European colonization of the Americas (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "European colonization of the Americas" in English language version.

refsWebsite

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25web.archive.org

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17books.google.com

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10doi.org

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4archive.org

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3loc.gov

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2semanticscholar.org

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2worldcat.org

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2britannica.com

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2harvard.edu

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2bbc.co.uk

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1oxfordre.com

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1unesco.org

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1jstor.org

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1encyclopedia.com

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1notesfromthefrontier.com

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1msn.com

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1millersville.edu

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1bartleby.com

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1nationalgeographic.org

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1americanheritage.com

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1italicsmag.com

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1pitt.edu

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1sdcelarbritishmuseum.org

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1theconversation.com

928^th place

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1archaeology.org

3,488^th place

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1si.edu

340^th place

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americanheritage.com (Global: 2,758^th place; English: 1,739^th place)

Benchley, Nathaniel. "The $24 Swindle: The Native Americans who sold Manhattan were bilked, all right, but they didn't mind – the land wasn't theirs anyway." Archived 2018-11-28 at the Wayback Machine American Heritage, Vol. 11, no. 1 (Dec. 1959).

archaeology.org (Global: 3,488^th place; English: 2,648^th place)

archive.archaeology.org

Dale Mackenzie Brown (February 28, 2000). "The Fate of Greenland's Vikings". Archaeological Institute of America. Archived from the original on January 20, 2014. Retrieved January 20, 2016.

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; English: 6^th place)

Taylor, Alan (2001). American Colonies. London and New York: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-200210-0.
Mann, Charles C. (2005). 1491: New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus. Knopf. pp. 106–109. ISBN 978-1-4000-3205-1.
Segal, Ronald (1995). The Black Diaspora: Five Centuries of the Black Experience Outside Africa. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-374-11396-4. It is now estimated that 11,863,000 slaves were shipped across the Atlantic. [Note in original: Paul E. Lovejoy, "The Impact of the Atlantic Slave Trade on Africa: A Review of the Literature," in Journal of African History 30 (1989), p. 368.] ... It is widely conceded that further revisions are more likely to be upward than downward.
Stephen D. Behrendt, David Richardson, and David Eltis, W.E.B. Du Bois Institute for African and African-American Research, Harvard University. Based on "records for 27,233 voyages that set out to obtain slaves for the Americas". Stephen Behrendt (1999). "Transatlantic Slave Trade". Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience. New York: Basic Civitas Books. ISBN 978-0-465-00071-5.

bartleby.com (Global: 1,295^th place; English: 1,196^th place)

"The Spanish Colonial System, 1550–1800. Population Development". Archived from the original on February 4, 2009. Retrieved 4 October 2014.

bbc.co.uk (Global: 8^th place; English: 10^th place)

bbc.co.uk

"Smallpox: Eradicating the Scourge". bbc.co.uk. Archived from the original on 2021-12-09. Retrieved 2014-02-28.

news.bbc.co.uk

"Quick guide: The slave trade". bbc.co.uk. March 15, 2007. Archived from the original on 2007-08-28. Retrieved 2007-11-23.

bbc.com (Global: 20^th place; English: 30^th place)

Amos, Jonathan (February 2, 2019). "America colonisation 'cooled Earth's climate'". BBC. Archived from the original on January 31, 2019. Retrieved February 1, 2019.

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

Whitt, Laurelyn; Clarke, Alan W., eds. (2019). "Settler Colonialism and Indigenous Nations". North American Genocides: Indigenous Nations, Settler Colonialism, and International Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 44–70, 71–100. ISBN 978-1-108-42550-6. LCCN 2019008004.
Stannard, David E. (1992). "Pestilence and Genocide". American Holocaust: Columbus and the Conquest of the New World. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 57–146. ISBN 0-19-508557-4.
Thornton, Russell (1987). "Overview of Decline: 1492 to 1890–1900". American Indian Holocaust and Survival: A Population History Since 1492. The Civilization of the American Indian Series. Vol. 186. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 42–158. ISBN 0-8061-2074-6.
Corrigan, John; Neal, Lynn S., eds. (2010). "Religious Intolerance toward Native American Religions". Religious Intolerance in America: A Documentary History. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press. pp. 125–146. doi:10.5149/9780807895955_corrigan.9. ISBN 9780807833896. LCCN 2009044820. S2CID 183694926.
Pointer, Richard W. (2011). "Part III: The Boundaries of Tolerance and Intolerance in Early America – Native Freedom? Indians and Religious Tolerance in Early America". In Beneke, Chris; Grenda, Christopher S. (eds.). The First Prejudice: Religious Tolerance and Intolerance in Early America. Early American Studies. Philadelphia and Oxford: University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 168–194. ISBN 9780812223149. JSTOR j.ctt3fhn13.10. LCCN 2010015803.
T. Douglas Price (2015). Ancient Scandinavia: An Archaeological History from the First Humans to the Vikings. Oxford University Press. p. 321. ISBN 978-0-19-023198-9.
S.A. Wurm; Peter Mühlhäusler; Darrell T. Tyron (1996). Atlas of Languages of Intercultural Communication in the Pacific, Asia, and the Americas. Walter de Gruyter. p. 1048. ISBN 978-3-11-013417-9.
Linda S. Cordell; Kent Lightfoot; Francis McManamon; George Milner (2008). Archaeology in America: An Encyclopedia: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. pp. 82–. ISBN 978-0-313-02189-3. Archived from the original on 2023-04-25. Retrieved 2016-03-26.
John Logan Allen (2007). North American Exploration. U of Nebraska Press. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-8032-1015-8.
Axel Kristinsson (2010). Expansions: Competition and Conquest in Europe Since the Bronze Age. ReykjavíkurAkademían. p. 216. ISBN 978-9979-9922-1-9.
Davidann, Jon; Gilbert, Marc Jason (2019). Cross-Cultural Encounters in Modern World History, 1453–Present. Routledge. p. 39. ISBN 978-0-429-75924-6.
Russell, Philip (2015). The Essential History of Mexico: From Pre-Conquest to Present. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-01721-7.
John Chester Miller (1966). The First Frontier: Life in Colonial America. University Press of America. p. 80. ISBN 978-0-8191-4977-0.
Reséndez, Andrés (2016). The Other Slavery: The Uncovered Story of Indian Enslavement in America. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 17. ISBN 978-0547640983. Archived from the original on 2023-03-16. Retrieved 2020-10-17.
McNeill & Pomeranz 2015, p. 430: "That said, and ever since the initial Eastern seaboard settler wars against the Tsenacommacahs and Pequots in the 1620s and early 1630s, systematic genocidal massacre was a core component of native destruction throughout three centuries of largely 'Anglo' expansion across continental North America. The culmination of this process from the mid-1860s to mid-1880s ... native Araucanian resistance by the Argentinian and Chilean military in the Southern Cone pampas, primarily in the agribusiness interest. In Australia, too, 'Anglo' attrition or outright liquidation of Aborigines from the time of 'first contact' in 1788 reached its zenith in Queensland in these same decades, as a dedicated Native Mounted Police strove to cleanse the territory of indigenous tribes in favour of further millions of cattle stock. Undoubtedly, in all these instances, Western racism and contempt for natives as 'savages' played a critical role in psycho-cultural justifications for genocide" McNeill, J. R.; Pomeranz, Kenneth, eds. (2015). Production, Destruction and Connection, 1750-Present, Part 1, Structures, Spaces, and Boundary Making. The Cambridge World History. Vol. 7. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139196079. ISBN 978-1-108-40775-5.
Jones 2023, p. 138 Jones, Adam (2023). Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction (4th ed.). Taylor & Francis. doi:10.4324/9781003185291. ISBN 978-1-000-95870-6.
Taylor, Alan (2002). American colonies; Volume 1 of The Penguin history of the United States, History of the United States Series. Penguin. p. 40. ISBN 978-0142002100. Retrieved 7 October 2013.

britannica.com (Global: 40^th place; English: 58^th place)

"Western colonialism - European expansion since 1763". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-08-20.
"encomienda | Definition & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 2020-10-22. Retrieved 2020-10-12.

cnn.com (Global: 28^th place; English: 26^th place)

Kent, Lauren (February 1, 2019). "European colonizers killed so many Native Americans that it changed the global climate, researchers say". CNN. Archived from the original on August 13, 2019. Retrieved February 2, 2019.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Ostler, Jeffrey (2 March 2015). "Genocide and American Indian History". Oxford Research Encyclopedia of American History. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199329175.013.3. ISBN 978-0-19-932917-5. Archived from the original on 10 August 2021. Retrieved 13 October 2021.
Corrigan, John; Neal, Lynn S., eds. (2010). "Religious Intolerance toward Native American Religions". Religious Intolerance in America: A Documentary History. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press. pp. 125–146. doi:10.5149/9780807895955_corrigan.9. ISBN 9780807833896. LCCN 2009044820. S2CID 183694926.
Koch, Alexander; Brierley, Chris; Maslin, Mark M.; Lewis, Simon L. (2019). "Earth system impacts of the European arrival and Great Dying in the Americas after 1492". Quaternary Science Reviews. 207: 13–36. Bibcode:2019QSRv..207...13K. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2018.12.004.
McNeill & Pomeranz 2015, p. 430: "That said, and ever since the initial Eastern seaboard settler wars against the Tsenacommacahs and Pequots in the 1620s and early 1630s, systematic genocidal massacre was a core component of native destruction throughout three centuries of largely 'Anglo' expansion across continental North America. The culmination of this process from the mid-1860s to mid-1880s ... native Araucanian resistance by the Argentinian and Chilean military in the Southern Cone pampas, primarily in the agribusiness interest. In Australia, too, 'Anglo' attrition or outright liquidation of Aborigines from the time of 'first contact' in 1788 reached its zenith in Queensland in these same decades, as a dedicated Native Mounted Police strove to cleanse the territory of indigenous tribes in favour of further millions of cattle stock. Undoubtedly, in all these instances, Western racism and contempt for natives as 'savages' played a critical role in psycho-cultural justifications for genocide" McNeill, J. R.; Pomeranz, Kenneth, eds. (2015). Production, Destruction and Connection, 1750-Present, Part 1, Structures, Spaces, and Boundary Making. The Cambridge World History. Vol. 7. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139196079. ISBN 978-1-108-40775-5.
Bloxham & Moses 2010, p. 339: "The genocidal intent of California settlers and government officials was acted out in numerous battles and massacres (and aided by technological advances in weaponry, especially after the Civil War), in the abduction and sexual abuse of Indian women, and in the economic exploitation of Indian child labourers." Bloxham, Donald; Moses, A. Dirk, eds. (2010). The Oxford Handbook of Genocide Studies. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199232116.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-923211-6.
Blackhawk et al. 2023, pp. 27, 38: "More than any other work, Wolfe’s seminal 2006 essay, 'Settler colonialism and the elimination of the Native' established the 'centrality of dispossession' to our understandings of Indigenous genocide in the context of settler colonialism. His definition of 'settler colonialism' spoke directly to Genocide Studies scholars"; "With these works, a near consensus emerged. By most scholarly definitions and consistent with the UN Convention, these scholars all asserted that genocide against at least some Indigenous peoples had occurred in North America following colonisation, perpetuated first by colonial empires and then by independent nation-states" Blackhawk, Ned; Kiernan, Ben; Madley, Benjamin; Taylor, Rebe, eds. (2023). The Cambridge World History of Genocide. Vol. 2: Genocide in the Indigenous, Early Modern and Imperial Worlds, from c.1535 to World War One. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781108765480. ISBN 978-1-108-76548-0.
Kiernan, Lemos & Taylor 2023, p. 622: "These mass killings represent turning points in the history of the Spanish Atlantic conquest and share important characteristics. Each targeted Amerindian communities. Each was entirely or partially planned and executed by European actors, namely Spanish military entrepreneurs under the leadership of Friar Nicolás de Ovando, Hernán Cortés and Pedro de Alvarado respectively. Each event can be described as a 'genocidal massacre' targeting a specific community because of its membership of a larger group" Kiernan, Ben; Lemos, T. M.; Taylor, Tristan S., eds. (2023). The Cambridge World History of Genocide. Vol. 1: Genocide in the Ancient, Medieval and Premodern Worlds. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781108655989. ISBN 978-1-108-65598-9.
Jones 2023, p. 138 Jones, Adam (2023). Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction (4th ed.). Taylor & Francis. doi:10.4324/9781003185291. ISBN 978-1-000-95870-6.
Waite, Kevin (Sep 1, 2017). "The Other Slavery: The Uncovered Story of Indian Enslavement in America". The Journal of Civil War Era. 7 (3): 473–477. doi:10.1353/cwe.2017.0066. S2CID 164320613. Retrieved Jan 15, 2023 – via go.gale.com.
Koch, Alexander; Brierley, Chris; Maslin, Mark M.; Lewis, Simon L. (2019). "Earth system impacts of the European arrival and Great Dying in the Americas after 1492". Quaternary Science Reviews. 207: 13–36. Bibcode:2019QSRv..207...13K. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2018.12.004.

elpais.com (Global: 84^th place; English: 370^th place)

english.elpais.com

Tereixa Constenla (29 May 2012). "The women who made America". El Pais. Archived from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 19 September 2022.

encyclopedia.com (Global: 462^nd place; English: 345^th place)

[1] Archived 2021-07-09 at the Wayback Machine, "Gold, God, and glory". accessed 6 July 2021.

gale.com (Global: 1,435^th place; English: 802^nd place)

go.gale.com

Waite, Kevin (Sep 1, 2017). "The Other Slavery: The Uncovered Story of Indian Enslavement in America". The Journal of Civil War Era. 7 (3): 473–477. doi:10.1353/cwe.2017.0066. S2CID 164320613. Retrieved Jan 15, 2023 – via go.gale.com.

harvard.edu (Global: 18^th place; English: 17^th place)

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Koch, Alexander; Brierley, Chris; Maslin, Mark M.; Lewis, Simon L. (2019). "Earth system impacts of the European arrival and Great Dying in the Americas after 1492". Quaternary Science Reviews. 207: 13–36. Bibcode:2019QSRv..207...13K. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2018.12.004.
Koch, Alexander; Brierley, Chris; Maslin, Mark M.; Lewis, Simon L. (2019). "Earth system impacts of the European arrival and Great Dying in the Americas after 1492". Quaternary Science Reviews. 207: 13–36. Bibcode:2019QSRv..207...13K. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2018.12.004.

italicsmag.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Paolo·Culture·, Michele (2020-07-24). "An Italian Colony In America: A Forgotten Attempt". Italics Magazine. Archived from the original on 2022-01-13. Retrieved 2022-01-13.

jstor.org (Global: 26^th place; English: 20^th place)

Pointer, Richard W. (2011). "Part III: The Boundaries of Tolerance and Intolerance in Early America – Native Freedom? Indians and Religious Tolerance in Early America". In Beneke, Chris; Grenda, Christopher S. (eds.). The First Prejudice: Religious Tolerance and Intolerance in Early America. Early American Studies. Philadelphia and Oxford: University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 168–194. ISBN 9780812223149. JSTOR j.ctt3fhn13.10. LCCN 2010015803.

kporterfield.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"American Indian Epidemics". Archived from the original on February 14, 2015.

latimes.com (Global: 22^nd place; English: 19^th place)

Treuer, David (May 13, 2016). "The new book 'The Other Slavery' will make you rethink American history". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on June 23, 2019. Retrieved June 21, 2019.

loc.gov (Global: 70^th place; English: 63^rd place)

lccn.loc.gov

Whitt, Laurelyn; Clarke, Alan W., eds. (2019). "Settler Colonialism and Indigenous Nations". North American Genocides: Indigenous Nations, Settler Colonialism, and International Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 44–70, 71–100. ISBN 978-1-108-42550-6. LCCN 2019008004.
Corrigan, John; Neal, Lynn S., eds. (2010). "Religious Intolerance toward Native American Religions". Religious Intolerance in America: A Documentary History. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press. pp. 125–146. doi:10.5149/9780807895955_corrigan.9. ISBN 9780807833896. LCCN 2009044820. S2CID 183694926.
Pointer, Richard W. (2011). "Part III: The Boundaries of Tolerance and Intolerance in Early America – Native Freedom? Indians and Religious Tolerance in Early America". In Beneke, Chris; Grenda, Christopher S. (eds.). The First Prejudice: Religious Tolerance and Intolerance in Early America. Early American Studies. Philadelphia and Oxford: University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 168–194. ISBN 9780812223149. JSTOR j.ctt3fhn13.10. LCCN 2010015803.

millersville.edu (Global: low place; English: low place)

""The Columbian Mosaic in Colonial America" by James Axtell". Archived from the original on March 17, 2008.

msn.com (Global: 117^th place; English: 145^th place)

encarta.msn.com

"Spain". MSN Encarta. Archived from the original on 2009-10-28.

nationalgeographic.org (Global: 2,660^th place; English: 2,078^th place)

"Motivations for Colonization". National Geographic Society. 2020-05-19. Archived from the original on 2020-12-03. Retrieved 2020-10-13.

notesfromthefrontier.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Frontier, Notes From The (2020-05-03). "Smallpox, The Deadliest Killer of Native Americans". Frontier. Retrieved 2024-01-22.

oxfordre.com (Global: 4,783^rd place; English: 3,049^th place)

Ostler, Jeffrey (2 March 2015). "Genocide and American Indian History". Oxford Research Encyclopedia of American History. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199329175.013.3. ISBN 978-0-19-932917-5. Archived from the original on 10 August 2021. Retrieved 13 October 2021.

pbs.org (Global: 198^th place; English: 154^th place)

"The Story Of... Smallpox". Pbs.org. Archived from the original on 2010-01-16. Retrieved 2014-02-28.

pitt.edu (Global: 1,476^th place; English: 1,056^th place)

aei.pitt.edu

Paola Antolini (1992). "1492: The Role of Women" (PDF). 1992. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 19 September 2022.

sdcelarbritishmuseum.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"What is the Coloniality of Gender". SDCELAR | Latin America at the British Museum. Retrieved 2025-04-19.

semanticscholar.org (Global: 11^th place; English: 8^th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

Corrigan, John; Neal, Lynn S., eds. (2010). "Religious Intolerance toward Native American Religions". Religious Intolerance in America: A Documentary History. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press. pp. 125–146. doi:10.5149/9780807895955_corrigan.9. ISBN 9780807833896. LCCN 2009044820. S2CID 183694926.
Waite, Kevin (Sep 1, 2017). "The Other Slavery: The Uncovered Story of Indian Enslavement in America". The Journal of Civil War Era. 7 (3): 473–477. doi:10.1353/cwe.2017.0066. S2CID 164320613. Retrieved Jan 15, 2023 – via go.gale.com.

si.edu (Global: 340^th place; English: 295^th place)

americanhistory.si.edu

"Jamestown, Québec, Santa Fe: Three North American Beginnings". National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution. Archived from the original on 15 June 2012. Retrieved 4 April 2012.

theconversation.com (Global: 928^th place; English: 651^st place)

Maslin, Mark; Lewis, Simon (June 25, 2020). "Why the Anthropocene began with European colonisation, mass slavery and the 'great dying' of the 16th century". The Conversation. Archived from the original on 2020-09-10. Retrieved 2020-08-20.

unesco.org (Global: 104^th place; English: 199^th place)

whc.unesco.org

"Colonial City of Santo Domingo". Archived from the original on 2023-03-08. Retrieved 2023-03-07.

washingtonpost.com (Global: 34^th place; English: 27^th place)

Brockell, Gillian. "Here are the indigenous people Christopher Columbus and his men could not annihilate". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on 2020-11-16. Retrieved 2020-11-12.

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

Ostler, Jeffrey (2 March 2015). "Genocide and American Indian History". Oxford Research Encyclopedia of American History. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199329175.013.3. ISBN 978-0-19-932917-5. Archived from the original on 10 August 2021. Retrieved 13 October 2021.
"Colonial City of Santo Domingo". Archived from the original on 2023-03-08. Retrieved 2023-03-07.
Linda S. Cordell; Kent Lightfoot; Francis McManamon; George Milner (2008). Archaeology in America: An Encyclopedia: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. pp. 82–. ISBN 978-0-313-02189-3. Archived from the original on 2023-04-25. Retrieved 2016-03-26.
[1] Archived 2021-07-09 at the Wayback Machine, "Gold, God, and glory". accessed 6 July 2021.
"Spain". MSN Encarta. Archived from the original on 2009-10-28.
""The Columbian Mosaic in Colonial America" by James Axtell". Archived from the original on March 17, 2008.
"The Spanish Colonial System, 1550–1800. Population Development". Archived from the original on February 4, 2009. Retrieved 4 October 2014.
"Motivations for Colonization". National Geographic Society. 2020-05-19. Archived from the original on 2020-12-03. Retrieved 2020-10-13.
Benchley, Nathaniel. "The $24 Swindle: The Native Americans who sold Manhattan were bilked, all right, but they didn't mind – the land wasn't theirs anyway." Archived 2018-11-28 at the Wayback Machine American Heritage, Vol. 11, no. 1 (Dec. 1959).
Paolo·Culture·, Michele (2020-07-24). "An Italian Colony In America: A Forgotten Attempt". Italics Magazine. Archived from the original on 2022-01-13. Retrieved 2022-01-13.
"American Indian Epidemics". Archived from the original on February 14, 2015.
"Smallpox: Eradicating the Scourge". bbc.co.uk. Archived from the original on 2021-12-09. Retrieved 2014-02-28.
"The Story Of... Smallpox". Pbs.org. Archived from the original on 2010-01-16. Retrieved 2014-02-28.
Amos, Jonathan (February 2, 2019). "America colonisation 'cooled Earth's climate'". BBC. Archived from the original on January 31, 2019. Retrieved February 1, 2019.
Kent, Lauren (February 1, 2019). "European colonizers killed so many Native Americans that it changed the global climate, researchers say". CNN. Archived from the original on August 13, 2019. Retrieved February 2, 2019.
Reséndez, Andrés (2016). The Other Slavery: The Uncovered Story of Indian Enslavement in America. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 17. ISBN 978-0547640983. Archived from the original on 2023-03-16. Retrieved 2020-10-17.
Treuer, David (May 13, 2016). "The new book 'The Other Slavery' will make you rethink American history". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on June 23, 2019. Retrieved June 21, 2019.
Brockell, Gillian. "Here are the indigenous people Christopher Columbus and his men could not annihilate". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on 2020-11-16. Retrieved 2020-11-12.
"encomienda | Definition & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 2020-10-22. Retrieved 2020-10-12.
"Quick guide: The slave trade". bbc.co.uk. March 15, 2007. Archived from the original on 2007-08-28. Retrieved 2007-11-23.
Tereixa Constenla (29 May 2012). "The women who made America". El Pais. Archived from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 19 September 2022.
Paola Antolini (1992). "1492: The Role of Women" (PDF). 1992. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 19 September 2022.
Maslin, Mark; Lewis, Simon (June 25, 2020). "Why the Anthropocene began with European colonisation, mass slavery and the 'great dying' of the 16th century". The Conversation. Archived from the original on 2020-09-10. Retrieved 2020-08-20.
Dale Mackenzie Brown (February 28, 2000). "The Fate of Greenland's Vikings". Archaeological Institute of America. Archived from the original on January 20, 2014. Retrieved January 20, 2016.
"Jamestown, Québec, Santa Fe: Three North American Beginnings". National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution. Archived from the original on 15 June 2012. Retrieved 4 April 2012.

worldcat.org (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

search.worldcat.org

Ostler, Jeffrey (2019). Surviving Genocide: Native Nations and the United States from the American Revolution to bleeding Kansas. New Haven. ISBN 978-0-300-24526-4. OCLC 1099434736.
Brockell, Gillian. "Here are the indigenous people Christopher Columbus and his men could not annihilate". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on 2020-11-16. Retrieved 2020-11-12.

European colonization of the Americas (English Wikipedia)

americanheritage.com (Global: 2,758th place; English: 1,739th place)

archaeology.org (Global: 3,488th place; English: 2,648th place)

archive.archaeology.org

archive.org (Global: 6th place; English: 6th place)

bartleby.com (Global: 1,295th place; English: 1,196th place)

bbc.co.uk (Global: 8th place; English: 10th place)

bbc.co.uk

news.bbc.co.uk

bbc.com (Global: 20th place; English: 30th place)

books.google.com (Global: 3rd place; English: 3rd place)

britannica.com (Global: 40th place; English: 58th place)

cnn.com (Global: 28th place; English: 26th place)

doi.org (Global: 2nd place; English: 2nd place)

elpais.com (Global: 84th place; English: 370th place)

english.elpais.com

encyclopedia.com (Global: 462nd place; English: 345th place)

gale.com (Global: 1,435th place; English: 802nd place)

go.gale.com

harvard.edu (Global: 18th place; English: 17th place)

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

italicsmag.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

jstor.org (Global: 26th place; English: 20th place)

kporterfield.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

latimes.com (Global: 22nd place; English: 19th place)

loc.gov (Global: 70th place; English: 63rd place)

lccn.loc.gov

millersville.edu (Global: low place; English: low place)

msn.com (Global: 117th place; English: 145th place)

encarta.msn.com

nationalgeographic.org (Global: 2,660th place; English: 2,078th place)

notesfromthefrontier.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

oxfordre.com (Global: 4,783rd place; English: 3,049th place)

pbs.org (Global: 198th place; English: 154th place)

pitt.edu (Global: 1,476th place; English: 1,056th place)

aei.pitt.edu

sdcelarbritishmuseum.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

semanticscholar.org (Global: 11th place; English: 8th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

si.edu (Global: 340th place; English: 295th place)

americanhistory.si.edu

theconversation.com (Global: 928th place; English: 651st place)

unesco.org (Global: 104th place; English: 199th place)

whc.unesco.org

washingtonpost.com (Global: 34th place; English: 27th place)

web.archive.org (Global: 1st place; English: 1st place)

worldcat.org (Global: 5th place; English: 5th place)

search.worldcat.org

americanheritage.com (Global: 2,758^th place; English: 1,739^th place)

archaeology.org (Global: 3,488^th place; English: 2,648^th place)

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; English: 6^th place)

bartleby.com (Global: 1,295^th place; English: 1,196^th place)

bbc.co.uk (Global: 8^th place; English: 10^th place)

bbc.com (Global: 20^th place; English: 30^th place)

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

britannica.com (Global: 40^th place; English: 58^th place)

cnn.com (Global: 28^th place; English: 26^th place)

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

elpais.com (Global: 84^th place; English: 370^th place)

encyclopedia.com (Global: 462^nd place; English: 345^th place)

gale.com (Global: 1,435^th place; English: 802^nd place)

harvard.edu (Global: 18^th place; English: 17^th place)

jstor.org (Global: 26^th place; English: 20^th place)

latimes.com (Global: 22^nd place; English: 19^th place)

loc.gov (Global: 70^th place; English: 63^rd place)

msn.com (Global: 117^th place; English: 145^th place)

nationalgeographic.org (Global: 2,660^th place; English: 2,078^th place)

oxfordre.com (Global: 4,783^rd place; English: 3,049^th place)

pbs.org (Global: 198^th place; English: 154^th place)

pitt.edu (Global: 1,476^th place; English: 1,056^th place)

semanticscholar.org (Global: 11^th place; English: 8^th place)

si.edu (Global: 340^th place; English: 295^th place)

theconversation.com (Global: 928^th place; English: 651^st place)

unesco.org (Global: 104^th place; English: 199^th place)

washingtonpost.com (Global: 34^th place; English: 27^th place)

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

worldcat.org (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)