107–108. 1927. Bibcode:1927JAIEE..46..107.. doi:10.1109/JAIEE.1927.6534988. S2CID 51673339.
Evans-Pughe, C. (May 2003). "Foreign parts (electronic body implants)". IEE Review. 49 (5): 30–33. doi:10.1049/ir:20030503 (inactive July 12, 2025). Retrieved March 3, 2020. Feeling threatened by cyborgs?{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2025 (link)
Elia, G.; et al. (June 2021). "Management Engineering: A New Perspective on the Integration of Engineering and Management Knowledge". IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management. 68 (3): 881–893. Bibcode:2021ITEM...68..881E. doi:10.1109/TEM.2020.2992911.

drew.edu (Global: low place; English: low place)

users.drew.edu

"Leonardo da Vinci as an Artist and a Scientist". Archived from the original on April 19, 2007. Retrieved April 19, 2007. Drew U: user website: cites Bjerklie paper

emiusa.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Home page for EMI Archived April 14, 2012, at the Wayback Machine

engc.org.uk (Global: low place; English: low place)

Hamilton, James. "The Engineering Profession" (PDF). Internet Archive. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 10, 2007. The Civilingenior degree encompasses the main branches of engineering civil, mechanical, electrical, chemical
"Licensing professional engineering institutions". UK Engineering Council. 2025. Retrieved October 12, 2025.

engineeringuk.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"engineeringuk.com/About_us". Archived from the original on May 30, 2014.

etymonline.com (Global: 287^th place; English: 321^st place)

Harper, Douglas. "engine". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved October 12, 2025.

faa.gov (Global: 1,009^th place; English: 607^th place)

"faa.gov: "Engineering and Flight Test Designees - Designated Engineering Representative (DER)"". Archived from the original on June 8, 2009. Retrieved May 31, 2009.

georgededwards.co.uk (Global: low place; English: low place)

George Edwards. "Why Does It Matter? – why are engineering skills important?". Archived from the original on June 19, 2014. Retrieved June 19, 2014.
George Edwards. "The ERA Foundation Report". Archived from the original on October 6, 2014. Retrieved June 19, 2014.

handle.net (Global: 102^nd place; English: 76^th place)

hdl.handle.net

De Feo, Giovanni; et al. (2013). "Historical and Technical Notes on Aqueducts from Prehistoric to Medieval Times". Water. 5 (4): 1996–2025. Bibcode:2013Water...5.1996D. doi:10.3390/w5041996. hdl:2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/168168.

harvard.edu (Global: 18^th place; English: 17^th place)

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

De Feo, Giovanni; et al. (2013). "Historical and Technical Notes on Aqueducts from Prehistoric to Medieval Times". Water. 5 (4): 1996–2025. Bibcode:2013Water...5.1996D. doi:10.3390/w5041996. hdl:2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/168168.
Swezey, Kenneth M. (May 16, 1958). "Nikola Tesla". Science. 127 (3307): 1147–1159. Bibcode:1958Sci...127.1147S. doi:10.1126/science.127.3307.1147. PMID 17771481.
Bryant, Lynwood (March 1967). "The Origin of the Automobile Engine". Scientific American. 216 (3): 102–113. Bibcode:1967SciAm.216c.102B. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0367-102. JSTOR 24931437.
Xu, Xibao; et al. (May 20, 2020). "Unravelling the effects of large-scale ecological programs on ecological rehabilitation of China's Three Gorges Dam". Journal of Cleaner Production. 256 120446. Bibcode:2020JCPro.25620446X. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120446.
"Relationship between physics and electrical engineering". Journal of the A.I.E.E. 46 (2): 107–108. 1927. Bibcode:1927JAIEE..46..107.. doi:10.1109/JAIEE.1927.6534988. S2CID 51673339.
Elia, G.; et al. (June 2021). "Management Engineering: A New Perspective on the Integration of Engineering and Management Knowledge". IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management. 68 (3): 881–893. Bibcode:2021ITEM...68..881E. doi:10.1109/TEM.2020.2992911.

history-science-technology.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Taqi al-Din and the First Steam Turbine, 1551 A.D." Archived from the original on February 18, 2008. Retrieved February 18, 2008.

iaeng.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"About IAENG". iaeng.org. International Association of Engineers. Archived from the original on January 26, 2021. Retrieved December 17, 2016.

iated.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

library.iated.org

C. Morón, E. Tremps, A. García, J.A. Somolinos (2011) The Physics and its Relation with the Engineering, INTED2011 Proceedings pp. 5929–34 Archived December 20, 2016, at the Wayback Machine. ISBN 978-84-614-7423-3

ieee.org (Global: 652^nd place; English: 515^th place)

ieeexplore.ieee.org

Evans-Pughe, C. (May 2003). "Foreign parts (electronic body implants)". IEE Review. 49 (5): 30–33. doi:10.1049/ir:20030503 (inactive July 12, 2025). Retrieved March 3, 2020. Feeling threatened by cyborgs?{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2025 (link)
"Go to issue". IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Magazine. 26 (1). IEEE. 2007. Archived from the original on February 13, 2007. Retrieved March 30, 2007. Both general and technical articles on current technologies and methods used in biomedical and clinical engineering ...

ironring.ca (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Origin of the Iron Ring concept". Archived from the original on April 30, 2011. Retrieved August 13, 2021.

issues.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Hammack, William; Anderson, John (February 16, 2022). "Working in the Penumbra of Understanding". Issues in Science and Technology. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Arizona State University. Archived from the original on August 3, 2023. Retrieved August 3, 2023. The method used by engineers to create artifacts and systems—from cellular telephony, computers and smartphones, and GPS to remote controls, airplanes, and biomimetic materials and devices—isn't the same method scientists use in their work. The scientific method has a prescribed process: state a question, observe, state a hypothesis, test, analyze, and interpret. It doesn't know what will be discovered, what truth will be revealed. In contrast, the engineering method aims for a specific goal and cannot be reduced to a set of fixed steps that must be followed.

jlpp.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Djekic, Petar (November 25, 2024). "The Unchecked Rise of Trucks and SUVs in America". Cornell Journal of Law and Public Policy, the Issue Spotter. Retrieved October 11, 2025.

jstor.org (Global: 26^th place; English: 20^th place)

Duncan, John (1926). "Early Steam Railways in Great Britain". The Railway and Locomotive Historical Society Bulletin. 12 (12): 15–24. JSTOR 43516829.
Bryant, Lynwood (March 1967). "The Origin of the Automobile Engine". Scientific American. 216 (3): 102–113. Bibcode:1967SciAm.216c.102B. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0367-102. JSTOR 24931437.
Finnerty, John D. (Winter 1988). "Financial Engineering in Corporate Finance: An Overview". Financial Management. 17 (4). Wiley: 14–33. JSTOR 3665764.

livescience.com (Global: 1,190^th place; English: 959^th place)

Lucas, Jim (August 22, 2014). "What is engineering?". Live Science. Archived from the original on July 2, 2019. Retrieved September 15, 2019.

loc.gov (Global: 70^th place; English: 63^rd place)

lccn.loc.gov

Roe, Joseph Wickham (1916). English and American Tool Builders. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. LCCN 16011753. Archived from the original on January 26, 2021. Retrieved November 10, 2018.
Hounshell, David A. (1984). From the American System to Mass Production, 1800–1932: The Development of Manufacturing Technology in the United States. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-2975-8. LCCN 83016269. OCLC 1104810110.

marshallgroup.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Closing the engineering skills gap through apprenticeships". Marshall Group. Retrieved August 30, 2025.

mit.edu (Global: 415^th place; English: 327^th place)

sdm.mit.edu

Ryschkewitsch, M.G. NASA Chief Engineer. "Improving the capability to Engineer Complex Systems – Broadening the Conversation on the Art and Science of Systems Engineering" (PDF). p. 8 of 21. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 14, 2013. Retrieved October 15, 2011.

mitworld.mit.edu

"Inventor James Dyson on the Art of Engineering". The Art of Engineering. MIT World. Archived from the original on July 5, 2006. Retrieved July 5, 2006. A member of the British Design Council, James Dyson has been designing products since graduating from the Royal College of Art in 1970.

mnsu.edu (Global: low place; English: 9,982^nd place)

"Bones act as levers". Minnesota State University emuseum. Archived from the original on December 20, 2008. Retrieved December 20, 2008.

nih.gov (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Swezey, Kenneth M. (May 16, 1958). "Nikola Tesla". Science. 127 (3307): 1147–1159. Bibcode:1958Sci...127.1147S. doi:10.1126/science.127.3307.1147. PMID 17771481.
Smith, N. M.; et al. (2021). "Enhancing Engineering Ethics: Role Ethics and Corporate Social Responsibility". Science and Engineering Ethics. 27 (3) 28. doi:10.1007/s11948-021-00289-7. PMID 33864147.

nsf.gov (Global: 3,828^th place; English: 2,823^rd place)

"National Science Foundation:The Art of Engineering: Professor uses the fine arts to broaden students' engineering perspectives". Archived from the original on September 19, 2018. Retrieved April 6, 2018.

nspe.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Code of Ethics". National Society of Professional Engineers. Archived from the original on February 18, 2020. Retrieved July 12, 2017.
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