Enigma machine (English Wikipedia)

Rijmenants, Dirk; Technical details of the Enigma machine Cipher Machines & Cryptology
Rijmenants, Dirk; Enigma message procedures Cipher Machines & Cryptology
Rijmenants, Dirk; Kurzsignalen on German U-boats Cipher Machines & Cryptology

cmu.edu (Global: 2,125^th place; English: 1,347^th place)

library.cmu.edu

"Enigma Machines at CMU | CMU Libraries". www.library.cmu.edu. Retrieved 1 August 2025.

cmu.edu

"Inside the Enigma Machine". Carnegie Mellon University. Retrieved 1 August 2025.

codesandciphers.org.uk (Global: low place; English: low place)

Sale, Tony. "Technical specifications of the Enigma rotors". Technical Specification of the Enigma. Retrieved 15 November 2009.
"The translated 1940 Enigma General Procedure". codesandciphers.org.uk. Retrieved 16 October 2006.
"The translated 1940 Enigma Officer and Staff Procedure". codesandciphers.org.uk. Retrieved 16 October 2006.

cripto.es (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Taller de Criptografía – Enigmas españolas". Cripto.es. Archived from the original on 11 June 2013. Retrieved 8 September 2013.

cryptocellar.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Rejewski 1980. Rejewski, Marian (1980). "An Application of the Theory of Permutations in Breaking the Enigma Cipher" (PDF). Applicationes Mathematicae. 16 (4): 543–559. doi:10.4064/am-16-4-543-559. ISSN 1730-6280.
Reichswehr and Wehrmacht Enigma Orders Archived 29 June 2021 at the Wayback Machine in Frode Weierud's CryptoCellar, accessed 29 June 2021.

cryptomuseum.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"EnigmaHistory". Crypto Museum. Retrieved 16 December 2020.
"History of the Enigma". Crypto Museum. Retrieved 1 December 2017.
"Enigma History". cryptomuseum.com. Retrieved 16 December 2020.
"Lückenfüllerwalze". Cryptomuseum.com. Retrieved 17 July 2012.
Friedman, W.F. (1987) [1st pub. 1922]. The index of coincidence and its applications in cryptology (PDF). Department of Ciphers. Publ 22. Geneva, Illinois, USA: Riverbank Laboratories. ISBN 0-89412-137-5. OCLC 55786052.
"Message from Dönitz — 1 May 1945". Retrieved 27 November 2018.

deutsches-spionagemuseum.de (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Enigma-Maschine: Die Entschlüsselung der Chiffriermaschine". Deutsches Spionagemuseum (in German). Retrieved 3 February 2024.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Hamer, Sullivan & Weierud 2010, pp. 211–229. Hamer, David H.; Sullivan, Geoff; Weierud, Frode (4 June 2010). "Enigma Variations: An Extended Family of Machines" (PDF). Cryptologia. XXII (3): 211–229. doi:10.1080/0161-119891886885. ISSN 0161-1194. Retrieved 18 February 2016.
Rejewski 1980. Rejewski, Marian (1980). "An Application of the Theory of Permutations in Breaking the Enigma Cipher" (PDF). Applicationes Mathematicae. 16 (4): 543–559. doi:10.4064/am-16-4-543-559. ISSN 1730-6280.
Vázquez & Jiménez–Seral 2018. Vázquez, Manuel; Jiménez–Seral, Paz (4 March 2018). "Recovering the military Enigma using permutations—filling in the details of Rejewski's solution". Cryptologia. 42 (2): 106–134. doi:10.1080/01611194.2016.1257522. S2CID 4451333.
Erskine 2006, pp. 294–305. Erskine, Ralph (December 2006). "The Poles Reveal their Secrets: Alastair Denniston's Account of the July 1939 Meeting at Pyry". Cryptologia. 30 (4). Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: 294–305. doi:10.1080/01611190600920944. S2CID 13410460.
Hamer, David (January 1997). "Enigma: Actions Involved in the 'Double-Stepping' of the Middle Rotor". Cryptologia. 21 (1): 47–50. doi:10.1080/0161-119791885779. Archived from the original (zip) on 19 July 2011.
Marks & Weierud 2000. Marks, Philip; Weierud, Frode (2000). "Recovering the Wiring of Enigma's Umkehrwalze A" (PDF). Cryptologia. 24 (1): 55–66. doi:10.1080/0161-110091888781. S2CID 4473786. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 February 2012.
Marks 2001, pp. 101–141. Marks, Philip (April 2001). "Umkehrwalze D: Enigma's Rewirable Reflector - Part I". Cryptologia. 25 (2): 101–141. doi:10.1080/0161-110191889842. ISSN 0161-1194. S2CID 11111300.
Miller 1995, pp. 65–80. Miller, A. Ray (January 1995). "The cryptographic mathematics of Enigma". Cryptologia. 19 (1): 65–80. doi:10.1080/0161-119591883773.
Ulbricht 2005, p. 4. Ulbricht, Heinz (2005). Die Chiffriermaschine Enigma — Trügerische Sicherheit: Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Nachrichtendienste [The Enigma Cipher Machine — Deceptive Security: A contribution to the history of intelligence services] (PDF) (Thesis). PhD Thesis (in German). Universitätsbibliothek Braunschweig. doi:10.24355/dbbs.084-200511080100-324.
Kruh & Deavours 2002, p. 97. Kruh, L.; Deavours, C. (2002). "The Commercial Enigma: Beginnings of Machine Cryptography". Cryptologia. 26: 1–16. doi:10.1080/0161-110291890731. S2CID 41446859.
Kahn 1991, p. 43 says August 1934. Kruh & Deavours 2002, p. 15 say October 2004. Kahn, David (1991). Seizing the Enigma: The Race to Break the German U-Boats Codes, 1939–1943. Houghton Mifflin Company. ISBN 978-0-395-42739-2. Kruh, L.; Deavours, C. (2002). "The Commercial Enigma: Beginnings of Machine Cryptography". Cryptologia. 26: 1–16. doi:10.1080/0161-110291890731. S2CID 41446859.
Kruh & Deavours 2002, p. 98. Kruh, L.; Deavours, C. (2002). "The Commercial Enigma: Beginnings of Machine Cryptography". Cryptologia. 26: 1–16. doi:10.1080/0161-110291890731. S2CID 41446859.

dw.com (Global: 205^th place; English: 320^th place)

Welle (www.dw.com), Deutsche. "German divers hand over Enigma encryption machine in Baltic | DW | 4 December 2020". DW.COM.

eclipse.net (Global: low place; English: low place)

Hamer, David (January 1997). "Enigma: Actions Involved in the 'Double-Stepping' of the Middle Rotor". Cryptologia. 21 (1): 47–50. doi:10.1080/0161-119791885779. Archived from the original (zip) on 19 July 2011.
Hamer, David; Enigma machines – known locations* Archived 4 November 2011 at the Wayback Machine
Hamer, David; Selling prices of Enigma and NEMA – all prices converted to US$ Archived 27 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine

espacenet.com (Global: 950^th place; English: 813^th place)

worldwide.espacenet.com

US 1657411, Scherbius, Arthur, "Ciphering Machine", issued 24 January 1928, assigned to Chiffriermaschinen AG

geoexpro.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Van Manen, Dirk-Jan; Johan O. A., Robertsson (2016). "Codes and Ciphers". Geo ExPro. Retrieved 13 October 2023.

ilord.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Lord, Bob (1998–2010). "Enigma Manual". Retrieved 31 May 2011.

jproc.ca (Global: low place; English: low place)

Reuvers, Paul (2008). "Enigma accessories". Retrieved 22 July 2010.

latimes.com (Global: 32^nd place; English: 21^st place)

Ng, David. "Enigma machine from World War II finds unlikely home in Beverly Hills". Los Angeles Times. 22 January 2015.

loc.gov (Global: 63^rd place; English: 47^th place)

lccn.loc.gov

Stripp 1993. Stripp, Alan (1993). "The Enigma Machine: Its Mechanism and Use". In Hinsley, Francis Harry; Stripp, Alan (eds.). Codebreakers: The Inside Story of Bletchley Park. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-280132-5. LCCN 92042502. OCLC 27434484.
Stripp 1993, plate 3. Stripp, Alan (1993). "The Enigma Machine: Its Mechanism and Use". In Hinsley, Francis Harry; Stripp, Alan (eds.). Codebreakers: The Inside Story of Bletchley Park. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-280132-5. LCCN 92042502. OCLC 27434484.
Stripp 1993, p. 83. Stripp, Alan (1993). "The Enigma Machine: Its Mechanism and Use". In Hinsley, Francis Harry; Stripp, Alan (eds.). Codebreakers: The Inside Story of Bletchley Park. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-280132-5. LCCN 92042502. OCLC 27434484.

muzhp.pl (Global: 4,635^th place; English: low place)

"Enigma w kolekcji MHP - Muzeum Historii Polski". Archived from the original on 11 November 2021. Retrieved 11 November 2021.

nsa.gov (Global: 7,332^nd place; English: 4,773^rd place)

"German Cipher Machines of World War II" (PDF). Center for Cryptologic History. National Security Agency. 2014. pp. 22–25. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 May 2023. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
Mucklow, Timothy (2015). The SIGABA / ECM II Cipher Machine: "A Beautiful Idea (PDF). Fort George G. Meade, MD: Center for Cryptologic History, NSA. p. 16.

parkvojaskezgodovine.si (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Revealing of Enigma in the Park of Military History Pivka". 13 April 2023.

pilsudski.org.uk (Global: low place; English: low place)

"13 March 2016, 'Enigma Relay'– how Poles passed the baton to Brits in the run for WWII victory". J. Piłsudski Institute in London. Archived from the original on 22 April 2016. Retrieved 5 April 2016.

reuters.com (Global: 38^th place; English: 30^th place)

"Divers discover Nazi WW2 enigma machine in Baltic Sea". Reuters. 3 December 2020. Archived from the original on 3 December 2020. Retrieved 20 December 2025.

rusi.org (Global: 8,702^nd place; English: 6,677^th place)

Comer 2021. Comer, Tony (27 January 2021). "Poland's Decisive Role in Cracking Enigma and Transforming the UK's SIGINT Operations". Commentary. RUSI. Retrieved 20 April 2022.

schneier.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Schneier on Security: Rare Spanish Enigma Machine". Schneier.com. 26 March 2012. Retrieved 8 September 2013.

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15^th place; English: 8^th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

Vázquez & Jiménez–Seral 2018. Vázquez, Manuel; Jiménez–Seral, Paz (4 March 2018). "Recovering the military Enigma using permutations—filling in the details of Rejewski's solution". Cryptologia. 42 (2): 106–134. doi:10.1080/01611194.2016.1257522. S2CID 4451333.
Erskine 2006, pp. 294–305. Erskine, Ralph (December 2006). "The Poles Reveal their Secrets: Alastair Denniston's Account of the July 1939 Meeting at Pyry". Cryptologia. 30 (4). Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: 294–305. doi:10.1080/01611190600920944. S2CID 13410460.
Marks & Weierud 2000. Marks, Philip; Weierud, Frode (2000). "Recovering the Wiring of Enigma's Umkehrwalze A" (PDF). Cryptologia. 24 (1): 55–66. doi:10.1080/0161-110091888781. S2CID 4473786. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 February 2012.
Marks 2001, pp. 101–141. Marks, Philip (April 2001). "Umkehrwalze D: Enigma's Rewirable Reflector - Part I". Cryptologia. 25 (2): 101–141. doi:10.1080/0161-110191889842. ISSN 0161-1194. S2CID 11111300.
Kruh & Deavours 2002, p. 97. Kruh, L.; Deavours, C. (2002). "The Commercial Enigma: Beginnings of Machine Cryptography". Cryptologia. 26: 1–16. doi:10.1080/0161-110291890731. S2CID 41446859.
Kahn 1991, p. 43 says August 1934. Kruh & Deavours 2002, p. 15 say October 2004. Kahn, David (1991). Seizing the Enigma: The Race to Break the German U-Boats Codes, 1939–1943. Houghton Mifflin Company. ISBN 978-0-395-42739-2. Kruh, L.; Deavours, C. (2002). "The Commercial Enigma: Beginnings of Machine Cryptography". Cryptologia. 26: 1–16. doi:10.1080/0161-110291890731. S2CID 41446859.
Kruh & Deavours 2002, p. 98. Kruh, L.; Deavours, C. (2002). "The Commercial Enigma: Beginnings of Machine Cryptography". Cryptologia. 26: 1–16. doi:10.1080/0161-110291890731. S2CID 41446859.

spymuseum.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Four Rotor Enigma Machine". International Spy Museum. Retrieved 21 February 2023.

tandfonline.com (Global: 286^th place; English: 209^th place)

Miller 1995, pp. 65–80. Miller, A. Ray (January 1995). "The cryptographic mathematics of Enigma". Cryptologia. 19 (1): 65–80. doi:10.1080/0161-119591883773.

tatjavanvark.nl (Global: low place; English: low place)

van Vark, Tatjana The coding machine

thenews.pl (Global: low place; English: 8,725^th place)

"Enigma exhibition in London pays tribute to Poles". Polskie Radio dla Zagranicy. Archived from the original on 23 April 2016. Retrieved 5 April 2016.

timesofisrael.com (Global: 268^th place; English: 208^th place)

"Rare Nazi Enigma machine auctioned off for almost half a million euros". The Times of Israel. 19 November 2025. ISSN 0040-7909. Retrieved 21 November 2025.

tnmoc.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"The National Museum of Computing". The National Museum of Computing. Retrieved 16 December 2020.

tu-bs.de (Global: low place; English: low place)

opus.tu-bs.de

Ulbricht 2005, p. 4. Ulbricht, Heinz (2005). Die Chiffriermaschine Enigma — Trügerische Sicherheit: Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Nachrichtendienste [The Enigma Cipher Machine — Deceptive Security: A contribution to the history of intelligence services] (PDF) (Thesis). PhD Thesis (in German). Universitätsbibliothek Braunschweig. doi:10.24355/dbbs.084-200511080100-324.

utoledo.edu (Global: low place; English: low place)

math.utoledo.edu

Hamer, Sullivan & Weierud 2010, pp. 211–229. Hamer, David H.; Sullivan, Geoff; Weierud, Frode (4 June 2010). "Enigma Variations: An Extended Family of Machines" (PDF). Cryptologia. XXII (3): 211–229. doi:10.1080/0161-119891886885. ISSN 0161-1194. Retrieved 18 February 2016.

viestikiltojenliitto.fi (Global: low place; English: low place)

"The National Signals Museum". www.viestikiltojenliitto.fi.

warmuseum.no (Global: low place; English: low place)

"War Museum". Narviksenteret.

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

"German Cipher Machines of World War II" (PDF). Center for Cryptologic History. National Security Agency. 2014. pp. 22–25. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 May 2023. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
Hamer, David (January 1997). "Enigma: Actions Involved in the 'Double-Stepping' of the Middle Rotor". Cryptologia. 21 (1): 47–50. doi:10.1080/0161-119791885779. Archived from the original (zip) on 19 July 2011.
Marks & Weierud 2000. Marks, Philip; Weierud, Frode (2000). "Recovering the Wiring of Enigma's Umkehrwalze A" (PDF). Cryptologia. 24 (1): 55–66. doi:10.1080/0161-110091888781. S2CID 4473786. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 February 2012.
Reichswehr and Wehrmacht Enigma Orders Archived 29 June 2021 at the Wayback Machine in Frode Weierud's CryptoCellar, accessed 29 June 2021.
"image of Enigma Type B". Archived from the original on 21 October 2005.
"Enigma exhibition in London pays tribute to Poles". Polskie Radio dla Zagranicy. Archived from the original on 23 April 2016. Retrieved 5 April 2016.
"13 March 2016, 'Enigma Relay'– how Poles passed the baton to Brits in the run for WWII victory". J. Piłsudski Institute in London. Archived from the original on 22 April 2016. Retrieved 5 April 2016.
"Enigma w kolekcji MHP - Muzeum Historii Polski". Archived from the original on 11 November 2021. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
Hamer, David; Enigma machines – known locations* Archived 4 November 2011 at the Wayback Machine
Hamer, David; Selling prices of Enigma and NEMA – all prices converted to US$ Archived 27 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine
Christi's; 4 Rotor enigma auction
"Taller de Criptografía – Enigmas españolas". Cripto.es. Archived from the original on 11 June 2013. Retrieved 8 September 2013.
"Communication equipment". znam.bg. 29 November 2003. Archived from the original on 13 January 2015. Retrieved 13 January 2015.
"Divers discover Nazi WW2 enigma machine in Baltic Sea". Reuters. 3 December 2020. Archived from the original on 3 December 2020. Retrieved 20 December 2025.

wlb-stuttgart.de (Global: 5,816^th place; English: 7,896^th place)

Württembergische Landesbibliothek: 104ß Mai (April 2022)

worldcat.org (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)

search.worldcat.org

Hamer, Sullivan & Weierud 2010, pp. 211–229. Hamer, David H.; Sullivan, Geoff; Weierud, Frode (4 June 2010). "Enigma Variations: An Extended Family of Machines" (PDF). Cryptologia. XXII (3): 211–229. doi:10.1080/0161-119891886885. ISSN 0161-1194. Retrieved 18 February 2016.
Rejewski 1980. Rejewski, Marian (1980). "An Application of the Theory of Permutations in Breaking the Enigma Cipher" (PDF). Applicationes Mathematicae. 16 (4): 543–559. doi:10.4064/am-16-4-543-559. ISSN 1730-6280.
Stripp 1993. Stripp, Alan (1993). "The Enigma Machine: Its Mechanism and Use". In Hinsley, Francis Harry; Stripp, Alan (eds.). Codebreakers: The Inside Story of Bletchley Park. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-280132-5. LCCN 92042502. OCLC 27434484.
Marks 2001, pp. 101–141. Marks, Philip (April 2001). "Umkehrwalze D: Enigma's Rewirable Reflector - Part I". Cryptologia. 25 (2): 101–141. doi:10.1080/0161-110191889842. ISSN 0161-1194. S2CID 11111300.
Friedman, W.F. (1987) [1st pub. 1922]. The index of coincidence and its applications in cryptology (PDF). Department of Ciphers. Publ 22. Geneva, Illinois, USA: Riverbank Laboratories. ISBN 0-89412-137-5. OCLC 55786052.
Stripp 1993, plate 3. Stripp, Alan (1993). "The Enigma Machine: Its Mechanism and Use". In Hinsley, Francis Harry; Stripp, Alan (eds.). Codebreakers: The Inside Story of Bletchley Park. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-280132-5. LCCN 92042502. OCLC 27434484.
Stripp 1993, p. 83. Stripp, Alan (1993). "The Enigma Machine: Its Mechanism and Use". In Hinsley, Francis Harry; Stripp, Alan (eds.). Codebreakers: The Inside Story of Bletchley Park. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-280132-5. LCCN 92042502. OCLC 27434484.
"Rare Nazi Enigma machine auctioned off for almost half a million euros". The Times of Israel. 19 November 2025. ISSN 0040-7909. Retrieved 21 November 2025.
Ferris, John Robert (2005). Intelligence and strategy: selected essays. Cass series - Studies in intelligence. New York, NY: F. Cass. p. 165. ISBN 978-0-415-36195-8. OCLC 243558411.
Greenberg, Joel (2014). Gordon Welchman: Bletchley Park's architect of ultra intelligence. London: Pen & Sword Books Ltd. p. 85. ISBN 978-1-4738-8525-7. OCLC 1023312315.
Bauer, Friedrich Ludwig (2007). Decrypted secrets: methods and maxims of cryptology (4th revision and extended ed.). Berlin: Springer. p. 133. ISBN 978-3-540-24502-5. OCLC 255507974.

znam.bg (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Communication equipment". znam.bg. 29 November 2003. Archived from the original on 13 January 2015. Retrieved 13 January 2015.

Enigma machine (English Wikipedia)

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