Environment and sexual orientation (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Environment and sexual orientation" in English language version.

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43nih.gov

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38doi.org

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23semanticscholar.org

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aappublications.org

pediatrics.aappublications.org

Frankowski BL (June 2004). "Sexual orientation and adolescents". Pediatrics. 113 (6): 1827–32. doi:10.1542/peds.113.6.1827. PMID 15173519. Archived from the original on 2013-03-20. Retrieved 2014-12-28.

apa.org

"Appropriate Therapeutic Responses to Sexual Orientation" (PDF). American Psychological Association. 2009. pp. 63, 86. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 3, 2013. Retrieved February 3, 2015.

content.apa.org

Balsam KF, Mohr JJ (1995). "Childhood sex-typed behavior and sexual orientation: A conceptual analysis and quantitative review". Developmental Psychology. 31 (1): 43–55. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.31.1.43. S2CID 28174284. Archived from the original on 2021-08-28. Retrieved 2008-08-26.

archive.org

LeVay, Simon (2017). Gay, Straight, and the Reason why: The Science of Sexual Orientation. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-029737-4. OL 26246092M. Retrieved 2020-11-26.

bmj.com

Smoliga, James M.; Fogaca, Lucas K.; Siplon, Jessica S.; Goldburt, Abigail A.; Jakobs, Franziska (2021-12-15). "Giving science the finger—is the second-to-fourth digit ratio (2D:4D) a biomarker of good luck? A cross sectional study". BMJ. 375: e067849. doi:10.1136/bmj-2021-067849. ISSN 1756-1833. PMC 8672321. PMID 34911738.

books.google.com

Lamanna MA, Riedmann A, Stewart SD (2014). Marriages, Families, and Relationships: Making Choices in a Diverse Society. Cengage Learning. p. 82. ISBN 978-1-305-17689-8. Archived from the original on November 30, 2016. Retrieved January 11, 2016. The reason some individuals develop a gay sexual identity has not been definitively established – nor do we yet understand the development of heterosexuality. The American Psychological Association (APA) takes the position that a variety of factors impact a person's sexuality. The most recent literature from the APA says that sexual orientation is not a choice that can be changed at will, and that sexual orientation is most likely the result of a complex interaction of environmental, cognitive and biological factors...is shaped at an early age...[and evidence suggests] biological, including genetic or inborn hormonal factors, play a significant role in a person's sexuality (American Psychological Association 2010).
Stuart GW (2014). Principles and Practice of Psychiatric Nursing. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 502. ISBN 978-0-323-29412-6. Archived from the original on November 30, 2016. Retrieved January 11, 2016. No conclusive evidence supports any one specific cause of homosexuality; however, most researchers agree that biological and social factors influence the development of sexual orientation.
Kersey-Matusiak G (2012). Delivering Culturally Competent Nursing Care. Springer Publishing Company. p. 169. ISBN 978-0-8261-9381-0. Archived from the original on November 30, 2016. Retrieved January 10, 2016. Most health and mental health organizations do not view sexual orientation as a 'choice.'
* Bailey JM, Vasey PL, Diamond LM, Breedlove SM, Vilain E, Epprecht M (September 2016). "Sexual Orientation, Controversy, and Science". Psychological Science in the Public Interest. 17 (2): 45–101. doi:10.1177/1529100616637616. PMID 27113562. S2CID 42281410. Archived from the original on 2020-04-14. Retrieved 2019-09-29. Sexual fluidity is situation-dependent flexibility in a person's sexual responsiveness, which makes it possible for some individuals to experience desires for either men or women under certain circumstances regardless of their overall sexual orientation....We expect that in all cultures the vast majority of individuals are sexually predisposed exclusively to the other sex (i.e., heterosexual) and that only a minority of individuals are sexually predisposed (whether exclusively or non-exclusively) to the same sex.
- Coon D, Mitterer JO (2012). Introduction to Psychology: Gateways to Mind and Behavior with Concept Maps and Reviews. Cengage Learning. p. 372. ISBN 978-1-111-83363-3. Retrieved February 18, 2016. Sexual orientation is a deep part of personal identity and is usually quite stable. Starting with their earliest erotic feelings, most people remember being attracted to either the opposite sex or the same sex. [...] The fact that sexual orientation is usually quite stable doesn't rule out the possibility that for some people sexual behavior may change during the course of a lifetime.
- LeVay S (August 2016). Gay, Straight, and the Reason Why: The Science of Sexual Orientation. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-029739-8. Archived from the original on 2021-04-28. Retrieved 2020-10-10.
- Baumeister RF (2001). Social Psychology and Human Sexuality: Essential Readings. Psychology Press. pp. 201–2. ISBN 978-1-84169-018-6. Archived from the original on 2020-07-27. Retrieved 2018-09-14.
- Friedman RC (2008). Sexual Orientation and Psychodynamic Psychotherapy Sexual Science and Clinical Practice. Columbia University Press. pp. 53–7. ISBN 978-0-231-12057-9. Archived from the original on 2020-02-10. Retrieved 2018-09-14.
- Wetherell M, Talpade Mohanty C (2010). The SAGE Handbook of Identities. SAGE Publications. p. 177. ISBN 978-1446248379. Archived from the original on 2020-07-27. Retrieved 2020-07-02.
- Lehmiller JJ (2017-12-26). The Psychology of Human Sexuality. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 156–157. ISBN 978-1-119-16471-5. Archived from the original on 2021-04-28. Retrieved 2020-11-26.
- LeVay S (1996-05-14). Queer Science: The Use and Abuse of Research Into Homosexuality. MIT Press. pp. 95–108. ISBN 978-0-262-12199-6. Archived from the original on 2021-08-28. Retrieved 2020-11-26.
- Smith, Raymond A., ed. (2010). Global HIV/AIDS Politics, Policy, and Activism: Persistent Challenges and Emerging Issues: Persistent Challenges and Emerging Issues. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. p. 49. ISBN 9780313399466. Archived from the original on 11 March 2020. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
- Swaab D (2014). We Are Our Brains: From the Womb to Alzheimer's. Penguin Books Limited. p. 59. ISBN 978-0-241-00373-2. Archived from the original on 2021-08-28. Retrieved 2020-11-26.

doi.org

Frankowski BL (June 2004). "Sexual orientation and adolescents". Pediatrics. 113 (6): 1827–32. doi:10.1542/peds.113.6.1827. PMID 15173519. Archived from the original on 2013-03-20. Retrieved 2014-12-28.
Långström N, Rahman Q, Carlström E, Lichtenstein P (February 2010). "Genetic and environmental effects on same-sex sexual behavior: a population study of twins in Sweden". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 39 (1): 75–80. doi:10.1007/s10508-008-9386-1. PMID 18536986. S2CID 11870487.
Bailey JM, Vasey PL, Diamond LM, Breedlove SM, Vilain E, Epprecht M (September 2016). "Sexual Orientation, Controversy, and Science". Psychological Science in the Public Interest. 17 (2): 45–101. doi:10.1177/1529100616637616. PMID 27113562. S2CID 42281410.
Bem D (11 Oct 2008). "Is There a Causal Link Between Childhood Gender Nonconformity and Adult Homosexuality?". Journal of Gay & Lesbian Mental Health. 12 (1–2): 61–79. doi:10.1300/J529v12n01_05. S2CID 142727225. Archived from the original on 28 August 2021. Retrieved 10 September 2014.
Rieger G, Linsenmeier JA, Gygax L, Bailey JM (January 2008). "Sexual orientation and childhood gender nonconformity: evidence from home videos". Developmental Psychology. 44 (1): 46–58. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.44.1.46. PMID 18194004. S2CID 41662483.
Rosario M, Schrimshaw EW, Hunter J, Braun L (February 2006). "Sexual identity development among gay, lesbian, and bisexual youths: consistency and change over time". Journal of Sex Research. 43 (1): 46–58. doi:10.1080/00224490609552298. PMC 3215279. PMID 16817067.
Ross MW, Essien EJ, Williams ML, Fernandez-Esquer ME (February 2003). "Concordance between sexual behavior and sexual identity in street outreach samples of four racial/ethnic groups". Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 30 (2). American Sexually Transmitted Diseases Association: 110–3. doi:10.1097/00007435-200302000-00003. PMID 12567166. S2CID 21881268.
* Bailey JM, Vasey PL, Diamond LM, Breedlove SM, Vilain E, Epprecht M (September 2016). "Sexual Orientation, Controversy, and Science". Psychological Science in the Public Interest. 17 (2): 45–101. doi:10.1177/1529100616637616. PMID 27113562. S2CID 42281410. Archived from the original on 2020-04-14. Retrieved 2019-09-29. Sexual fluidity is situation-dependent flexibility in a person's sexual responsiveness, which makes it possible for some individuals to experience desires for either men or women under certain circumstances regardless of their overall sexual orientation....We expect that in all cultures the vast majority of individuals are sexually predisposed exclusively to the other sex (i.e., heterosexual) and that only a minority of individuals are sexually predisposed (whether exclusively or non-exclusively) to the same sex.
- Coon D, Mitterer JO (2012). Introduction to Psychology: Gateways to Mind and Behavior with Concept Maps and Reviews. Cengage Learning. p. 372. ISBN 978-1-111-83363-3. Retrieved February 18, 2016. Sexual orientation is a deep part of personal identity and is usually quite stable. Starting with their earliest erotic feelings, most people remember being attracted to either the opposite sex or the same sex. [...] The fact that sexual orientation is usually quite stable doesn't rule out the possibility that for some people sexual behavior may change during the course of a lifetime.
- Balthazart J (August 2011). "Minireview: Hormones and human sexual orientation". Endocrinology. 152 (8): 2937–47. doi:10.1210/en.2011-0277. PMC 3138231. PMID 21693676.
- Smoliga, James M.; Fogaca, Lucas K.; Siplon, Jessica S.; Goldburt, Abigail A.; Jakobs, Franziska (2021-12-15). "Giving science the finger—is the second-to-fourth digit ratio (2D:4D) a biomarker of good luck? A cross sectional study". BMJ. 375: e067849. doi:10.1136/bmj-2021-067849. ISSN 1756-1833. PMC 8672321. PMID 34911738.
- Breedlove SM (August 2017). "Prenatal Influences on Human Sexual Orientation: Expectations versus Data". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 46 (6): 1583–1592. doi:10.1007/s10508-016-0904-2. PMC 5786378. PMID 28176027.
- van Anders, Sari M.; Hampson, Elizabeth (2005-01-01). "Testing the prenatal androgen hypothesis: measuring digit ratios, sexual orientation, and spatial abilities in adults". Hormones and Behavior. 47 (1): 92–98. doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2004.09.003. hdl:2027.42/83872. ISSN 0018-506X. PMID 15579270. S2CID 16795571.
- Lippa, Richard A. (July 2003). "Are 2D:4D finger-length ratios related to sexual orientation? Yes for men, no for women". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 85 (1): 179–188. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.85.1.179. ISSN 0022-3514. PMID 12872893.
- Roselli CE (July 2018). "Neurobiology of gender identity and sexual orientation". Journal of Neuroendocrinology. 30 (7): e12562. doi:10.1111/jne.12562. PMC 6677266. PMID 29211317.
- Balthazart J (January 2018). "Fraternal birth order effect on sexual orientation explained". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 115 (2): 234–236. Bibcode:2018PNAS..115..234B. doi:10.1073/pnas.1719534115. PMC 5777082. PMID 29259109.
- Bogaert AF, Skorska MN, Wang C, Gabrie J, MacNeil AJ, Hoffarth MR, et al. (January 2018). "Male homosexuality and maternal immune responsivity to the Y-linked protein NLGN4Y". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 115 (2): 302–306. Bibcode:2018PNAS..115..302B. doi:10.1073/pnas.1705895114. PMC 5777026. PMID 29229842.
- Bailey JM (January 2018). "The Fraternal Birth Order Effect Is Robust and Important". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 47 (1): 17–19. doi:10.1007/s10508-017-1115-1. PMID 29159754. S2CID 35597467.
- Blanchard R (January 2018). "Fraternal Birth Order, Family Size, and Male Homosexuality: Meta-Analysis of Studies Spanning 25 Years". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 47 (1): 1–15. doi:10.1007/s10508-017-1007-4. PMID 28608293. S2CID 10517373.
- Rice WR, Friberg U, Gavrilets S (December 2012). "Homosexuality as a consequence of epigenetically canalized sexual development". The Quarterly Review of Biology. 87 (4): 343–68. doi:10.1086/668167. JSTOR 10.1086/668167. PMID 23397798. S2CID 7041142. Archived from the original on 2020-10-24. Retrieved 2020-10-25.
- Gavrilets S, Friberg U, Rice WR (January 2018). "Understanding Homosexuality: Moving on from Patterns to Mechanisms" (PDF). Archives of Sexual Behavior. 47 (1): 27–31. doi:10.1007/s10508-017-1092-4. PMID 28986707. S2CID 33422845. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-10-28. Retrieved 2020-10-25.
- Rice WR, Friberg U, Gavrilets S (September 2013). "Homosexuality via canalized sexual development: a testing protocol for a new epigenetic model". BioEssays. 35 (9): 764–70. doi:10.1002/bies.201300033. PMC 3840696. PMID 23868698.
- Jamain S, Quach H, Catalina B, Maria R, Colineaux, C, Gillberg IC, Soderstrom H, Giros B, Leboyer M, Gillberg C, Bourgeron T (2003). "Mutations of the X-linked genes encoding neuroligins NLGN3 and NLGN4 are associated with autism". Nature Genetics. 34 (1): 27–29. doi:10.1038/ng1136. PMC 1925054. PMID 12669065. S2CID 4798621.
- Ross JL, Tartaglia N, Merry DE, Dalva M, Zinn AR (2015). "Behavioral phenotypes in males with XYY and possible role of increased NLGN4Y expression in autism features". Genes, Brain and Behavior. 14 (2): 137–144. doi:10.1111/gbb.12200. PMC 4756915. PMID 25558953. S2CID 36755210.
- Attanasio M, Masedu F, Quattrini F, Pino MC, Vagnetti R, Valenti M, Mazza M (2022). "Are Autism Spectrum Disorder and Asexuality Connected? features". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 51 (4): 2091–2115. doi:10.1007/s10508-021-02177-4. PMID 34779982. S2CID 244115396.
- Balsam KF, Mohr JJ (1995). "Childhood sex-typed behavior and sexual orientation: A conceptual analysis and quantitative review". Developmental Psychology. 31 (1): 43–55. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.31.1.43. S2CID 28174284. Archived from the original on 2021-08-28. Retrieved 2008-08-26.
- Dunne MP, Bailey JM, Kirk KM, Martin NG (December 2000). "The subtlety of sex-atypicality". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 29 (6): 549–65. doi:10.1023/A:1002002420159. PMID 11100262. S2CID 17955872.
- Hines M, Brook C, Conway GS (February 2004). "Androgen and psychosexual development: core gender identity, sexual orientation and recalled childhood gender role behavior in women and men with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)". Journal of Sex Research. 41 (1): 75–81. doi:10.1080/00224490409552215. PMID 15216426. S2CID 33519930.
- Bem DJ (1996). "Exotic Becomes Erotic: A Developmental Theory of Sexual Orientation". Psychological Review. 103 (2): 320–335. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.103.2.320.
- Peplau LA, Garnets LD, Spalding LR, Conley TD, Veniegas RC (April 1998). "A critique of Bem's "Exotic Becomes Erotic" theory of sexual orientation" (PDF). Psychological Review. 105 (2): 387–94. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.105.2.387. PMID 9577243. Archived from the original on 2021-08-28. Retrieved 2020-05-09.
- Gottschalk L (2003). "Same-Sex Sexuality and Childhood Gender Non-Conformity: A Spurious Connection". Journal of Gender Studies. 12 (1): 35–50. doi:10.1080/0958923032000067808. hdl:1959.17/35289. S2CID 4178447. Archived from the original on 2021-08-28. Retrieved 2019-12-03.
- Jaspal, Rusi (2019), Jaspal, Rusi (ed.), "The Origins of Sexual Orientation", The Social Psychology of Gay Men, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 19–38, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-27057-5_2, ISBN 978-3-030-27057-5, S2CID 202276750, retrieved 2023-08-17
- Bailey DH, Bailey JM (November 2013). "Poor instruments lead to poor inferences: Comment on Roberts, Glymour, and Koenen (2013)" (PDF). Archives of Sexual Behavior. 42 (8): 1649–52. doi:10.1007/s10508-013-0101-5. PMID 23529218. S2CID 10305429. Archived from the original on 2021-08-28. Retrieved 2020-06-03 – via ResearchGate.
- Bailey, Drew H.; Ellingson, Jarrod M.; Bailey, J. Michael (2014-11-01). "Genetic Confounds in the Study of Sexual Orientation: Comment on Roberts, Glymour, and Koenen (2014)" (PDF). Archives of Sexual Behavior. 43 (8): 1675–1677. doi:10.1007/s10508-014-0269-3. ISSN 1573-2800. PMID 24604011. S2CID 12413505 – via ResearchGate.
- Zietsch BP (January 2018). "Reasons for Caution About the Fraternal Birth Order Effect". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 47 (1): 47–48. doi:10.1007/s10508-017-1086-2. PMID 28971279. S2CID 34043200. causality needs clarification and the mechanisms are not known
- Xu Y, Zheng Y (December 2017). "Does Sexual Orientation Precede Childhood Sexual Abuse? Childhood Gender Nonconformity as a Risk Factor and Instrumental Variable Analysis". Sexual Abuse. 29 (8): 786–802. doi:10.1177/1079063215618378. PMID 26619850. S2CID 45417426.
- Friedman MS, Marshal MP, Guadamuz TE, Wei C, Wong CF, Saewyc E, Stall R (August 2011). "A meta-analysis of disparities in childhood sexual abuse, parental physical abuse, and peer victimization among sexual minority and sexual nonminority individuals". American Journal of Public Health. 101 (8): 1481–94. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2009.190009. PMC 3134495. PMID 21680921.
- Savic I, Garcia-Falgueras A, Swaab DF (January 2010). "Sexual differentiation of the human brain in relation to gender identity and sexual orientation". In Savic I (ed.). Sex Differences in the Human Brain, their Underpinnings and Implications. Progress in Brain Research. Vol. 186. Elsevier. pp. 41–62. doi:10.1016/B978-0-444-53630-3.00004-X. hdl:20.500.11755/c2c649ef-4f57-472e-94fc-2e686c53c57b. ISBN 9780444536303. PMID 21094885. Retrieved 2020-09-10. Recent data show that environmental compounds during early development may interfere with sexual differentiation of the human brain. Plastic softeners, that is, phthalate esters, are pervasive environmental chemicals with anti-androgenic effects. Exposure to these compounds is accompanied by reduced masculine play in boys (Swan et al. 2010). Higher prenatal polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) levels were related with less masculine play in boys, while higher prenatal dioxin levels were associated with more feminized play in boys as well as in girls (Vreugdenhil et al. 2002).
- Cocchetti, Carlotta; Rachoń, Dominik; Fisher, Alessandra D. (2020), Pivonello, Rosario; Diamanti-Kandarakis, Evanthia (eds.), "Environmental Impact on Sexual Response" (PDF), Environmental Endocrinology and Endocrine Disruptors: Endocrine and Endocrine-targeted Actions and Related Human Diseases, Endocrinology, pp. 318–328, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-38366-4_11-1, ISBN 978-3-030-38366-4, retrieved 2023-08-18

federation.edu.au

researchonline.federation.edu.au

Gottschalk L (2003). "Same-Sex Sexuality and Childhood Gender Non-Conformity: A Spurious Connection". Journal of Gender Studies. 12 (1): 35–50. doi:10.1080/0958923032000067808. hdl:1959.17/35289. S2CID 4178447. Archived from the original on 2021-08-28. Retrieved 2019-12-03.

gwern.net

Gavrilets S, Friberg U, Rice WR (January 2018). "Understanding Homosexuality: Moving on from Patterns to Mechanisms" (PDF). Archives of Sexual Behavior. 47 (1): 27–31. doi:10.1007/s10508-017-1092-4. PMID 28986707. S2CID 33422845. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-10-28. Retrieved 2020-10-25.

handle.net

hdl.handle.net

van Anders, Sari M.; Hampson, Elizabeth (2005-01-01). "Testing the prenatal androgen hypothesis: measuring digit ratios, sexual orientation, and spatial abilities in adults". Hormones and Behavior. 47 (1): 92–98. doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2004.09.003. hdl:2027.42/83872. ISSN 0018-506X. PMID 15579270. S2CID 16795571.
Gottschalk L (2003). "Same-Sex Sexuality and Childhood Gender Non-Conformity: A Spurious Connection". Journal of Gender Studies. 12 (1): 35–50. doi:10.1080/0958923032000067808. hdl:1959.17/35289. S2CID 4178447. Archived from the original on 2021-08-28. Retrieved 2019-12-03.
Savic I, Garcia-Falgueras A, Swaab DF (January 2010). "Sexual differentiation of the human brain in relation to gender identity and sexual orientation". In Savic I (ed.). Sex Differences in the Human Brain, their Underpinnings and Implications. Progress in Brain Research. Vol. 186. Elsevier. pp. 41–62. doi:10.1016/B978-0-444-53630-3.00004-X. hdl:20.500.11755/c2c649ef-4f57-472e-94fc-2e686c53c57b. ISBN 9780444536303. PMID 21094885. Retrieved 2020-09-10. Recent data show that environmental compounds during early development may interfere with sexual differentiation of the human brain. Plastic softeners, that is, phthalate esters, are pervasive environmental chemicals with anti-androgenic effects. Exposure to these compounds is accompanied by reduced masculine play in boys (Swan et al. 2010). Higher prenatal polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) levels were related with less masculine play in boys, while higher prenatal dioxin levels were associated with more feminized play in boys as well as in girls (Vreugdenhil et al. 2002).

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Balthazart J (January 2018). "Fraternal birth order effect on sexual orientation explained". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 115 (2): 234–236. Bibcode:2018PNAS..115..234B. doi:10.1073/pnas.1719534115. PMC 5777082. PMID 29259109.
Bogaert AF, Skorska MN, Wang C, Gabrie J, MacNeil AJ, Hoffarth MR, et al. (January 2018). "Male homosexuality and maternal immune responsivity to the Y-linked protein NLGN4Y". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 115 (2): 302–306. Bibcode:2018PNAS..115..302B. doi:10.1073/pnas.1705895114. PMC 5777026. PMID 29229842.

healthyminds.org

"Sexual Orientation". American Psychiatric Association. Archived from the original on July 22, 2011. Retrieved January 1, 2013.
"Sexual Orientation". American Psychiatric Association. Archived from the original on July 22, 2011. Retrieved January 1, 2013.

jstor.org

Rice WR, Friberg U, Gavrilets S (December 2012). "Homosexuality as a consequence of epigenetically canalized sexual development". The Quarterly Review of Biology. 87 (4): 343–68. doi:10.1086/668167. JSTOR 10.1086/668167. PMID 23397798. S2CID 7041142. Archived from the original on 2020-10-24. Retrieved 2020-10-25.

knaw.nl

pure.knaw.nl

Savic I, Garcia-Falgueras A, Swaab DF (January 2010). "Sexual differentiation of the human brain in relation to gender identity and sexual orientation". In Savic I (ed.). Sex Differences in the Human Brain, their Underpinnings and Implications. Progress in Brain Research. Vol. 186. Elsevier. pp. 41–62. doi:10.1016/B978-0-444-53630-3.00004-X. hdl:20.500.11755/c2c649ef-4f57-472e-94fc-2e686c53c57b. ISBN 9780444536303. PMID 21094885. Retrieved 2020-09-10. Recent data show that environmental compounds during early development may interfere with sexual differentiation of the human brain. Plastic softeners, that is, phthalate esters, are pervasive environmental chemicals with anti-androgenic effects. Exposure to these compounds is accompanied by reduced masculine play in boys (Swan et al. 2010). Higher prenatal polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) levels were related with less masculine play in boys, while higher prenatal dioxin levels were associated with more feminized play in boys as well as in girls (Vreugdenhil et al. 2002).

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Frankowski BL (June 2004). "Sexual orientation and adolescents". Pediatrics. 113 (6): 1827–32. doi:10.1542/peds.113.6.1827. PMID 15173519. Archived from the original on 2013-03-20. Retrieved 2014-12-28.
Långström N, Rahman Q, Carlström E, Lichtenstein P (February 2010). "Genetic and environmental effects on same-sex sexual behavior: a population study of twins in Sweden". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 39 (1): 75–80. doi:10.1007/s10508-008-9386-1. PMID 18536986. S2CID 11870487.
Bailey JM, Vasey PL, Diamond LM, Breedlove SM, Vilain E, Epprecht M (September 2016). "Sexual Orientation, Controversy, and Science". Psychological Science in the Public Interest. 17 (2): 45–101. doi:10.1177/1529100616637616. PMID 27113562. S2CID 42281410.
Rieger G, Linsenmeier JA, Gygax L, Bailey JM (January 2008). "Sexual orientation and childhood gender nonconformity: evidence from home videos". Developmental Psychology. 44 (1): 46–58. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.44.1.46. PMID 18194004. S2CID 41662483.
Rosario M, Schrimshaw EW, Hunter J, Braun L (February 2006). "Sexual identity development among gay, lesbian, and bisexual youths: consistency and change over time". Journal of Sex Research. 43 (1): 46–58. doi:10.1080/00224490609552298. PMC 3215279. PMID 16817067.
Ross MW, Essien EJ, Williams ML, Fernandez-Esquer ME (February 2003). "Concordance between sexual behavior and sexual identity in street outreach samples of four racial/ethnic groups". Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 30 (2). American Sexually Transmitted Diseases Association: 110–3. doi:10.1097/00007435-200302000-00003. PMID 12567166. S2CID 21881268.
* Bailey JM, Vasey PL, Diamond LM, Breedlove SM, Vilain E, Epprecht M (September 2016). "Sexual Orientation, Controversy, and Science". Psychological Science in the Public Interest. 17 (2): 45–101. doi:10.1177/1529100616637616. PMID 27113562. S2CID 42281410. Archived from the original on 2020-04-14. Retrieved 2019-09-29. Sexual fluidity is situation-dependent flexibility in a person's sexual responsiveness, which makes it possible for some individuals to experience desires for either men or women under certain circumstances regardless of their overall sexual orientation....We expect that in all cultures the vast majority of individuals are sexually predisposed exclusively to the other sex (i.e., heterosexual) and that only a minority of individuals are sexually predisposed (whether exclusively or non-exclusively) to the same sex.
- Coon D, Mitterer JO (2012). Introduction to Psychology: Gateways to Mind and Behavior with Concept Maps and Reviews. Cengage Learning. p. 372. ISBN 978-1-111-83363-3. Retrieved February 18, 2016. Sexual orientation is a deep part of personal identity and is usually quite stable. Starting with their earliest erotic feelings, most people remember being attracted to either the opposite sex or the same sex. [...] The fact that sexual orientation is usually quite stable doesn't rule out the possibility that for some people sexual behavior may change during the course of a lifetime.
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- Breedlove SM (August 2017). "Prenatal Influences on Human Sexual Orientation: Expectations versus Data". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 46 (6): 1583–1592. doi:10.1007/s10508-016-0904-2. PMC 5786378. PMID 28176027.
- van Anders, Sari M.; Hampson, Elizabeth (2005-01-01). "Testing the prenatal androgen hypothesis: measuring digit ratios, sexual orientation, and spatial abilities in adults". Hormones and Behavior. 47 (1): 92–98. doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2004.09.003. hdl:2027.42/83872. ISSN 0018-506X. PMID 15579270. S2CID 16795571.
- Lippa, Richard A. (July 2003). "Are 2D:4D finger-length ratios related to sexual orientation? Yes for men, no for women". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 85 (1): 179–188. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.85.1.179. ISSN 0022-3514. PMID 12872893.
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- Bogaert AF, Skorska MN, Wang C, Gabrie J, MacNeil AJ, Hoffarth MR, et al. (January 2018). "Male homosexuality and maternal immune responsivity to the Y-linked protein NLGN4Y". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 115 (2): 302–306. Bibcode:2018PNAS..115..302B. doi:10.1073/pnas.1705895114. PMC 5777026. PMID 29229842.
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- Attanasio M, Masedu F, Quattrini F, Pino MC, Vagnetti R, Valenti M, Mazza M (2022). "Are Autism Spectrum Disorder and Asexuality Connected? features". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 51 (4): 2091–2115. doi:10.1007/s10508-021-02177-4. PMID 34779982. S2CID 244115396.
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- Hines M, Brook C, Conway GS (February 2004). "Androgen and psychosexual development: core gender identity, sexual orientation and recalled childhood gender role behavior in women and men with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)". Journal of Sex Research. 41 (1): 75–81. doi:10.1080/00224490409552215. PMID 15216426. S2CID 33519930.
- Peplau LA, Garnets LD, Spalding LR, Conley TD, Veniegas RC (April 1998). "A critique of Bem's "Exotic Becomes Erotic" theory of sexual orientation" (PDF). Psychological Review. 105 (2): 387–94. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.105.2.387. PMID 9577243. Archived from the original on 2021-08-28. Retrieved 2020-05-09.
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- Xu Y, Zheng Y (December 2017). "Does Sexual Orientation Precede Childhood Sexual Abuse? Childhood Gender Nonconformity as a Risk Factor and Instrumental Variable Analysis". Sexual Abuse. 29 (8): 786–802. doi:10.1177/1079063215618378. PMID 26619850. S2CID 45417426.
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ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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- Balthazart J (August 2011). "Minireview: Hormones and human sexual orientation". Endocrinology. 152 (8): 2937–47. doi:10.1210/en.2011-0277. PMC 3138231. PMID 21693676.
- Smoliga, James M.; Fogaca, Lucas K.; Siplon, Jessica S.; Goldburt, Abigail A.; Jakobs, Franziska (2021-12-15). "Giving science the finger—is the second-to-fourth digit ratio (2D:4D) a biomarker of good luck? A cross sectional study". BMJ. 375: e067849. doi:10.1136/bmj-2021-067849. ISSN 1756-1833. PMC 8672321. PMID 34911738.
- Breedlove SM (August 2017). "Prenatal Influences on Human Sexual Orientation: Expectations versus Data". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 46 (6): 1583–1592. doi:10.1007/s10508-016-0904-2. PMC 5786378. PMID 28176027.
- Roselli CE (July 2018). "Neurobiology of gender identity and sexual orientation". Journal of Neuroendocrinology. 30 (7): e12562. doi:10.1111/jne.12562. PMC 6677266. PMID 29211317.
- Balthazart J (January 2018). "Fraternal birth order effect on sexual orientation explained". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 115 (2): 234–236. Bibcode:2018PNAS..115..234B. doi:10.1073/pnas.1719534115. PMC 5777082. PMID 29259109.
- Bogaert AF, Skorska MN, Wang C, Gabrie J, MacNeil AJ, Hoffarth MR, et al. (January 2018). "Male homosexuality and maternal immune responsivity to the Y-linked protein NLGN4Y". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 115 (2): 302–306. Bibcode:2018PNAS..115..302B. doi:10.1073/pnas.1705895114. PMC 5777026. PMID 29229842.
- Rice WR, Friberg U, Gavrilets S (September 2013). "Homosexuality via canalized sexual development: a testing protocol for a new epigenetic model". BioEssays. 35 (9): 764–70. doi:10.1002/bies.201300033. PMC 3840696. PMID 23868698.
- Jamain S, Quach H, Catalina B, Maria R, Colineaux, C, Gillberg IC, Soderstrom H, Giros B, Leboyer M, Gillberg C, Bourgeron T (2003). "Mutations of the X-linked genes encoding neuroligins NLGN3 and NLGN4 are associated with autism". Nature Genetics. 34 (1): 27–29. doi:10.1038/ng1136. PMC 1925054. PMID 12669065. S2CID 4798621.
- Ross JL, Tartaglia N, Merry DE, Dalva M, Zinn AR (2015). "Behavioral phenotypes in males with XYY and possible role of increased NLGN4Y expression in autism features". Genes, Brain and Behavior. 14 (2): 137–144. doi:10.1111/gbb.12200. PMC 4756915. PMID 25558953. S2CID 36755210.
- Friedman MS, Marshal MP, Guadamuz TE, Wei C, Wong CF, Saewyc E, Stall R (August 2011). "A meta-analysis of disparities in childhood sexual abuse, parental physical abuse, and peer victimization among sexual minority and sexual nonminority individuals". American Journal of Public Health. 101 (8): 1481–94. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2009.190009. PMC 3134495. PMID 21680921.

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* Bailey JM, Vasey PL, Diamond LM, Breedlove SM, Vilain E, Epprecht M (September 2016). "Sexual Orientation, Controversy, and Science". Psychological Science in the Public Interest. 17 (2): 45–101. doi:10.1177/1529100616637616. PMID 27113562. S2CID 42281410. Archived from the original on 2020-04-14. Retrieved 2019-09-29. Sexual fluidity is situation-dependent flexibility in a person's sexual responsiveness, which makes it possible for some individuals to experience desires for either men or women under certain circumstances regardless of their overall sexual orientation....We expect that in all cultures the vast majority of individuals are sexually predisposed exclusively to the other sex (i.e., heterosexual) and that only a minority of individuals are sexually predisposed (whether exclusively or non-exclusively) to the same sex.
- Coon D, Mitterer JO (2012). Introduction to Psychology: Gateways to Mind and Behavior with Concept Maps and Reviews. Cengage Learning. p. 372. ISBN 978-1-111-83363-3. Retrieved February 18, 2016. Sexual orientation is a deep part of personal identity and is usually quite stable. Starting with their earliest erotic feelings, most people remember being attracted to either the opposite sex or the same sex. [...] The fact that sexual orientation is usually quite stable doesn't rule out the possibility that for some people sexual behavior may change during the course of a lifetime.
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- Bailey DH, Bailey JM (November 2013). "Poor instruments lead to poor inferences: Comment on Roberts, Glymour, and Koenen (2013)" (PDF). Archives of Sexual Behavior. 42 (8): 1649–52. doi:10.1007/s10508-013-0101-5. PMID 23529218. S2CID 10305429. Archived from the original on 2021-08-28. Retrieved 2020-06-03 – via ResearchGate.
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- Savic I, Garcia-Falgueras A, Swaab DF (January 2010). "Sexual differentiation of the human brain in relation to gender identity and sexual orientation". In Savic I (ed.). Sex Differences in the Human Brain, their Underpinnings and Implications. Progress in Brain Research. Vol. 186. Elsevier. pp. 41–62. doi:10.1016/B978-0-444-53630-3.00004-X. hdl:20.500.11755/c2c649ef-4f57-472e-94fc-2e686c53c57b. ISBN 9780444536303. PMID 21094885. Retrieved 2020-09-10. Recent data show that environmental compounds during early development may interfere with sexual differentiation of the human brain. Plastic softeners, that is, phthalate esters, are pervasive environmental chemicals with anti-androgenic effects. Exposure to these compounds is accompanied by reduced masculine play in boys (Swan et al. 2010). Higher prenatal polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) levels were related with less masculine play in boys, while higher prenatal dioxin levels were associated with more feminized play in boys as well as in girls (Vreugdenhil et al. 2002).

sciencedirect.com

van Anders, Sari M.; Hampson, Elizabeth (2005-01-01). "Testing the prenatal androgen hypothesis: measuring digit ratios, sexual orientation, and spatial abilities in adults". Hormones and Behavior. 47 (1): 92–98. doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2004.09.003. hdl:2027.42/83872. ISSN 0018-506X. PMID 15579270. S2CID 16795571.

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* Bailey JM, Vasey PL, Diamond LM, Breedlove SM, Vilain E, Epprecht M (September 2016). "Sexual Orientation, Controversy, and Science". Psychological Science in the Public Interest. 17 (2): 45–101. doi:10.1177/1529100616637616. PMID 27113562. S2CID 42281410. Archived from the original on 2020-04-14. Retrieved 2019-09-29. Sexual fluidity is situation-dependent flexibility in a person's sexual responsiveness, which makes it possible for some individuals to experience desires for either men or women under certain circumstances regardless of their overall sexual orientation....We expect that in all cultures the vast majority of individuals are sexually predisposed exclusively to the other sex (i.e., heterosexual) and that only a minority of individuals are sexually predisposed (whether exclusively or non-exclusively) to the same sex.
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- Zietsch BP (January 2018). "Reasons for Caution About the Fraternal Birth Order Effect". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 47 (1): 47–48. doi:10.1007/s10508-017-1086-2. PMID 28971279. S2CID 34043200. causality needs clarification and the mechanisms are not known
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Smoliga, James M.; Fogaca, Lucas K.; Siplon, Jessica S.; Goldburt, Abigail A.; Jakobs, Franziska (2021-12-15). "Giving science the finger—is the second-to-fourth digit ratio (2D:4D) a biomarker of good luck? A cross sectional study". BMJ. 375: e067849. doi:10.1136/bmj-2021-067849. ISSN 1756-1833. PMC 8672321. PMID 34911738.
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Vilain E (2013). "Born This Way: Biological Tales of Sexual Orientation - YouTube". www.youtube.com. Archived from the original on 2021-08-28. Retrieved 2020-08-13. Prenatal exposure to those anti-antigen agents seems to be associated with less male-typical behavior in boys. Will that translate into an increase in homosexual behavior? No one knows [yet].