Eritrea (English Wikipedia)

"Eritrea Economic Outlook". African Development Bank Group - Making a Difference. 28 March 2019. Retrieved 2 September 2023.
"Eritrea Economic Outlook – African Development Bank". Afdb.org. Retrieved 30 December 2013.

africabib.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Schmidt, Peter R. (2002). "The 'Ona' culture of greater Asmara: archaeology's liberation of Eritrea's ancient history from colonial paradigms". Journal of Eritrean Studies. 1 (1): 29–58. Archived from the original on 8 September 2014. Retrieved 8 September 2014.
Schmidt, Peter R. (24 May 2002). "The 'Ona' culture of greater Asmara: archaeology's liberation of Eritrea's ancient history from colonial paradigms". Journal of Eritrean Studies (Asmara). 1 (1): 29–58 – via www.africabib.org.

africanews.com (Global: 3,550^th place; English: 2,515^th place)

"Eritrea suffered deliberate demonization, not isolation – Info Minister". 26 July 2018.
"Eritrea capital, Asmara, makes UNESCO World Heritage list | Africanews". 11 July 2017. Archived from the original on 4 March 2020. Retrieved 18 December 2019.

aljazeera.com (Global: 268^th place; English: 215^th place)

"Eritrea confirms its troops are fighting in Ethiopia's Tigray". Al-Jazeera. 17 April 2021.
"Ethiopia, Eritrea says US allegations 'inflammatory', 'defamatory'". www.aljazeera.com.

allafrica.com (Global: 1,467^th place; English: 939^th place)

"Eritrea: Asmara Lashes Out at UN's 'Vile Slanders'". AllAfrica news website. 10 June 2015. Archived from the original on 11 June 2015. Retrieved 24 June 2015.

american.edu (Global: 5,076^th place; English: 3,404^th place)

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Tracey L. Cousin. "Eritrean and Ethiopian Civil War". ICE Case Studies. Archived from the original on 11 September 2007. Retrieved 3 September 2007.

amnesty.org (Global: 1,367^th place; English: 1,176^th place)

"Eritrea: No progress on key human rights issues" (PDF). Amnesty International. Retrieved 18 September 2025.

apnews.com (Global: 129^th place; English: 89^th place)

"Eritrea blames US support for Tigray's leaders for the war". AP News. 8 June 2021.

apollo-magazine.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"The modernist marvels of Eritrea". Apollo Magazine. 19 November 2019.

arabnews.com (Global: 1,365^th place; English: 928^th place)

"Eritrean president blames Europe for refugee exodus". Arab News.

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; English: 6^th place)

Wood, Michael (2005). In Search of Myths & Heroes: Exploring Four Epic Legends of the World. University of California Press. p. 155. ISBN 978-0-520-24724-6. opone punt.
Okbazghi Yohannes (1991). A Pawn in World Politics: Eritrea. University of Florida Press. pp. 31–32. ISBN 978-0-8130-1044-1.

archive.today (Global: 14^th place; English: 14^th place)

National service in Eritrea. Economist. 10 March 2014 (Archived 10 January 2025 at archive.today)
"Professor to lecture on African refugees of Eritrea". The Daily Beacon. Archived from the original on 21 November 2014.
"Anseba Religious leaders condemn female circumcision". Eritrea Ministry of Information. 31 August 2006. Archived from the original on 20 June 2007.
Kingsley, Patrick (15 July 2015). "It's not at war, but up to 3% of its people have fled. What is going on in Eritrea?". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 28 February 2021.
"Eritrea – events of 2019". Human Rights Watch. 2020. Archived from the original on 28 February 2021. Retrieved 28 February 2021.

atwebpages.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

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Anderson, Jason; Abraha, Solomon; Berhane, Dawit. "Birdwatching in Eritrea – Birding in Eritrea Homepage". ibis.atwebpages.com.
Berhane, Dawit. "Wildlife of Eritrea". ibis.atwebpages.com.

auderis.se (Global: low place; English: low place)

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Hogan, C. Michael (31 January 2009) Painted Hunting Dog: Lycaon pictus Archived 9 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine, GlobalTwitcher.com.

axios.com (Global: 1,716^th place; English: 973^rd place)

Basu, Zachary (8 October 2020). "More countries join condemnation of China over Xinjiang abuses". Axios Media Inc. Retrieved 17 September 2023.

bbc.co.uk (Global: 8^th place; English: 10^th place)

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Will arms ban slow war? BBC News, 18 May 2000
"Horn tensions trigger UN warning". BBC News. 4 February 2004. Retrieved 7 June 2006.
"Army build-up near Horn frontier". BBC News. 2 November 2005. Retrieved 7 June 2006.
"Horn border tense before deadline". BBC News. 23 December 2005. Retrieved 7 June 2006.
"Eritrea bans female circumcision". BBC News. 4 April 2007.
Plaut, Martin (11 January 2009). "Eritrea group seeks human rights". BBC News.
Fisher, Jonah (17 September 2004). "Religious persecution in Eritrea". BBC News. Retrieved 11 December 2009.

bbc.co.uk

"The rediscovery of Eritrea's elephants". BBC Wildlife Magazine. July 2003. Archived from the original on 14 March 2006. Retrieved 28 July 2007.
"Country profile: Eritrea". BBC News. 17 June 2008. Retrieved 1 July 2008.
"Country profile: Eritrea". BBC News. 30 November 2010.

bbc.com (Global: 20^th place; English: 30^th place)

Keane, Fergal (10 July 2018). "Making peace with 'Africa's North Korea'". BBC News.
"Eritrea country profile". BBC News. 10 May 2011. Archived from the original on 20 November 2023. Retrieved 20 November 2023.
"Eritrea country profile". BBC. 10 May 2011. Retrieved 25 January 2025.
"Eritrea leaves Igad regional bloc as tensions rise with Ethiopia". www.bbc.com. 12 December 2025. Retrieved 13 December 2025.
"Ethiopia's Abiy and Eritrea's Afewerki declare end of war". BBC News. 9 July 2018. Retrieved 9 July 2018.
Teklemariam Bekit (12 November 2024). "World's longest detained journalist wins rights prize". BBC.
"Cycling heaven: The African capital with 'no traffic'". 27 March 2019 – via www.bbc.com.

bikeaid.de (Global: low place; English: low place)

"A dream almost broken - Mosana Debesay on her way to the Olympics".

blackagendareport.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Eritrea: The Story You Don't Hear". Black Agenda Report. 19 July 2023.

bloomberg.com (Global: 99^th place; English: 77^th place)

"EU Accuses Eritrean Forces of Fueling Conflict in Ethiopia". Bloomberg. 9 February 2021.
"Chinese Miner to Start Copper Output in Eritrea by Next Year". Bloomberg.com. 23 August 2018. Retrieved 30 May 2020.

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

Dan Connell; Tom Killion (14 October 2010). Historical Dictionary of Eritrea. Scarecrow Press. pp. 7–. ISBN 978-0-8108-7505-0.
Blench, R. (2006). Archaeology, Language, and the African Past. Rowman Altamira. pp. 143–144. ISBN 978-0-7591-0466-2.
Connell, Dan (24 May 2002). "Eritrea: A Country Handbook". Ministry of Information – via Google Books.
G, Mussie Tesfagiorgis (24 May 2010). Eritrea. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-59884-231-9 – via Google Books.
Leclant, Jean (1993). Sesto Congresso internazionale di egittologia: atti, Volume 2. International Association of Egyptologists. p. 402.
Flückiger, Friedrich August; Hanbury, Daniel (20 March 2014). Pharmacographia. Cambridge University Press. p. 136. ISBN 978-1-108-06930-4.
Avanzini, Alessandra (1997). Profumi d'Arabia: atti del convegno. L'ERMA di BRETSCHNEIDER. p. 280. ISBN 978-88-7062-975-0.
Phillipson, David (2012). Neil Asher Silberman (ed.). The Oxford Companion to Archaeology. Oxford University Press. p. 48. ISBN 978-0-19-973578-5.
Africa Geoscience Review, Volume 10. Rock View International. 2003. p. 366.
Brockman, Norbert (2011). Encyclopedia of Sacred Places, Volume 1. ABC-CLIO. p. 30. ISBN 978-1-59884-654-6.
Munro-Hay, Stuart C. (1991). Aksum: An African Civilisation of Late Antiquity. Edinburgh University Press. p. 77. ISBN 978-0-7486-0106-6.
Connell, Dan; Killion, Tom (2011). Historical Dictionary of Eritrea, 2nd Edition. Scarecrow Press, Inc. ISBN 978-0-8108-7505-0 – via Google Books.
Reid, Richard J. (12 January 2012). "The Islamic Frontier in Eastern Africa". A History of Modern Africa: 1800 to the Present. John Wiley and Sons. p. 106. ISBN 978-0-470-65898-7. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
Pouwels, Randall (31 March 2000). The History of Islam in Africa. Ohio University Press. p. 229. ISBN 978-0-8214-4461-0.
Siegbert Uhlig (2005). Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: D-Ha. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 951. ISBN 978-3-447-05238-2.
Jonathan Miran Red Sea Citizens: Cosmopolitan Society and Cultural Change in Massawa. Indiana University Press, 2009, pp. 38–39 & 91 Google Books
Jonathan Miran Red Sea Citizens: Cosmopolitan Society and Cultural Change in Massawa. Indiana University Press, 2009, pp. 38–39 & 91
Pankhurst, Richard (1997). The Ethiopian Borderlands: Essays in Regional History from Ancient Times to the End of the 18th Century. Red Sea Press. ISBN 978-0-932415-19-6.
In defence of the Eritrean revolution against Ethiopian social chauvinists. AESNA. 1978. p. 38. Later in their history, the Denkel lowlands of Eritrea were part of the Sultanate of Aussa, which came into being towards the end of the sixteenth century.
Tesfagiorgis, Mussie (29 October 2010). Eritrea. ABC-CLIO. pp. 10–. ISBN 978-1-59884-232-6.
Publications, Europa Europa (31 October 2002). Africa South of the Sahara 2003. Psychology Press. ISBN 978-1-85743-131-5 – via Google Books.
Tesfagiorgis, Gebre Hiwet (1993). Emergent Eritrea: challenges of economic development. The Red Sea Press. p. 111. ISBN 978-0-932415-91-2.
Minahan, James (1998). Miniature empires: a historical dictionary of the newly independent states. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 76. ISBN 978-0-313-30610-5. The majority of the Eritreans speak Ethiopian Semitic languages, mainly Tigrinya and Tigre, other languages belongs to Cushitic languages of the Afroasiatic language group. The Kunama and other groups in the west and northwest speak Nilotic languages.
Edward Denison; Edward Paice (2007). Eritrea: The Bradt Travel Guide. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 187. ISBN 978-1-84162-171-5.
Tekle, Amare (1994). Eritrea and Ethiopia: From Conflict to Cooperation. The Red Sea Press. p. 197. ISBN 978-0-932415-97-4.
Blum, Bruno (2007). De l'art de savoir chanter, danser et jouer la bamboula comme un éminent musicien africain: le guide des musiques africaines. Scali. p. 198. ISBN 978-2-35012-197-0.
Goyan Kittler, Pamela; Sucher, Kathryn P.; Nahikian-Nelms, Marcia (2011). Food and Culture, 6th ed. Cengage Learning. p. 202. ISBN 978-0-538-73497-4.
Tekle, Amare (1994). Eritrea and Ethiopia: From Conflict to Cooperation. The Red Sea Press. p. 142. ISBN 978-0-932415-97-4.
Eritrea: Travel Trade Manual. Ministry of Tourism of Eritrea. 2000. p. 4.

britannica.com (Global: 40^th place; English: 58^th place)

"Authoritarianism". Britannica. Retrieved 3 September 2025. In sub-Saharan Africa, for example, there has been only one totalitarian dictatorship (in Eritrea) to date.
"Eritrea: Facts & Stats". britannica.com. Retrieved 25 January 2025.
"Encyclopedia Britannica". www.britannica.com. 18 March 2024.
"Eritrea – The spreading revolution". Encyclopædia Britannica. 14 July 2023.
Britannica,Asmara, britannica.com, USA, accessed on 8 September 2019

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"Stampato C. 5634". www.camera.it (in Italian). Retrieved 20 May 2019.

caperi.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Heroes welcome for Daniel Teklehaimanot and Merhawi Kudus in Eritrea". Caperi. 1 August 2015. Archived from the original on 8 May 2016. Retrieved 25 June 2016.

cbc.ca (Global: 115^th place; English: 82^nd place)

"Leaders of Ethiopia and Eritrea hug and make up". CBC News. 8 July 2018. Retrieved 9 July 2018.
Rieger, Sarah (28 December 2017). "Calgary skier headed to Winter Olympics... but not with Team Canada". CBC News. Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Retrieved 31 December 2017.

cbd.int (Global: 6,554^th place; English: 5,474^th place)

"Main Details".

ceicdata.com (Global: 8,870^th place; English: 6,234^th place)

"Eritrea | Tourism Statistics | CEIC". www.ceicdata.com. Retrieved 2 September 2023.

census.gov (Global: 45^th place; English: 41^st place)

"Eritrea". census.gov. Retrieved 25 January 2025.

cia.gov (Global: 89^th place; English: 147^th place)

"Eritrea", The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency, 23 September 2022, retrieved 1 April 2024 This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
"Eritrea". Central Intelligence Agency. 27 February 2023. Archived from the original on 10 January 2021. Retrieved 24 February 2023 – via CIA.gov.
"Eritrea". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. 22 September 2021.
"The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency". Cia.gov. Retrieved 1 October 2016.
"Eritrea" (PDF). The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 February 2020. Retrieved 10 June 2020.

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"Eritrean Culture". The Consulate General of the State of Eritrea – Toronto, Canada. 28 November 2016. Retrieved 29 December 2023.

cpj.org (Global: 6,788^th place; English: 4,911^th place)

Keita, Mohamed (18 February 2011). "Sub-Saharan Africa censors Mideast protests". Committee to Protect Journalists.
Staff, C. P. J. (29 May 2025). "CPJ, 31 others call for UN scrutiny of Eritrea's human rights record". Committee to Protect Journalists. Retrieved 10 September 2025.

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"CQ Ranking". cqranking.com.

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"Berhane could become the first Eritrean to ride the Tour de France". Cycling News. 2 March 2014. Retrieved 16 October 2014.

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"Country Ranking 2023 – CyclingRanking.com". www.cyclingranking.com. Retrieved 4 April 2023.

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"ITALIAN ASMARA". Dadfeatured. 6 August 2018.

diasporafordevelopment.eu (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Diaspora engagement mapping: Eritrea" (PDF). Diaspora for Development. Retrieved 2 September 2023.

dictionary.com (Global: 794^th place; English: 588^th place)

"Eritrea". Dictionary.com Unabridged (Online). n.d.

diva-portal.org (Global: 3,588^th place; English: 3,072^nd place)

Negash, Tekeste. Eritrea and Ethiopia The Federal Experience (PDF). p. 24.
Negash, Tekeste. Eritrea and Ethiopia The Federal Experience (PDF). p. 58.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

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Walter, R.C.; Buffler, R. T.; Bruggemann, J.H.; Guillaume, M. M. M.; Berhe, S.M.; Negassi, B.; Libsekal, Y.; Cheng, H.; Edwards, R.L.; Von Cosel, R.; Néraudeau, D.; Gagnon, M. (2000). "Early human occupation of the Red Sea coast of Eritrea during the last interglacial". Nature. 405 (6782): 65–69. Bibcode:2000Natur.405...65W. doi:10.1038/35011048. PMID 10811218. S2CID 4417823.
Zarins, Juris (1990). "Early Pastoral Nomadism and the Settlement of Lower Mesopotamia". Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research. 280 (280): 31–65. doi:10.2307/1357309. JSTOR 1357309. S2CID 163491760.
Diamond, J.; Bellwood, P. (2003). "Farmers and Their Languages: The First Expansions". Science. 300 (5619): 597–603. Bibcode:2003Sci...300..597D. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.1013.4523. doi:10.1126/science.1078208. PMID 12714734. S2CID 13350469.
WARNER, JASON (10 August 2015). "The African Garrison State: Human Rights and Political Development in Eritrea by Kjetil Tronvoll and Daniel R. Mekonnen Woodbridge: James Currey, 2014. Pp. 212. £45 (hbk)". The Journal of Modern African Studies. 53 (3): 500–501. doi:10.1017/s0022278x15000531. ISSN 0022-278X.
Davey, Eleanor (1 June 2020). "Relief, Development and the Eritrean War of Independence: Subverting the Anti-politics Machine". Histoire Politique (41). doi:10.4000/histoirepolitique.324. ISSN 1954-3670. S2CID 239592534.
Billi, P. (2022). Climate Variability in the Horn of Africa Eastern Countries: Eritrea, Djibouti, Somalia. In: Billi, P. (eds) Landscapes and Landforms of the Horn of Africa. World Geomorphological Landscapes. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-05487-7_1
Knight, J., Abd Elbasit, M.A.M., Adam, E. (2022). Land Degradation in Eritrea and Djibouti. In: Billi, P. (eds) Landscapes and Landforms of the Horn of Africa. World Geomorphological Landscapes. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-05487-7_9

dx.doi.org

WARNER, JASON (10 August 2015). "The African Garrison State: Human Rights and Political Development in Eritrea by Kjetil Tronvoll and Daniel R. Mekonnen Woodbridge: James Currey, 2014. Pp. 212. £45 (hbk)". The Journal of Modern African Studies. 53 (3): 500–501. doi:10.1017/s0022278x15000531. ISSN 0022-278X.

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Munro-Hay, Stuart (1991). Aksum: An African Civilization of Late Antiquity (PDF). Edinburgh: University Press. p. 57. ISBN 0-7486-0106-6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 January 2013. Retrieved 24 June 2012.

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Kifle, Temesgen (2002). Educational Gender Gap in Eritrea. Berichte aus dem Weltwirtschaftlichen Colloquium der Universität Bremen. Archived from the original on 12 May 2013. Retrieved 25 June 2012. PDF copy Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine

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"National Board for Higher Education". Archived from the original on 9 August 2013. Retrieved 11 June 2021.

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Tronvoll, Kjetil (22 July 2009). "The Lasting Struggle for Freedom in Eritrea – Human Rights and Political Development, 1991–2009" (PDF). Eritrean Human Rights Electronic Archive. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 February 2021. Retrieved 13 February 2021.

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eritrean-embassy.se (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Today, 23 May 1997, on this historic date, after active popular participation, approve and solemnly ratify, through the Constituent Assembly, this Constitution as the fundamental law of our Sovereign and Independent State of Eritrea." The Constitution of Eritrea (eritrean-embassy.se) Archived 4 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine
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The Italian Ambassador stated at the 2008 Film Festival in Asmara [1] Archived 18 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine that nearly 100,000 Eritreans in 2008 have Italian blood, because they have at least one grandfather or great-grandfather from Italy

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euromonitor.com (Global: 8,805^th place; English: 8,067^th place)

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fao.org (Global: 318^th place; English: 411^th place)

"FAO country profile: Eritrea" Archived 8 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine, The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2006.

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Walter, R.C.; Buffler, R. T.; Bruggemann, J.H.; Guillaume, M. M. M.; Berhe, S.M.; Negassi, B.; Libsekal, Y.; Cheng, H.; Edwards, R.L.; Von Cosel, R.; Néraudeau, D.; Gagnon, M. (2000). "Early human occupation of the Red Sea coast of Eritrea during the last interglacial". Nature. 405 (6782): 65–69. Bibcode:2000Natur.405...65W. doi:10.1038/35011048. PMID 10811218. S2CID 4417823.
Diamond, J.; Bellwood, P. (2003). "Farmers and Their Languages: The First Expansions". Science. 300 (5619): 597–603. Bibcode:2003Sci...300..597D. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.1013.4523. doi:10.1126/science.1078208. PMID 12714734. S2CID 13350469.

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independent.co.uk (Global: 36^th place; English: 33^rd place)

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"Exploring Eritrea's UNESCO certified Art-Deco wonderland". The Independent. 9 November 2017.

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iso.org (Global: 629^th place; English: 610^th place)

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istat.it (Global: 202^nd place; English: 606^th place)

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/ˌɛrɪˈtriːə/ ^ⓘ ERR-ih-TREE-ə or /-ˈtreɪ-/ -⁠TRAY-;,^[20]^[21]^[22] pronounced [ʔer(ɨ)trä] ^ⓘ

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WARNER, JASON (10 August 2015). "The African Garrison State: Human Rights and Political Development in Eritrea by Kjetil Tronvoll and Daniel R. Mekonnen Woodbridge: James Currey, 2014. Pp. 212. £45 (hbk)". The Journal of Modern African Studies. 53 (3): 500–501. doi:10.1017/s0022278x15000531. ISSN 0022-278X.
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dictionary.com (Global: 794^th place; English: 588^th place)

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doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

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dw.com (Global: 204^th place; English: 353^rd place)

economist.com (Global: 254^th place; English: 236^th place)

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