Epidural administration (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Epidural administration" in English language version.

refsWebsite

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79nih.gov

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61doi.org

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27semanticscholar.org

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4worldcat.org

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1oed.com

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1sarahbuckley.com

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1credoreference.com

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1appliedradiology.com

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1joacc.com

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1cochrane.org

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1web.archive.org

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1ox.ac.uk

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1nhs.uk

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1cdc.gov

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appliedradiology.com

White, Benjamin; Lopez, Victor; Chason, David; Scott, David; Stehel, Edward; Moore, William (2019-03-28). The lumbar epidural blood patch: A Primer. Applied Radiology. 48 (2): 25–30.

cdc.gov

Osterman M, Martin JA (April 6, 2011). Epidural and Spinal Anesthesia Use During Labor: 27-state Reporting Area, 2008 (PDF) (Report). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved November 1, 2020.

cochrane.org

Basurto O (July 15, 2015). "Drugs for treating headache after a lumbar puncture". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2015 (7). The Cochrane Library: CD007887. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007887.pub3. PMC 6457875. PMID 26176166. Retrieved November 16, 2018. Caffeine proved to be effective in decreasing the number of people with PDPH and those requiring extra drugs (2 or 3 in 10 with caffeine compared to 9 in 10 with placebo). Gabapentin, theophylline and hydrocortisone also proved to be effective, relieving pain better than placebo

credoreference.com

search.credoreference.com

"Anesthesia". Harvard University Press. Retrieved April 18, 2014.

doi.org

Anim-Somuah M, Smyth RM, Cyna AM, Cuthbert A (2018). "Epidural versus non-epidural or no analgesia in labour". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2018 (5): CD000331. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD000331.pub4. PMC 6494646. PMID 29781504.
Patel SS, Dunn CJ, Bryson HM (1996). "Epidural clonidine: a review of its pharmacology and efficacy in the management of pain during labour and postoperative and intractable pain". CNS Drugs. 6 (6): 474–497. doi:10.2165/00023210-199606060-00007. S2CID 72544106.
Sng BL, Leong WL, Zeng Y, Siddiqui FJ, Assam PN, Lim Y, Chan ES, Sia AT (October 9, 2014). "Early versus late initiation of epidural analgesia for labour". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2014 (10): CD007238. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007238.pub2. PMC 10726979. PMID 25300169.
Lothian JA (2009). "Safe, healthy birth: what every pregnant woman needs to know". J Perinat Educ. 18 (3): 48–54. doi:10.1624/105812409X461225. PMC 2730905. PMID 19750214.
Block BM, Liu SS, Rowlingson AJ, Cowan AR, Cowan JA, Wu CL (2003). "Efficacy of postoperative epidural analgesia: a meta-analysis". JAMA. 290 (18): 2455–63. doi:10.1001/jama.290.18.2455. PMID 14612482. S2CID 35260733.
Ballantyne JC, Carr DB, deFerranti S, Suarez T, Lau J, Chalmers TC, Angelillo IF, Mosteller F (1998). "The comparative effects of postoperative analgesic therapies on pulmonary outcome: cumulative meta-analyses of randomized, controlled trials". Anesth Analg. 86 (3): 598–612. doi:10.1097/00000539-199803000-00032. PMID 9495424. S2CID 37136047.
Beattie WS, Badner NH, Choi P (2001). "Epidural analgesia reduces postoperative myocardial infarction: a meta-analysis". Anesth Analg. 93 (4): 853–8. doi:10.1097/00000539-200110000-00010. PMID 11574345. S2CID 9449275.
Gendall KA, Kennedy RR, Watson AJ, Frizelle FA (2007). "The effect of epidural analgesia on postoperative outcome after colorectal surgery". Colorectal Disease. 9 (7): 584–98, discussion 598–600. doi:10.1111/j.1463-1318.2007.1274.x (inactive May 9, 2024). PMID 17506795.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of May 2024 (link)
Guay J, Kopp S (March 1, 2019). "Epidural analgesia for adults undergoing cardiac surgery with or without cardiopulmonary bypass". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2019 (3): CD006715. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006715.pub3. ISSN 1469-493X. PMC 6396869. PMID 30821845.
Salicath JH, Yeoh EC, Bennett MH (August 30, 2018). "Epidural analgesia versus patient-controlled intravenous analgesia for pain following intra-abdominal surgery in adults". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 8 (10): CD010434. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD010434.pub2. ISSN 1469-493X. PMC 6513588. PMID 30161292.
Schneider B, Zheng P, Mattie R, Kennedy DJ (August 2, 2016). "Safety of epidural steroid injections". Expert Opinion on Drug Safety. 15 (8): 1031–1039. doi:10.1080/14740338.2016.1184246. PMID 27148630. S2CID 27053083.
Nath G, Subrahmanyam M (2011). "Headache in the parturient: Pathophysiology and management of post-dural puncture headache". Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care. 1 (2): 57. doi:10.4103/2249-4472.93988. ISSN 2249-4472.
Silva M, Halpern SH (2010). "Epidural analgesia for labor: Current techniques". Local and Regional Anesthesia. 3: 143–53. doi:10.2147/LRA.S10237. PMC 3417963. PMID 23144567.
Tobias JD, Leder M (October 2011). "Procedural sedation: A review of sedative agents, monitoring, and management of complications". Saudi Journal of Anaesthesia. 5 (4): 395–410. doi:10.4103/1658-354X.87270. PMC 3227310. PMID 22144928.
Agaram R, Douglas MJ, McTaggart RA, Gunka V (January 2009). "Inadequate pain relief with labor epidurals: a multivariate analysis of associated factors". Int J Obstet Anesth. 18 (1): 10–4. doi:10.1016/j.ijoa.2007.10.008. PMID 19046867.
Basurto O (July 15, 2015). "Drugs for treating headache after a lumbar puncture". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2015 (7). The Cochrane Library: CD007887. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007887.pub3. PMC 6457875. PMID 26176166. Retrieved November 16, 2018. Caffeine proved to be effective in decreasing the number of people with PDPH and those requiring extra drugs (2 or 3 in 10 with caffeine compared to 9 in 10 with placebo). Gabapentin, theophylline and hydrocortisone also proved to be effective, relieving pain better than placebo
Shih CK, Wang FY, Shieh CF, Huang JM, Lu IC, Wu LC, Lu DV (2012). "Soft catheters reduce the risk of intravascular cannulation during epidural block—a retrospective analysis of 1,117 cases in a medical center". Kaohsiung J. Med. Sci. 28 (7): 373–6. doi:10.1016/j.kjms.2012.02.004. PMID 22726899.
Giebler RM, Scherer RU, Peters J (1997). "Incidence of neurologic complications related to thoracic epidural catheterization". Anesthesiology. 86 (1): 55–63. doi:10.1097/00000542-199701000-00009. PMID 9009940.
Estcourt LJ, Malouf R, Hopewell S, Doree C, Van Veen J (April 30, 2018). Cochrane Haematological Malignancies Group (ed.). "Use of platelet transfusions prior to lumbar punctures or epidural anaesthesia for the prevention of complications in people with thrombocytopenia". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2018 (4): CD011980. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD011980.pub3. PMC 5957267. PMID 29709077.
Rice I, Wee MY, Thomson K (January 2004). "Obstetric epidurals and chronic adhesive arachnoiditis". Br J Anaesth. 92 (1): 109–20. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.532.6709. doi:10.1093/bja/aeh009. PMID 14665562.
Pawa A, King C, Thang C, White L (February 2023). "Erector spinae plane block: the ultimate 'plan A' block?". British Journal of Anaesthesia. 130 (5): 497–502. doi:10.1016/j.bja.2023.01.012. PMID 36775671. S2CID 256805767.
Rosenblatt MA, Abel M, Fischer GW, Itzkovich CJ, Eisenkraft JB (2006). "Successful Use of a 20% Lipid Emulsion to Resuscitate a Patient after a Presumed Bupivacaine-related Cardiac Arrest". Anesthesiology. 105 (7): 217–8. doi:10.1097/00000542-200607000-00033. PMID 16810015. S2CID 40214528.
Mulroy MF (2002). "Systemic toxicity and cardiotoxicity from local anesthetics: incidence and preventive measures". Reg Anesth Pain Med. 27 (6): 556–61. doi:10.1053/rapm.2002.37127. PMID 12430104. S2CID 36915462.
Jacobson L, Chabal C, Brody MC (1988). "A dose-response study of intrathecal morphine: efficacy, duration, optimal dose, and side effects". Anesthesia & Analgesia. 67 (11): 1082–8. doi:10.1213/00000539-198867110-00011. PMID 3189898.
Wüst HJ, Bromage PR (1987). "Delayed respiratory arrest after epidural hydromorphone". Anaesthesia. 42 (4): 404–6. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2044.1987.tb03982.x. PMID 2438964. S2CID 37237552.
Baldini G, Bagry H, Aprikian A, Carli F (May 2009). "Postoperative urinary retention: anesthetic and perioperative considerations". Anesthesiology. 110 (5): 1139–57. doi:10.1097/ALN.0b013e31819f7aea. PMID 19352147.
Jonas K, Johansson LM, Nissen E, Ejdebäck M, Ransjö-Arvidson AB, Uvnäs-Moberg K (2009). "Effects of Intrapartum Oxytocin Administration and Epidural Analgesia on the Concentration of Plasma Oxytocin and Prolactin, in Response to Suckling During the Second Day Postpartum". Breastfeed Med. 4 (2): 71–82. doi:10.1089/bfm.2008.0002. PMID 19210132.
Takahashi Y, Uvnäs-Moberg K, Nissen E, Lidfors L, Ransjö-Arvidson AB, Jonas W (2021). "Epidural Analgesia With or Without Oxytocin, but Not Oxytocin Alone, Administered During Birth Disturbs Infant Pre-feeding and Sucking Behaviors and Maternal Oxytocin Levels in Connection With a Breastfeed Two Days Later". Frontiers in Neuroscience. 15. doi:10.3389/fnins.2021.673184. PMC 8276259. PMID 34267623.
Raj D, Williamson RM, Young D, Russell D (2013). "A simple epidural simulator: a blinded study assessing the 'feel' of loss of resistance in four fruits". Eur J Anaesthesiol. 30 (7): 405–8. doi:10.1097/EJA.0b013e328361409c. PMID 23749185. S2CID 2647529.
Leighton BL (1989). "A greengrocer's model of the epidural space". Anesthesiology. 70 (2): 368–9. doi:10.1097/00000542-198902000-00038. PMID 2913877.
Nagel SJ, Reddy CG, Frizon LA, Holland MT, Machado AG, Gillies GT, Howard MA (October 2018). "Intrathecal Therapeutics: Device Design, Access Methods, and Complication Mitigation: INTRATHECAL THERAPEUTICS REVIEW". Neuromodulation: Technology at the Neural Interface. 21 (7): 625–640. doi:10.1111/ner.12693. PMID 28961351. S2CID 25494914.
Antibas PL, do Nascimento Junior P, Braz LG, Vitor Pereira Doles J, Módolo NS, El Dib R (July 17, 2014). "Air versus saline in the loss of resistance technique for identification of the epidural space". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2015 (7): CD008938. doi:10.1002/14651858.cd008938.pub2. ISSN 1465-1858. PMC 7167505. PMID 25033878.
Rapp HJ, Folger A, Grau T (2005). "Ultrasound-guided epidural catheter insertion in children". Anesthesia & Analgesia. 101 (2): 333–9, table of contents. doi:10.1213/01.ANE.0000156579.11254.D1. PMID 16037140. S2CID 17614330.
Beilin Y, Bernstein HH, Zucker-Pinchoff B (1995). "The optimal distance that a multiorifice epidural catheter should be threaded into the epidural space". Anesth Analg. 81 (2): 301–4. doi:10.1097/00000539-199508000-00016. PMID 7618719. S2CID 26405808.
Lim Y, Sia AT, Ocampo C (2005). "Automated regular boluses for epidural analgesia: a comparison with continuous infusion". Int J Obstet Anesth. 14 (4): 305–9. doi:10.1016/j.ijoa.2005.05.004. PMID 16154735.
Wong CA, Ratliff JT, Sullivan JT, Scavone BM, Toledo P, McCarthy RJ (2006). "A randomized comparison of programmed intermittent epidural bolus with continuous epidural infusion for labor analgesia". Anesthesia & Analgesia. 102 (3): 904–9. doi:10.1213/01.ane.0000197778.57615.1a. PMID 16492849. S2CID 36635329.
Sia AT, Lim Y, Ocampo C (2007). "A comparison of a basal infusion with automated mandatory boluses in parturient-controlled epidural analgesia during labor". Anesthesia & Analgesia. 104 (3): 673–8. doi:10.1213/01.ane.0000253236.89376.60. PMID 17312228. S2CID 38626333.
Basse L, Werner M, Kehlet H (2000). "Is urinary drainage necessary during continuous epidural analgesia after colonic resection?". Reg Anesth Pain Med. 25 (5): 498–501. doi:10.1053/rapm.2000.9537. PMID 11009235. S2CID 21296374.
Simmons SW, Dennis AT, Cyna AM, Richardson MG, Bright MR (October 10, 2019). "Combined spinal-epidural versus spinal anesthesia for caesarean section". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 10 (10): CD008100. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD008100.pub2. PMC 6786885. PMID 31600820.
Kost-Byerly S, Tobin JR, Greenberg RS, Billett C, Zahurak M, Yaster M (1998). "Bacterial colonization and infection rate of continuous epidural catheters in children". Anesth Analg. 86 (4): 712–6. doi:10.1097/00000539-199804000-00007. PMID 9539589. S2CID 22716908.
Kostopanagiotou G, Kyroudi S, Panidis D, Relia P, Danalatos A, Smyrniotis V, Pourgiezi T, Kouskouni E, Voros D (2002). "Epidural catheter colonization is not associated with infection". Surgical Infections. 3 (4): 359–65. doi:10.1089/109629602762539571. PMID 12697082.
Yuan HB, Zuo Z, Yu KW, Lin WM, Lee HC, Chan KH (2008). "Bacterial colonization of epidural catheters used for short-term postoperative analgesia: microbiological examination and risk factor analysis". Anesthesiology. 108 (1): 130–7. doi:10.1097/01.anes.0000296066.79547.f3. PMID 18156891.
Kinirons B, Mimoz O, Lafendi L, Naas T, Meunier J, Nordmann P (2001). "Chlorhexidine versus povidone iodine in preventing colonization of continuous epidural catheters in children: a randomized, controlled trial". Anesthesiology. 94 (2): 239–44. doi:10.1097/00000542-200102000-00012. PMID 11176087. S2CID 20016232.
Aram L, Krane EJ, Kozloski LJ, Yaster M (2001). "Tunneled epidural catheters for prolonged analgesia in pediatric patients". Anesth Analg. 92 (6): 1432–8. doi:10.1097/00000539-200106000-00016. PMID 11375820. S2CID 21017121.
Bubeck J, Boos K, Krause H, Thies KC (2004). "Subcutaneous tunneling of caudal catheters reduces the rate of bacterial colonization to that of lumbar epidural catheters". Anesthesia & Analgesia. 99 (3): 689–93, table of contents. doi:10.1213/01.ANE.0000130023.48259.FB. PMID 15333395. S2CID 31939386.
Shi WZ, Miao YL, Yakoob MY, Cao JB, Zhang H, Jiang YG, Xu LH, Mi WD (September 2014). "Recovery of gastrointestinal function with thoracic epidural vs. systemic analgesia following gastrointestinal surgery: Analgesia and gastrointestinal function". Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 58 (8): 923–932. doi:10.1111/aas.12375. PMID 25060245. S2CID 27573664.
Jakobsen CJ (March 2015). "High Thoracic Epidural in Cardiac Anesthesia: A Review". Seminars in Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia. 19 (1): 38–48. doi:10.1177/1089253214548764. PMID 25201889. S2CID 24662760.
Goerig M, Freitag M, Standl T (December 2002). "One hundred years of epidural anaesthesia—the men behind the technical development". International Congress Series. 1242: 203–212. doi:10.1016/s0531-5131(02)00770-7.
Curelaru I, Sandu L (June 1982). "Eugen Bogdan Aburel (1899–1975). The pioneer of regional analgesia for pain relief in childbirth". Anaesthesia. 37 (6): 663–9. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2044.1982.tb01279.x. PMID 6178307. S2CID 23183413.
Edwards WB, Hingson RA (1942). "Continuous caudal anesthesia in obstetrics". American Journal of Surgery. 57 (3): 459–64. doi:10.1016/S0002-9610(42)90599-3.
Hingson RA, Edwards WE (1943). "Continuous Caudal Analgesia in Obstetrics". Journal of the American Medical Association. 121 (4): 225–9. doi:10.1001/jama.1943.02840040001001.
Martinez Curbelo M (1949). "Continuous peridural segmental anesthesia by means of a ureteral catheter". Current Researches in Anesthesia & Analgesia. 28 (1): 13–23. doi:10.1213/00000539-194901000-00002. PMID 18105827.
Behar M, Olshwang D, Magora F, Davidson J (1979). "Epidural morphine in treatment of pain". The Lancet. 313 (8115): 527–529. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(79)90947-4. PMID 85109. S2CID 37432948.
Seyb ST, Berka RJ, Socol ML, Dooley SL (1999). "Risk of cesarean delivery with elective induction of labour at term in nulliparous women". Obstet Gynecol. 94 (4): 600–607. doi:10.1016/S0029-7844(99)00377-4. PMID 10511367.
Liu EH, Sia AT (June 2004). "Rates of caesarean section and instrumental vaginal delivery in nulliparous women after low concentration epidural infusions or opioid analgesia: systematic review". BMJ. 328 (7453): 1410. doi:10.1136/bmj.38097.590810.7C. PMC 421779. PMID 15169744.
Halpern SH, Muir H, Breen TW, Campbell DC, Barrett J, Liston R, Blanchard JW (November 2004). "A multicenter randomized controlled trial comparing patient-controlled epidural with intravenous analgesia for pain relief in labor". Anesthesia & Analgesia. 99 (5): 1532–8, table of contents. doi:10.1213/01.ANE.0000136850.08972.07. PMID 15502060. S2CID 42337310.
Burnstein R, Buckland R, Pickett JA (July 1999). "A survey of epidural analgesia for labour in the United Kingdom: Epidural analgesia for labour in the UK". Anaesthesia. 54 (7): 634–640. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2044.1999.00894.x. PMID 10417453. S2CID 39476161.
Suzuki R, Horiuchi S, Ohtsu H (September 2010). "Evaluation of the labor curve in nulliparous Japanese women". American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 203 (3): 226.e1–6. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2010.04.014. PMID 20494329.
Bucklin BA, Hawkins JL, Anderson JR, Ullrich FA (September 2005). "Obstetric anesthesia workforce survey: twenty-year update". Anesthesiology. 103 (3): 645–53. doi:10.1097/00000542-200509000-00030. PMID 16129992.
Glance LG, Wissler R, Glantz C, Osler TM, Mukamel DB, Dick AW (January 2007). "Racial differences in the use of epidural analgesia for labor". Anesthesiology. 106 (1): 19–25. doi:10.1097/00000542-200701000-00008. PMID 17197841. S2CID 22643036.
Liu N, Wen SW, Manual DG, Katherine W, Bottomley J, Walker MC (March 2010). "Social disparity and the use of intrapartum epidural analgesia in a publicly funded health care system". American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 202 (3): 273.e1–8. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2009.10.871. PMID 20045506.

joacc.com

Nath G, Subrahmanyam M (2011). "Headache in the parturient: Pathophysiology and management of post-dural puncture headache". Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care. 1 (2): 57. doi:10.4103/2249-4472.93988. ISSN 2249-4472.

nhs.uk

"Epidural". NHS. UK National Health Service. March 11, 2020. Retrieved December 2, 2020.

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Schrock SD, Harraway-Smith C (March 1, 2012). "Labor analgesia". American Family Physician. 85 (5): 447–54. PMID 22534222.
Anim-Somuah M, Smyth RM, Cyna AM, Cuthbert A (2018). "Epidural versus non-epidural or no analgesia in labour". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2018 (5): CD000331. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD000331.pub4. PMC 6494646. PMID 29781504.
Buckley S (January 24, 2014). "Epidurals: risks and concerns for mother and baby". Midwifery Today with International Midwife (81). Mothering No.133: 21–3, 63–6. PMID 17447690. Retrieved April 18, 2014.
Sng BL, Leong WL, Zeng Y, Siddiqui FJ, Assam PN, Lim Y, Chan ES, Sia AT (October 9, 2014). "Early versus late initiation of epidural analgesia for labour". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2014 (10): CD007238. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007238.pub2. PMC 10726979. PMID 25300169.
Lothian JA (2009). "Safe, healthy birth: what every pregnant woman needs to know". J Perinat Educ. 18 (3): 48–54. doi:10.1624/105812409X461225. PMC 2730905. PMID 19750214.
Block BM, Liu SS, Rowlingson AJ, Cowan AR, Cowan JA, Wu CL (2003). "Efficacy of postoperative epidural analgesia: a meta-analysis". JAMA. 290 (18): 2455–63. doi:10.1001/jama.290.18.2455. PMID 14612482. S2CID 35260733.
Ballantyne JC, Carr DB, deFerranti S, Suarez T, Lau J, Chalmers TC, Angelillo IF, Mosteller F (1998). "The comparative effects of postoperative analgesic therapies on pulmonary outcome: cumulative meta-analyses of randomized, controlled trials". Anesth Analg. 86 (3): 598–612. doi:10.1097/00000539-199803000-00032. PMID 9495424. S2CID 37136047.
Beattie WS, Badner NH, Choi P (2001). "Epidural analgesia reduces postoperative myocardial infarction: a meta-analysis". Anesth Analg. 93 (4): 853–8. doi:10.1097/00000539-200110000-00010. PMID 11574345. S2CID 9449275.
Gendall KA, Kennedy RR, Watson AJ, Frizelle FA (2007). "The effect of epidural analgesia on postoperative outcome after colorectal surgery". Colorectal Disease. 9 (7): 584–98, discussion 598–600. doi:10.1111/j.1463-1318.2007.1274.x (inactive May 9, 2024). PMID 17506795.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of May 2024 (link)
Guay J, Kopp S (March 1, 2019). "Epidural analgesia for adults undergoing cardiac surgery with or without cardiopulmonary bypass". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2019 (3): CD006715. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006715.pub3. ISSN 1469-493X. PMC 6396869. PMID 30821845.
Salicath JH, Yeoh EC, Bennett MH (August 30, 2018). "Epidural analgesia versus patient-controlled intravenous analgesia for pain following intra-abdominal surgery in adults". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 8 (10): CD010434. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD010434.pub2. ISSN 1469-493X. PMC 6513588. PMID 30161292.
Schneider B, Zheng P, Mattie R, Kennedy DJ (August 2, 2016). "Safety of epidural steroid injections". Expert Opinion on Drug Safety. 15 (8): 1031–1039. doi:10.1080/14740338.2016.1184246. PMID 27148630. S2CID 27053083.
Tubben RE, Murphy PB (2018), "Epidural Blood Patch", StatPearls, StatPearls Publishing, PMID 29493961, retrieved October 31, 2018
Silva M, Halpern SH (2010). "Epidural analgesia for labor: Current techniques". Local and Regional Anesthesia. 3: 143–53. doi:10.2147/LRA.S10237. PMC 3417963. PMID 23144567.
Stark P (February 1979). "The effect of local anesthetic agents on afferent and motor nerve impulses in the frog". Archives Internationales de Pharmacodynamie et de Therapie. 237 (2): 255–66. PMID 485692.
Tobias JD, Leder M (October 2011). "Procedural sedation: A review of sedative agents, monitoring, and management of complications". Saudi Journal of Anaesthesia. 5 (4): 395–410. doi:10.4103/1658-354X.87270. PMC 3227310. PMID 22144928.
Agaram R, Douglas MJ, McTaggart RA, Gunka V (January 2009). "Inadequate pain relief with labor epidurals: a multivariate analysis of associated factors". Int J Obstet Anesth. 18 (1): 10–4. doi:10.1016/j.ijoa.2007.10.008. PMID 19046867.
Basurto O (July 15, 2015). "Drugs for treating headache after a lumbar puncture". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2015 (7). The Cochrane Library: CD007887. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007887.pub3. PMC 6457875. PMID 26176166. Retrieved November 16, 2018. Caffeine proved to be effective in decreasing the number of people with PDPH and those requiring extra drugs (2 or 3 in 10 with caffeine compared to 9 in 10 with placebo). Gabapentin, theophylline and hydrocortisone also proved to be effective, relieving pain better than placebo
Troop M (2002). "Negative aspiration for cerebral fluid does not assure proper placement of epidural catheter". AANA J. 60 (3): 301–3. PMID 1632158.
Shih CK, Wang FY, Shieh CF, Huang JM, Lu IC, Wu LC, Lu DV (2012). "Soft catheters reduce the risk of intravascular cannulation during epidural block—a retrospective analysis of 1,117 cases in a medical center". Kaohsiung J. Med. Sci. 28 (7): 373–6. doi:10.1016/j.kjms.2012.02.004. PMID 22726899.
Giebler RM, Scherer RU, Peters J (1997). "Incidence of neurologic complications related to thoracic epidural catheterization". Anesthesiology. 86 (1): 55–63. doi:10.1097/00000542-199701000-00009. PMID 9009940.
Estcourt LJ, Malouf R, Hopewell S, Doree C, Van Veen J (April 30, 2018). Cochrane Haematological Malignancies Group (ed.). "Use of platelet transfusions prior to lumbar punctures or epidural anaesthesia for the prevention of complications in people with thrombocytopenia". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2018 (4): CD011980. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD011980.pub3. PMC 5957267. PMID 29709077.
Rice I, Wee MY, Thomson K (January 2004). "Obstetric epidurals and chronic adhesive arachnoiditis". Br J Anaesth. 92 (1): 109–20. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.532.6709. doi:10.1093/bja/aeh009. PMID 14665562.
Pawa A, King C, Thang C, White L (February 2023). "Erector spinae plane block: the ultimate 'plan A' block?". British Journal of Anaesthesia. 130 (5): 497–502. doi:10.1016/j.bja.2023.01.012. PMID 36775671. S2CID 256805767.
Rosenblatt MA, Abel M, Fischer GW, Itzkovich CJ, Eisenkraft JB (2006). "Successful Use of a 20% Lipid Emulsion to Resuscitate a Patient after a Presumed Bupivacaine-related Cardiac Arrest". Anesthesiology. 105 (7): 217–8. doi:10.1097/00000542-200607000-00033. PMID 16810015. S2CID 40214528.
Mulroy MF (2002). "Systemic toxicity and cardiotoxicity from local anesthetics: incidence and preventive measures". Reg Anesth Pain Med. 27 (6): 556–61. doi:10.1053/rapm.2002.37127. PMID 12430104. S2CID 36915462.
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Wüst HJ, Bromage PR (1987). "Delayed respiratory arrest after epidural hydromorphone". Anaesthesia. 42 (4): 404–6. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2044.1987.tb03982.x. PMID 2438964. S2CID 37237552.
Baldini G, Bagry H, Aprikian A, Carli F (May 2009). "Postoperative urinary retention: anesthetic and perioperative considerations". Anesthesiology. 110 (5): 1139–57. doi:10.1097/ALN.0b013e31819f7aea. PMID 19352147.
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Takahashi Y, Uvnäs-Moberg K, Nissen E, Lidfors L, Ransjö-Arvidson AB, Jonas W (2021). "Epidural Analgesia With or Without Oxytocin, but Not Oxytocin Alone, Administered During Birth Disturbs Infant Pre-feeding and Sucking Behaviors and Maternal Oxytocin Levels in Connection With a Breastfeed Two Days Later". Frontiers in Neuroscience. 15. doi:10.3389/fnins.2021.673184. PMC 8276259. PMID 34267623.
Raj D, Williamson RM, Young D, Russell D (2013). "A simple epidural simulator: a blinded study assessing the 'feel' of loss of resistance in four fruits". Eur J Anaesthesiol. 30 (7): 405–8. doi:10.1097/EJA.0b013e328361409c. PMID 23749185. S2CID 2647529.
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Antibas PL, do Nascimento Junior P, Braz LG, Vitor Pereira Doles J, Módolo NS, El Dib R (July 17, 2014). "Air versus saline in the loss of resistance technique for identification of the epidural space". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2015 (7): CD008938. doi:10.1002/14651858.cd008938.pub2. ISSN 1465-1858. PMC 7167505. PMID 25033878.
Rapp HJ, Folger A, Grau T (2005). "Ultrasound-guided epidural catheter insertion in children". Anesthesia & Analgesia. 101 (2): 333–9, table of contents. doi:10.1213/01.ANE.0000156579.11254.D1. PMID 16037140. S2CID 17614330.
Beilin Y, Bernstein HH, Zucker-Pinchoff B (1995). "The optimal distance that a multiorifice epidural catheter should be threaded into the epidural space". Anesth Analg. 81 (2): 301–4. doi:10.1097/00000539-199508000-00016. PMID 7618719. S2CID 26405808.
Lim Y, Sia AT, Ocampo C (2005). "Automated regular boluses for epidural analgesia: a comparison with continuous infusion". Int J Obstet Anesth. 14 (4): 305–9. doi:10.1016/j.ijoa.2005.05.004. PMID 16154735.
Wong CA, Ratliff JT, Sullivan JT, Scavone BM, Toledo P, McCarthy RJ (2006). "A randomized comparison of programmed intermittent epidural bolus with continuous epidural infusion for labor analgesia". Anesthesia & Analgesia. 102 (3): 904–9. doi:10.1213/01.ane.0000197778.57615.1a. PMID 16492849. S2CID 36635329.
Sia AT, Lim Y, Ocampo C (2007). "A comparison of a basal infusion with automated mandatory boluses in parturient-controlled epidural analgesia during labor". Anesthesia & Analgesia. 104 (3): 673–8. doi:10.1213/01.ane.0000253236.89376.60. PMID 17312228. S2CID 38626333.
Basse L, Werner M, Kehlet H (2000). "Is urinary drainage necessary during continuous epidural analgesia after colonic resection?". Reg Anesth Pain Med. 25 (5): 498–501. doi:10.1053/rapm.2000.9537. PMID 11009235. S2CID 21296374.
Simmons SW, Dennis AT, Cyna AM, Richardson MG, Bright MR (October 10, 2019). "Combined spinal-epidural versus spinal anesthesia for caesarean section". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 10 (10): CD008100. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD008100.pub2. PMC 6786885. PMID 31600820.
Kost-Byerly S, Tobin JR, Greenberg RS, Billett C, Zahurak M, Yaster M (1998). "Bacterial colonization and infection rate of continuous epidural catheters in children". Anesth Analg. 86 (4): 712–6. doi:10.1097/00000539-199804000-00007. PMID 9539589. S2CID 22716908.
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Kinirons B, Mimoz O, Lafendi L, Naas T, Meunier J, Nordmann P (2001). "Chlorhexidine versus povidone iodine in preventing colonization of continuous epidural catheters in children: a randomized, controlled trial". Anesthesiology. 94 (2): 239–44. doi:10.1097/00000542-200102000-00012. PMID 11176087. S2CID 20016232.
Aram L, Krane EJ, Kozloski LJ, Yaster M (2001). "Tunneled epidural catheters for prolonged analgesia in pediatric patients". Anesth Analg. 92 (6): 1432–8. doi:10.1097/00000539-200106000-00016. PMID 11375820. S2CID 21017121.
Bubeck J, Boos K, Krause H, Thies KC (2004). "Subcutaneous tunneling of caudal catheters reduces the rate of bacterial colonization to that of lumbar epidural catheters". Anesthesia & Analgesia. 99 (3): 689–93, table of contents. doi:10.1213/01.ANE.0000130023.48259.FB. PMID 15333395. S2CID 31939386.
Shi WZ, Miao YL, Yakoob MY, Cao JB, Zhang H, Jiang YG, Xu LH, Mi WD (September 2014). "Recovery of gastrointestinal function with thoracic epidural vs. systemic analgesia following gastrointestinal surgery: Analgesia and gastrointestinal function". Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 58 (8): 923–932. doi:10.1111/aas.12375. PMID 25060245. S2CID 27573664.
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Halpern SH, Muir H, Breen TW, Campbell DC, Barrett J, Liston R, Blanchard JW (November 2004). "A multicenter randomized controlled trial comparing patient-controlled epidural with intravenous analgesia for pain relief in labor". Anesthesia & Analgesia. 99 (5): 1532–8, table of contents. doi:10.1213/01.ANE.0000136850.08972.07. PMID 15502060. S2CID 42337310.
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Glance LG, Wissler R, Glantz C, Osler TM, Mukamel DB, Dick AW (January 2007). "Racial differences in the use of epidural analgesia for labor". Anesthesiology. 106 (1): 19–25. doi:10.1097/00000542-200701000-00008. PMID 17197841. S2CID 22643036.
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ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Anim-Somuah M, Smyth RM, Cyna AM, Cuthbert A (2018). "Epidural versus non-epidural or no analgesia in labour". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2018 (5): CD000331. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD000331.pub4. PMC 6494646. PMID 29781504.
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Salicath JH, Yeoh EC, Bennett MH (August 30, 2018). "Epidural analgesia versus patient-controlled intravenous analgesia for pain following intra-abdominal surgery in adults". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 8 (10): CD010434. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD010434.pub2. ISSN 1469-493X. PMC 6513588. PMID 30161292.
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Basurto O (July 15, 2015). "Drugs for treating headache after a lumbar puncture". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2015 (7). The Cochrane Library: CD007887. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007887.pub3. PMC 6457875. PMID 26176166. Retrieved November 16, 2018. Caffeine proved to be effective in decreasing the number of people with PDPH and those requiring extra drugs (2 or 3 in 10 with caffeine compared to 9 in 10 with placebo). Gabapentin, theophylline and hydrocortisone also proved to be effective, relieving pain better than placebo
Estcourt LJ, Malouf R, Hopewell S, Doree C, Van Veen J (April 30, 2018). Cochrane Haematological Malignancies Group (ed.). "Use of platelet transfusions prior to lumbar punctures or epidural anaesthesia for the prevention of complications in people with thrombocytopenia". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2018 (4): CD011980. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD011980.pub3. PMC 5957267. PMID 29709077.
Takahashi Y, Uvnäs-Moberg K, Nissen E, Lidfors L, Ransjö-Arvidson AB, Jonas W (2021). "Epidural Analgesia With or Without Oxytocin, but Not Oxytocin Alone, Administered During Birth Disturbs Infant Pre-feeding and Sucking Behaviors and Maternal Oxytocin Levels in Connection With a Breastfeed Two Days Later". Frontiers in Neuroscience. 15. doi:10.3389/fnins.2021.673184. PMC 8276259. PMID 34267623.
Antibas PL, do Nascimento Junior P, Braz LG, Vitor Pereira Doles J, Módolo NS, El Dib R (July 17, 2014). "Air versus saline in the loss of resistance technique for identification of the epidural space". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2015 (7): CD008938. doi:10.1002/14651858.cd008938.pub2. ISSN 1465-1858. PMC 7167505. PMID 25033878.
Simmons SW, Dennis AT, Cyna AM, Richardson MG, Bright MR (October 10, 2019). "Combined spinal-epidural versus spinal anesthesia for caesarean section". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 10 (10): CD008100. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD008100.pub2. PMC 6786885. PMID 31600820.
Liu EH, Sia AT (June 2004). "Rates of caesarean section and instrumental vaginal delivery in nulliparous women after low concentration epidural infusions or opioid analgesia: systematic review". BMJ. 328 (7453): 1410. doi:10.1136/bmj.38097.590810.7C. PMC 421779. PMID 15169744.
Okojie NQ, Isah EC (October 2014). "Perception of Epidural Analgesia for Labour Among Pregnant Women in a Nigerian Tertiary Hospital Setting". Journal of the West African College of Surgeons. 4 (4): 142–62. PMC 4866730. PMID 27182515.

oed.com

"Epidural". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. Retrieved November 1, 2020. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)

ox.ac.uk

medicine.ox.ac.uk

"Epidurals and risk: it all depends". Archived from the original on February 18, 2012.

psu.edu

citeseerx.ist.psu.edu

Rice I, Wee MY, Thomson K (January 2004). "Obstetric epidurals and chronic adhesive arachnoiditis". Br J Anaesth. 92 (1): 109–20. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.532.6709. doi:10.1093/bja/aeh009. PMID 14665562.

sarahbuckley.com

Buckley S (January 24, 2014). "Epidurals: risks and concerns for mother and baby". Midwifery Today with International Midwife (81). Mothering No.133: 21–3, 63–6. PMID 17447690. Retrieved April 18, 2014.

semanticscholar.org

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Patel SS, Dunn CJ, Bryson HM (1996). "Epidural clonidine: a review of its pharmacology and efficacy in the management of pain during labour and postoperative and intractable pain". CNS Drugs. 6 (6): 474–497. doi:10.2165/00023210-199606060-00007. S2CID 72544106.
Block BM, Liu SS, Rowlingson AJ, Cowan AR, Cowan JA, Wu CL (2003). "Efficacy of postoperative epidural analgesia: a meta-analysis". JAMA. 290 (18): 2455–63. doi:10.1001/jama.290.18.2455. PMID 14612482. S2CID 35260733.
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Beattie WS, Badner NH, Choi P (2001). "Epidural analgesia reduces postoperative myocardial infarction: a meta-analysis". Anesth Analg. 93 (4): 853–8. doi:10.1097/00000539-200110000-00010. PMID 11574345. S2CID 9449275.
Schneider B, Zheng P, Mattie R, Kennedy DJ (August 2, 2016). "Safety of epidural steroid injections". Expert Opinion on Drug Safety. 15 (8): 1031–1039. doi:10.1080/14740338.2016.1184246. PMID 27148630. S2CID 27053083.
Pawa A, King C, Thang C, White L (February 2023). "Erector spinae plane block: the ultimate 'plan A' block?". British Journal of Anaesthesia. 130 (5): 497–502. doi:10.1016/j.bja.2023.01.012. PMID 36775671. S2CID 256805767.
Rosenblatt MA, Abel M, Fischer GW, Itzkovich CJ, Eisenkraft JB (2006). "Successful Use of a 20% Lipid Emulsion to Resuscitate a Patient after a Presumed Bupivacaine-related Cardiac Arrest". Anesthesiology. 105 (7): 217–8. doi:10.1097/00000542-200607000-00033. PMID 16810015. S2CID 40214528.
Mulroy MF (2002). "Systemic toxicity and cardiotoxicity from local anesthetics: incidence and preventive measures". Reg Anesth Pain Med. 27 (6): 556–61. doi:10.1053/rapm.2002.37127. PMID 12430104. S2CID 36915462.
Wüst HJ, Bromage PR (1987). "Delayed respiratory arrest after epidural hydromorphone". Anaesthesia. 42 (4): 404–6. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2044.1987.tb03982.x. PMID 2438964. S2CID 37237552.
Raj D, Williamson RM, Young D, Russell D (2013). "A simple epidural simulator: a blinded study assessing the 'feel' of loss of resistance in four fruits". Eur J Anaesthesiol. 30 (7): 405–8. doi:10.1097/EJA.0b013e328361409c. PMID 23749185. S2CID 2647529.
Nagel SJ, Reddy CG, Frizon LA, Holland MT, Machado AG, Gillies GT, Howard MA (October 2018). "Intrathecal Therapeutics: Device Design, Access Methods, and Complication Mitigation: INTRATHECAL THERAPEUTICS REVIEW". Neuromodulation: Technology at the Neural Interface. 21 (7): 625–640. doi:10.1111/ner.12693. PMID 28961351. S2CID 25494914.
Rapp HJ, Folger A, Grau T (2005). "Ultrasound-guided epidural catheter insertion in children". Anesthesia & Analgesia. 101 (2): 333–9, table of contents. doi:10.1213/01.ANE.0000156579.11254.D1. PMID 16037140. S2CID 17614330.
Beilin Y, Bernstein HH, Zucker-Pinchoff B (1995). "The optimal distance that a multiorifice epidural catheter should be threaded into the epidural space". Anesth Analg. 81 (2): 301–4. doi:10.1097/00000539-199508000-00016. PMID 7618719. S2CID 26405808.
Wong CA, Ratliff JT, Sullivan JT, Scavone BM, Toledo P, McCarthy RJ (2006). "A randomized comparison of programmed intermittent epidural bolus with continuous epidural infusion for labor analgesia". Anesthesia & Analgesia. 102 (3): 904–9. doi:10.1213/01.ane.0000197778.57615.1a. PMID 16492849. S2CID 36635329.
Sia AT, Lim Y, Ocampo C (2007). "A comparison of a basal infusion with automated mandatory boluses in parturient-controlled epidural analgesia during labor". Anesthesia & Analgesia. 104 (3): 673–8. doi:10.1213/01.ane.0000253236.89376.60. PMID 17312228. S2CID 38626333.
Basse L, Werner M, Kehlet H (2000). "Is urinary drainage necessary during continuous epidural analgesia after colonic resection?". Reg Anesth Pain Med. 25 (5): 498–501. doi:10.1053/rapm.2000.9537. PMID 11009235. S2CID 21296374.
Kost-Byerly S, Tobin JR, Greenberg RS, Billett C, Zahurak M, Yaster M (1998). "Bacterial colonization and infection rate of continuous epidural catheters in children". Anesth Analg. 86 (4): 712–6. doi:10.1097/00000539-199804000-00007. PMID 9539589. S2CID 22716908.
Kinirons B, Mimoz O, Lafendi L, Naas T, Meunier J, Nordmann P (2001). "Chlorhexidine versus povidone iodine in preventing colonization of continuous epidural catheters in children: a randomized, controlled trial". Anesthesiology. 94 (2): 239–44. doi:10.1097/00000542-200102000-00012. PMID 11176087. S2CID 20016232.
Aram L, Krane EJ, Kozloski LJ, Yaster M (2001). "Tunneled epidural catheters for prolonged analgesia in pediatric patients". Anesth Analg. 92 (6): 1432–8. doi:10.1097/00000539-200106000-00016. PMID 11375820. S2CID 21017121.
Bubeck J, Boos K, Krause H, Thies KC (2004). "Subcutaneous tunneling of caudal catheters reduces the rate of bacterial colonization to that of lumbar epidural catheters". Anesthesia & Analgesia. 99 (3): 689–93, table of contents. doi:10.1213/01.ANE.0000130023.48259.FB. PMID 15333395. S2CID 31939386.
Shi WZ, Miao YL, Yakoob MY, Cao JB, Zhang H, Jiang YG, Xu LH, Mi WD (September 2014). "Recovery of gastrointestinal function with thoracic epidural vs. systemic analgesia following gastrointestinal surgery: Analgesia and gastrointestinal function". Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 58 (8): 923–932. doi:10.1111/aas.12375. PMID 25060245. S2CID 27573664.
Jakobsen CJ (March 2015). "High Thoracic Epidural in Cardiac Anesthesia: A Review". Seminars in Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia. 19 (1): 38–48. doi:10.1177/1089253214548764. PMID 25201889. S2CID 24662760.
Curelaru I, Sandu L (June 1982). "Eugen Bogdan Aburel (1899–1975). The pioneer of regional analgesia for pain relief in childbirth". Anaesthesia. 37 (6): 663–9. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2044.1982.tb01279.x. PMID 6178307. S2CID 23183413.
Behar M, Olshwang D, Magora F, Davidson J (1979). "Epidural morphine in treatment of pain". The Lancet. 313 (8115): 527–529. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(79)90947-4. PMID 85109. S2CID 37432948.
Halpern SH, Muir H, Breen TW, Campbell DC, Barrett J, Liston R, Blanchard JW (November 2004). "A multicenter randomized controlled trial comparing patient-controlled epidural with intravenous analgesia for pain relief in labor". Anesthesia & Analgesia. 99 (5): 1532–8, table of contents. doi:10.1213/01.ANE.0000136850.08972.07. PMID 15502060. S2CID 42337310.
Burnstein R, Buckland R, Pickett JA (July 1999). "A survey of epidural analgesia for labour in the United Kingdom: Epidural analgesia for labour in the UK". Anaesthesia. 54 (7): 634–640. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2044.1999.00894.x. PMID 10417453. S2CID 39476161.
Glance LG, Wissler R, Glantz C, Osler TM, Mukamel DB, Dick AW (January 2007). "Racial differences in the use of epidural analgesia for labor". Anesthesiology. 106 (1): 19–25. doi:10.1097/00000542-200701000-00008. PMID 17197841. S2CID 22643036.

web.archive.org

"Epidurals and risk: it all depends". Archived from the original on February 18, 2012.

worldcat.org

Guay J, Kopp S (March 1, 2019). "Epidural analgesia for adults undergoing cardiac surgery with or without cardiopulmonary bypass". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2019 (3): CD006715. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006715.pub3. ISSN 1469-493X. PMC 6396869. PMID 30821845.
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