European Union (English Wikipedia)

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"Divided EU agrees Iraq statement". BBC News. BBC. 27 January 2003. Archived from the original on 11 January 2006. Retrieved 13 March 2009.
"Q&A: EU energy plans". BBC. 9 March 2007. Archived from the original on 24 February 2007. Retrieved 13 July 2007.
Fordyce, Tom (11 July 2007). "10 years since Bosman". BBC News. Archived from the original on 9 March 2006. Retrieved 13 July 2007.

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"Croatia: From isolation to EU membership". BBC News. BBC. 26 April 2013. Retrieved 14 May 2013.

bbc.com (Global: 26^th place; English: 23^rd place)

"EU Referendum Result". BBC. Archived from the original on 24 June 2016. Retrieved 26 June 2016.
"EU to open membership talks with Ukraine and Moldova". 14 December 2023. Archived from the original on 14 December 2023. Retrieved 14 December 2023.
"EU budget blocked by Hungary and Poland over rule of law issue". BBC News. 16 November 2020. Archived from the original on 16 November 2020. Retrieved 16 November 2020.

bis.org (Global: 6,204^th place; English: 4,995^th place)

"Triennial Central Bank Survey 2007" (PDF). BIS. 19 December 2007. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 November 2015. Retrieved 25 July 2009.

bloomberg.com (Global: 118^th place; English: 85^th place)

Deutsch, Jillian; Pronina, Lyubov (27 February 2022). "EU Approves 450 Million Euros of Arms Supplies for Ukraine". Bloomberg.com. Archived from the original on 7 March 2022. Retrieved 4 October 2023.

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"Europe Unveils New Sanctions Plan for Human Rights Violations". Bloomberg Tax. Archived from the original on 27 October 2020. Retrieved 19 October 2020.

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

Cybriwsky, Roman Adrian (2013). Capital Cities around the World: An Encyclopedia of Geography, History, and Culture. ABC-CLIO. p. 64. ISBN 978-1-61069-248-9. Brussels, the capital of Belgium, is considered to be the de facto capital of the EU
Parsons, Craig; Jabko, Nicolas (2005). With US Or Against US?: European Trends in American Perspective. Oxford University Press. p. 146. ISBN 978-0-19-928395-8. Fourth, the European Council acts a "collective head of state" for the EU.
Klimczak-Pawlak, Agata (2014). Towards the Pragmatic Core of English for European Communication: The Speech Act of Apologising in Selected Euro-Englishes. Springer Science & Business. ISBN 978-3-319-03557-4.

britannica.com (Global: 37^th place; English: 64^th place)

"Council of Europe". Britannica. Retrieved 14 August 2026.
"European Union". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 3 July 2013. international organisation comprising 28 European countries and governing common economic, social, and security policies ...
"Europe: Climate, Regions, Weather". Britannica. Retrieved 14 August 2026.

businessinsider.com (Global: 201^st place; English: 139^th place)

Boesler, Matthew (11 November 2013). "There Are Only Two Real Threats To The US Dollar's Status As The International Reserve Currency". Business Insider. Archived from the original on 6 November 2021. Retrieved 8 December 2013.

c2es.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Global Emissions". Center for Climate and Energy Solutions. Archived from the original on 8 November 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.

cambridge.org (Global: 209^th place; English: 151^st place)

Diez, Thomas; Albert, Mathias; Stetter, Stephan, eds. (2008). The European Union and Border Conflicts: The Power of Integration and Association. Cambridge Core. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511491337. ISBN 978-0-511-49133-7. Retrieved 19 December 2019.

cer.org.uk (Global: low place; English: low place)

Bildt, Carl (2005). "Europe must keep its 'soft power'". Financial Times on Centre for European Reform. Archived from the original on 9 June 2007. Retrieved 26 June 2007.

charlemagneyouthprize.eu (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Winners 2015". charlemagneyouthprize.eu. Archived from the original on 12 December 2015. Retrieved 12 February 2016.

cia.gov (Global: 133^rd place; English: 275^th place)

"Central Intelligence Agency". Cia.gov. Archived from the original on 4 October 2008. Retrieved 26 April 2011.

citizensinformation.ie (Global: low place; English: 9,767^th place)

"European commission". Citizens Information Ireland. Archived from the original on 10 May 2023. Retrieved 18 September 2022.

cnn.com (Global: 36^th place; English: 26^th place)

edition.cnn.com

"In pictures: Russia invades Ukraine". cnn.com. cnn.com. 8 March 2022. Archived from the original on 7 March 2022. Retrieved 8 March 2022.

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Luke McGee (23 June 2022). "Ukraine's EU hopes rise as bloc's leaders approve candidate status". CNN. Archived from the original on 28 March 2023. Retrieved 23 June 2022.

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"Global 500 2010: Countries – Australia". Fortune. Archived from the original on 17 February 2011. Retrieved 8 July 2010. Number of companies data taken from the "Pick a country" box.

coe.int (Global: 777^th place; English: 802^nd place)

coe.int

"Thirty-sixth meeting of the ministers' deputies: resolution (55) 32" (PDF). Council of Europe. 9 December 1955. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 May 2009. Retrieved 2 February 2008.
"Council of Europe". www.coe.int. Archived from the original on 19 December 2009.

assembly.coe.int

And is effectively treated as one of the Copenhagen criteria. Assembly.coe.int. This is a political and not a legal requirement for membership. Archived 26 June 2008 at the Wayback Machine.

conventions.coe.int

The European Convention on Human Rights was previously only open to members of the Council of Europe (Article 59.1 of the Convention Archived 25 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine), and even now only states may become member of the Council of Europe (Article 4 of the Statute of the Council of Europe Archived 7 January 2019 at the Wayback Machine).

wcd.coe.int

"Committee of Ministers – European Year of Languages Parliamentary Assembly Recommendation 1539". Wcd.coe.int. 2001. Archived from the original on 9 May 2020. Retrieved 26 September 2012.

comresglobal.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"2018 EU Media Survey" (PDF). ComRes/Burson-Marsteller. 2018. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 December 2021. Retrieved 21 July 2020.

cop30.br (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Global carbon market coalition proposed by Brazil has gained membership in eleven countries". COP 30 Brazil Amazonia Belem 2025. Archived from the original on 24 November 2025. Retrieved 12 November 2025.

cvce.eu (Global: 5,951^st place; English: 6,970^th place)

"The political consequences". CVCE. Archived from the original on 5 March 2023. Retrieved 28 April 2013.
"A European Atomic Energy Community". Cvce.eu. 13 October 1997. Archived from the original on 19 October 2013. Retrieved 13 October 2013.
"A European Customs Union". cvce.eu. 2016.
"Merging the executives". cvce.eu. CVCE – Centre Virtuel de la Connaissance sur l'Europe. 7 August 2016. Archived from the original on 19 October 2013. Retrieved 28 April 2013.
"The first enlargement". CVCE. Archived from the original on 19 October 2013. Retrieved 28 April 2013.
"The new European Parliament". CVCE. Archived from the original on 19 October 2013. Retrieved 28 April 2013.
"Negotiations for enlargement". CVCE. Archived from the original on 19 October 2013. Retrieved 28 April 2013.
"Guardian of the Treaties". CVCE Education Unit. University of Luxembourg. Archived from the original on 8 June 2019. Retrieved 8 June 2019.
"European Court of Auditors". CVCE. Archived from the original on 8 April 2019. Retrieved 28 April 2013.
(in French) Guide graphique relatif à l'emblème européen Archived 9 June 2021 at the Wayback Machine (1996), p. 3: Description symbolique: Sur le fond bleu du ciel, les étoiles figurant les peuples d'Europe forment un cercle en signe d'union. Elles sont au nombre invariable de douze, symbole de la perfection et de la plénitude...Description héraldique: Sur fond azur, un cercle composé de douze étoiles d'or à cinq rais, dont les pointes ne se touchent pas. cf. "Graphical specifications for the European Emblem". European Commission. Archived from the original on 22 June 2006. Retrieved 4 August 2004.

defenseone.com (Global: low place; English: 6,578^th place)

Myers, Meghann (9 December 2025). "'Make Europe Great Again' and more from a longer version of the National Security Strategy". Defense One. Archived from the original on 10 December 2025.

diis.dk (Global: low place; English: low place)

"The Russo-Georgian War and Beyond: towards a European Great Power Concert, Danish Institute of International Studies". Diis.dk. Archived from the original on 29 April 2011. Retrieved 27 April 2010.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Rumford, Chris (2016). "European Union". The Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia of Globalization. pp. 1–4. doi:10.1002/9780470670590.wbeog188.pub2. ISBN 9780470670590.
Phelan, William (2012). "What Is Sui Generis About the European Union? Costly International Cooperation in a Self-Contained Regime". International Studies Review. 14 (3): 367–385. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2486.2012.01136.x. ISSN 1468-2486.
Hlavac, Marek (2010). "Less than a State, More than an International Organization: The Sui Generis Nature of the European Union" (PDF). Central European Labour Studies Institute. Rochester, N.Y. doi:10.2139/ssrn.1719308. S2CID 153480456. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 October 2020. Retrieved 9 September 2020.
Taussig, F.W.; Keynes, John Maynard (1920). "Keynes, The Economic Consequences of the Peace". The Quarterly Journal of Economics. 34 (2). Oxford University Press: 381. doi:10.2307/1882372. ISSN 0033-5533. JSTOR 1882372.
Hansen, Peo; Jonsson, Stefan (2011). "Bringing Africa as a 'Dowry to Europe'". Interventions. 13 (3): 443–463 (459). doi:10.1080/1369801X.2011.597600. S2CID 142558321.
Bakardjieva Engelbrekt, Antonina; Leijon, Karin; Michalski, Anna; Oxelheim, Lars, eds. (2020). The European Union and the Return of the Nation State. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-35005-5. ISBN 978-3-030-35004-8. Archived from the original on 8 September 2024. Retrieved 8 September 2024.
Zglinski, Jan (31 October 2023). "The new judicial federalism: the evolving relationship between EU and Member State courts". European Law Open. 2 (2): 345–371. doi:10.1017/elo.2023.27. ISSN 2752-6135.
Alemanno 2025, p. 15. Alemanno, Alberto (2025), The Law and Governance of the EU Public Ethics System, Palgrave Studies in European Union Politics, Cham: Palgrave Macmillan Cham, doi:10.1007/978-3-031-80372-7, ISBN 978-3-031-80371-0, retrieved 4 March 2026
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dw.com (Global: 205^th place; English: 320^th place)

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e-ir.info (Global: low place; English: low place)

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ecb.int (Global: 6,703^rd place; English: 7,354^th place)

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ecoc-doc-athens.eu (Global: low place; English: low place)

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economist.com (Global: 331^st place; English: 272^nd place)

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ejiltalk.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

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en.wikisource.org (Global: 82^nd place; English: 41^st place)

Although not EU treaties per se, these treaties affected the development of the EU defence arm, a main part of the CFSP. The Franco-British alliance established by the Dunkirk Treaty was de facto superseded by WU. The CFSP pillar was bolstered by some of the security structures that had been established within the remit of the 1955 Modified Brussels Treaty (MBT). The Brussels Treaty was terminated in 2011, consequently dissolving the WEU, as the mutual defence clause that the Lisbon Treaty provided for EU was considered to render the WEU superfluous. The EU thus de facto superseded the WEU.
As outlined in Title I of Part I of the consolidated Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union
Treaty on European Union: Article 17:7
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Article 2, Treaty on European Union (consolidated 1 December 2009)

eui.eu (Global: 7,888^th place; English: 5,029^th place)

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eumonitor.eu (Global: low place; English: low place)

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euractiv.com (Global: 2,945^th place; English: 2,167^th place)

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euronews.com (Global: 587^th place; English: 729^th place)

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europa.eu (Global: 62^nd place; English: 100^th place)

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businessinsider.com (Global: 201st place; English: 139th place)

c2es.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

cambridge.org (Global: 209th place; English: 151st place)

cer.org.uk (Global: low place; English: low place)

charlemagneyouthprize.eu (Global: low place; English: low place)

cia.gov (Global: 133rd place; English: 275th place)

citizensinformation.ie (Global: low place; English: 9,767th place)

cnn.com (Global: 36th place; English: 26th place)

edition.cnn.com

cnn.com

money.cnn.com

coe.int (Global: 777th place; English: 802nd place)

coe.int

assembly.coe.int

conventions.coe.int

wcd.coe.int

comresglobal.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

cop30.br (Global: low place; English: low place)

cvce.eu (Global: 5,951st place; English: 6,970th place)

defenseone.com (Global: low place; English: 6,578th place)

diis.dk (Global: low place; English: low place)

doi.org (Global: 2nd place; English: 2nd place)

dw.com (Global: 205th place; English: 320th place)

e-ir.info (Global: low place; English: low place)

ecb.int (Global: 6,703rd place; English: 7,354th place)

ecoc-doc-athens.eu (Global: low place; English: low place)

economist.com (Global: 331st place; English: 272nd place)

ejiltalk.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

en.wikisource.org (Global: 82nd place; English: 41st place)

eui.eu (Global: 7,888th place; English: 5,029th place)

archives.eui.eu

eumonitor.eu (Global: low place; English: low place)

euobserver.com (Global: 4,560th place; English: 3,750th place)

euractiv.com (Global: 2,945th place; English: 2,167th place)

euronews.com (Global: 587th place; English: 729th place)

europa.eu (Global: 62nd place; English: 100th place)

ec.europa.eu

europa.eu

europarl.europa.eu

eur-lex.europa.eu

consilium.europa.eu

eeas.europa.eu

ecb.europa.eu

data.europa.eu

commission.europa.eu

european-union.europa.eu

op.europa.eu

eppo.europa.eu

frontex.europa.eu

trade.ec.europa.eu

eea.europa.eu

appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu

fra.europa.eu

eacea.ec.europa.eu

erc.europa.eu

europeandatajournalism.eu (Global: low place; English: low place)

europeanwesternbalkans.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

euyo.org.uk (Global: low place; English: low place)

expats.cz (Global: low place; English: low place)

fairvote.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

federalists.eu (Global: low place; English: low place)

answers.com (Global: 2,156^th place; English: 1,933^rd place)

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; English: 6^th place)

arquivo.pt (Global: 2,454^th place; English: 1,792^nd place)

arte.tv (Global: 2,758^th place; English: 8,100^th place)

auswaertiges-amt.de (Global: 3,881^st place; English: 7,011^th place)

bbc.co.uk (Global: 11^th place; English: 10^th place)

bbc.com (Global: 26^th place; English: 23^rd place)

bis.org (Global: 6,204^th place; English: 4,995^th place)

bloomberg.com (Global: 118^th place; English: 85^th place)

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

britannica.com (Global: 37^th place; English: 64^th place)

businessinsider.com (Global: 201^st place; English: 139^th place)

cambridge.org (Global: 209^th place; English: 151^st place)

cia.gov (Global: 133^rd place; English: 275^th place)

citizensinformation.ie (Global: low place; English: 9,767^th place)

cnn.com (Global: 36^th place; English: 26^th place)

coe.int (Global: 777^th place; English: 802^nd place)

cvce.eu (Global: 5,951^st place; English: 6,970^th place)

defenseone.com (Global: low place; English: 6,578^th place)

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

dw.com (Global: 205^th place; English: 320^th place)

ecb.int (Global: 6,703^rd place; English: 7,354^th place)

economist.com (Global: 331^st place; English: 272^nd place)

en.wikisource.org (Global: 82^nd place; English: 41^st place)

eui.eu (Global: 7,888^th place; English: 5,029^th place)

euobserver.com (Global: 4,560^th place; English: 3,750^th place)

euractiv.com (Global: 2,945^th place; English: 2,167^th place)

euronews.com (Global: 587^th place; English: 729^th place)

europa.eu (Global: 62^nd place; English: 100^th place)

foreignaffairs.com (Global: 3,112^th place; English: 2,133^rd place)

foxnews.com (Global: 262^nd place; English: 171^st place)

ghostarchive.org (Global: 64^th place; English: 28^th place)

hdl.handle.net (Global: 66^th place; English: 34^th place)

iht.com (Global: 2,148^th place; English: 1,463^rd place)

imf.org (Global: 225^th place; English: 601^st place)

independent.co.uk (Global: 46^th place; English: 29^th place)

ine.es (Global: 126^th place; English: 709^th place)

insee.fr (Global: 17^th place; English: 118^th place)

jstor.org (Global: 23^rd place; English: 15^th place)

kb.se (Global: 276^th place; English: 804^th place)

koreatimes.co.kr (Global: 582^nd place; English: 434^th place)

lemonde.fr (Global: 60^th place; English: 343^rd place)

nbcnews.com (Global: 156^th place; English: 101^st place)

nhs.uk (Global: 2,637^th place; English: 2,254^th place)

nobelprize.org (Global: 265^th place; English: 450^th place)

nytimes.com (Global: 7^th place; English: 7^th place)

odi.org.uk (Global: low place; English: 9,986^th place)

oecd.org (Global: 1,345^th place; English: 1,190^th place)

parliament.uk (Global: 313^th place; English: 181^st place)

pitt.edu (Global: 1,616^th place; English: 1,079^th place)

politico.eu (Global: 941^st place; English: 653^rd place)

proquest.com (Global: 121^st place; English: 59^th place)

ratp.fr (Global: 5,353^rd place; English: 9,172^nd place)

reuters.com (Global: 38^th place; English: 30^th place)

rferl.org (Global: 733^rd place; English: 555^th place)

rte.ie (Global: 402^nd place; English: 211^th place)

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15^th place; English: 8^th place)

smh.com.au (Global: 154^th place; English: 94^th place)

sncf.com (Global: 3,069^th place; English: 7,154^th place)

springer.com (Global: 182^nd place; English: 172^nd place)

state.gov (Global: 228^th place; English: 204^th place)

theguardian.com (Global: 16^th place; English: 11^th place)

thomsonreuters.com (Global: 6,695^th place; English: 4,050^th place)

trend.az (Global: 3,638^th place; English: 4,729^th place)

uchicago.edu (Global: 226^th place; English: 199^th place)

uni-muenchen.de (Global: 3,271^st place; English: 3,435^th place)