Meid, Wolfgang (2003). "Keltische Religion im Zeugnis der Sprache". Zeitschrift für celtische Philologie. 53 (1): 20–40. doi:10.1515/ZCPH.2003.20.
Schmidt, Karl Horst (1957). Die Komposition in gallischen Personennamen. Berlin / New York: De Gruyter. doi:10.1515/9783111673158.
Esposito, Paolo (2011). "Early and Medieval Scholia and Commentaria on Lucan". In Asso, Paolo (ed.). Brill's Companion to Lucan. Leiden / Boston: Brill. pp. 453–463. doi:10.1163/9789004217096_025.
Sergent, Bernard (1992). "L'arbre au pourri". Etudes Celtiques. 29: 391–402. doi:10.3406/ecelt.1992.2021.
Ross, Anne (1961). "Esus et les trois "grues"". Etudes Celtiques. 9 (2): 405–438. doi:10.3406/ecelt.1961.1475.
Leveau, Philippe; Remy, Bernard (2014). "Ésus en Afrique: à propos d'une inscription fragmentaire de Caesarea Mauretaniae commémorant l'exécution d'une injonction d'Ésus". Antiquités africaines. 50: 85–92. doi:10.3406/antaf.2014.1561.
AE1997, 1210: Adginnos / Vercombogi / {A}Eso v(otum) s(olvit) l(ibens) m(erito). For more about this inscription, see Piccottini, Gernot (1996). "Aesus". Carinthia I. 186: 97–103. = Piccottini, Gernot (2002). "Eine neue Esus-lnschrift aus Kärnten". In Zemmer-Plank, L. (ed.). Kult der Vorzeit in den Alpen. Bolzano. pp. 1285–1294.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
AE1985, 934: Peregrinus V[...] / quod Esus fuit iuben[s.
MacKillop, James (2004). "Esus, Hesus". Dictionary of Celtic Mythology (Online ed.). Oxford University Press.
MacKillop, James (2004). "Lindow Man". A Dictionary of Celtic Mythology (Online ed.). Oxford University Press.
persee.fr
Duval, Paul-Marie (1989) [1958]. "Teutates, Esus, Taranis". Travaux sur la Gaule (1946-1986), vol. II - Religion gauloise et gallo-romaine. Publications de l'École française de Rome. Vol. 116. Rome: École Française de Rome. pp. 275–287.
Victor Tourneur [fr] (1902) called the text "untranslatable" (intraduisible). He proposed to emend the bizarre per cruorem ("as a result of bloodshed") to percussor ("murderer, sacrificer") and to regard membra digesserit as a poetic description, not literally referring to a separation of limbs. He thus arrived at the translation: "A man is hung on a tree until the sacrificer has killed him".[21]: 79–81 Albert Bayet (1925) and Camille Jullian (1926) followed Tourneur's emendation of per cruorem. Jullian went further to propose that digesserit (meaning discussed below) was a corruption of disiecerit ("severed").[5]: 321
Germanic mythology has it that Odin obtained knowledge of the runes by piercing himself with a javelin and suspending himself from a tree for nine days. This sacrifice was imitated by his devotees: King Wikar is thus sacrificed to Odin in Gautreks saga; as are another king's nine sons in Ynglinga saga; and Adam of Bremen tells us that men were hung from trees in the grove of the Temple at Uppsala. Stefan Czarnowski drew a parallel between these sacrifices and the sacrifice to Odin, suggesting that the "bloodshed" was a result of the injury by javelin.[22]: 16 [23]: 283 Françoise Le Roux [fr] notes, as support for a relationship between the two rituals, that ritual hanging is almost unknown among the Celts, but very common within the cult of Odin.[24]: 50, 54
Émile Thévenot [fr] connected the ritual with the unusual torture of St Marcel de Chalon (d. 177/179) in an early medieval hagiography: after refusing to worship before Mars, Mercury, and Minerva, the pagans tied the saint to two branches of a tree, forced together, which sprung back and removed the saints' limbs from his body. Thévenot suggested the hagiographer of St Marcel and scholiast of the Commenta drew from the same source for this pagan ritual.[15]: 12 Waldemar Deonna [fr] and Paul-Marie Duval [fr] are unconvinced by this parallel. Both argue that Thévenot's comparison does violence to the description in the Commenta, and Deonna points out that the elements of this martyrdom are not unknown in other hagiographies.[23]: 284 [15]: 21
wikisource.org
en.wikisource.org
Ihm, Max (1907). "Esus" . Paulys Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft. Vol. VI, 1. Stuttgart: Metzler. pp. 694–696.
