Expectation–maximization algorithm (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Expectation–maximization algorithm" in English language version.

Last modified: 00:50:36, 14 August 2026 (UTC)

Ref.Un. Ref.Website

Global rank English rank

2723doi.org

2^nd place

118jstor.org

23^rd place

15^th place

1010semanticscholar.org

15^th place

8^th place

96ams.org

434^th place

249^th place

66adsabs.harvard.edu

14^th place

9^th place

33worldcat.org

4^th place

32archive.org

6^th place

21toronto.edu

low place

11nih.gov

5^th place

11hdl.handle.net

66^th place

34^th place

11ascelibrary.org

low place

11sciencedirect.com

137^th place

146^th place

11umass.edu

3,436^th place

2,060^th place

11psu.edu

299^th place

159^th place

11web.archive.org

1^st place

11gatech.edu

4,205^th place

2,374^th place

11berkeley.edu

621^st place

429^th place

adsabs.harvard.edu (Global: 14^th place; English: 9^th place)

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Kreer, Markus; Kizilersu, Ayse; Thomas, Anthony W. (2022). "Censored expectation maximization algorithm for mixtures: Application to intertrade waiting times". Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and Its Applications. 587 (1) 126456. Bibcode:2022PhyA..58726456K. doi:10.1016/j.physa.2021.126456. ISSN 0378-4371. S2CID 244198364.
Einicke, G. A.; Malos, J. T.; Reid, D. C.; Hainsworth, D. W. (January 2009). "Riccati Equation and EM Algorithm Convergence for Inertial Navigation Alignment". IEEE Trans. Signal Process. 57 (1): 370–375. Bibcode:2009ITSP...57..370E. doi:10.1109/TSP.2008.2007090. S2CID 1930004.
Einicke, G. A.; Falco, G.; Malos, J. T. (May 2010). "EM Algorithm State Matrix Estimation for Navigation". IEEE Signal Processing Letters. 17 (5): 437–440. Bibcode:2010ISPL...17..437E. doi:10.1109/LSP.2010.2043151. S2CID 14114266.
Einicke, G. A.; Falco, G.; Dunn, M. T.; Reid, D. C. (May 2012). "Iterative Smoother-Based Variance Estimation". IEEE Signal Processing Letters. 19 (5): 275–278. Bibcode:2012ISPL...19..275E. doi:10.1109/LSP.2012.2190278. S2CID 17476971.
Einicke, G. A. (Sep 2015). "Iterative Filtering and Smoothing of Measurements Possessing Poisson Noise". IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems. 51 (3): 2205–2011. Bibcode:2015ITAES..51.2205E. doi:10.1109/TAES.2015.140843. S2CID 32667132.
Pearson, Karl (1894). "Contributions to the Mathematical Theory of Evolution". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London A. 185: 71–110. Bibcode:1894RSPTA.185...71P. doi:10.1098/rsta.1894.0003. ISSN 0264-3820. JSTOR 90667.

ams.org (Global: 434^th place; English: 249^th place)

mathscinet.ams.org

Dempster, A.P.; Laird, N.M.; Rubin, D.B. (1977). "Maximum Likelihood from Incomplete Data via the EM Algorithm". Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series B. 39 (1): 1–38. doi:10.1111/j.2517-6161.1977.tb01600.x. JSTOR 2984875. MR 0501537.
Sundberg, Rolf (1974). "Maximum likelihood theory for incomplete data from an exponential family". Scandinavian Journal of Statistics. 1 (2): 49–58. JSTOR 4615553. MR 0381110.
Sundberg, Rolf (1976). "An iterative method for solution of the likelihood equations for incomplete data from exponential families". Communications in Statistics – Simulation and Computation. 5 (1): 55–64. doi:10.1080/03610917608812007. MR 0443190.
Wu, C. F. Jeff (Mar 1983). "On the Convergence Properties of the EM Algorithm". Annals of Statistics. 11 (1): 95–103. doi:10.1214/aos/1176346060. JSTOR 2240463. MR 0684867.
Jamshidian, Mortaza; Jennrich, Robert I. (1997). "Acceleration of the EM Algorithm by using Quasi-Newton Methods". Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series B. 59 (2): 569–587. doi:10.1111/1467-9868.00083. MR 1452026. S2CID 121966443.
Meng, Xiao-Li; Rubin, Donald B. (1993). "Maximum likelihood estimation via the ECM algorithm: A general framework". Biometrika. 80 (2): 267–278. doi:10.1093/biomet/80.2.267. MR 1243503. S2CID 40571416.

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; English: 6^th place)

Little, Roderick J.A.; Rubin, Donald B. (1987). Statistical Analysis with Missing Data. Wiley Series in Probability and Mathematical Statistics. New York: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 134–136. ISBN 978-0-471-80254-9.
Hastie, Trevor; Tibshirani, Robert; Friedman, Jerome (2001). "8.5 The EM algorithm". The Elements of Statistical Learning. New York: Springer. pp. 236–243. ISBN 978-0-387-95284-0.

ascelibrary.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Matarazzo, T. J., and Pakzad, S. N. (2016). "STRIDE for Structural Identification using Expectation Maximization: Iterative Output-Only Method for Modal Identification." Journal of Engineering Mechanics.http://ascelibrary.org/doi/abs/10.1061/(ASCE)EM.1943-7889.0000951

berkeley.edu (Global: 621^st place; English: 429^th place)

stat.berkeley.edu

Lange, Kenneth. "The MM Algorithm" (PDF).

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Meng, X.-L.; van Dyk, D. (1997). "The EM algorithm – an old folk-song sung to a fast new tune". J. Royal Statist. Soc. B. 59 (3): 511–567. doi:10.1111/1467-9868.00082. S2CID 17461647.
Dempster, A.P.; Laird, N.M.; Rubin, D.B. (1977). "Maximum Likelihood from Incomplete Data via the EM Algorithm". Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series B. 39 (1): 1–38. doi:10.1111/j.2517-6161.1977.tb01600.x. JSTOR 2984875. MR 0501537.
Ceppelini, R.M. (1955). "The estimation of gene frequencies in a random-mating population". Ann. Hum. Genet. 20 (2): 97–115. doi:10.1111/j.1469-1809.1955.tb01360.x. PMID 13268982. S2CID 38625779.
Hartley, Herman Otto (1958). "Maximum Likelihood estimation from incomplete data". Biometrics. 14 (2): 174–194. doi:10.2307/2527783. JSTOR 2527783.
Ng, Shu Kay; Krishnan, Thriyambakam; McLachlan, Geoffrey J. (2011-12-21), "The EM Algorithm", Handbook of Computational Statistics, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 139–172, doi:10.1007/978-3-642-21551-3_6, ISBN 978-3-642-21550-6, S2CID 59942212
Sundberg, Rolf (1976). "An iterative method for solution of the likelihood equations for incomplete data from exponential families". Communications in Statistics – Simulation and Computation. 5 (1): 55–64. doi:10.1080/03610917608812007. MR 0443190.
Wu, C. F. Jeff (Mar 1983). "On the Convergence Properties of the EM Algorithm". Annals of Statistics. 11 (1): 95–103. doi:10.1214/aos/1176346060. JSTOR 2240463. MR 0684867.
Laird, Nan (2006). "Sundberg formulas". Encyclopedia of Statistical Sciences. Wiley. doi:10.1002/0471667196.ess2643.pub2. ISBN 0-471-66719-6.
Lindstrom, Mary J; Bates, Douglas M (1988). "Newton—Raphson and EM Algorithms for Linear Mixed-Effects Models for Repeated-Measures Data". Journal of the American Statistical Association. 83 (404): 1014. doi:10.1080/01621459.1988.10478693.
Van Dyk, David A (2000). "Fitting Mixed-Effects Models Using Efficient EM-Type Algorithms". Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics. 9 (1): 78–98. doi:10.2307/1390614. JSTOR 1390614.
Diffey, S. M; Smith, A. B; Welsh, A. H; Cullis, B. R (2017). "A new REML (parameter expanded) EM algorithm for linear mixed models". Australian & New Zealand Journal of Statistics. 59 (4): 433. doi:10.1111/anzs.12208. hdl:1885/211365.
Kreer, Markus; Kizilersu, Ayse; Thomas, Anthony W. (2022). "Censored expectation maximization algorithm for mixtures: Application to intertrade waiting times". Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and Its Applications. 587 (1) 126456. Bibcode:2022PhyA..58726456K. doi:10.1016/j.physa.2021.126456. ISSN 0378-4371. S2CID 244198364.
Einicke, G. A.; Malos, J. T.; Reid, D. C.; Hainsworth, D. W. (January 2009). "Riccati Equation and EM Algorithm Convergence for Inertial Navigation Alignment". IEEE Trans. Signal Process. 57 (1): 370–375. Bibcode:2009ITSP...57..370E. doi:10.1109/TSP.2008.2007090. S2CID 1930004.
Einicke, G. A.; Falco, G.; Malos, J. T. (May 2010). "EM Algorithm State Matrix Estimation for Navigation". IEEE Signal Processing Letters. 17 (5): 437–440. Bibcode:2010ISPL...17..437E. doi:10.1109/LSP.2010.2043151. S2CID 14114266.
Einicke, G. A.; Falco, G.; Dunn, M. T.; Reid, D. C. (May 2012). "Iterative Smoother-Based Variance Estimation". IEEE Signal Processing Letters. 19 (5): 275–278. Bibcode:2012ISPL...19..275E. doi:10.1109/LSP.2012.2190278. S2CID 17476971.
Einicke, G. A. (Sep 2015). "Iterative Filtering and Smoothing of Measurements Possessing Poisson Noise". IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems. 51 (3): 2205–2011. Bibcode:2015ITAES..51.2205E. doi:10.1109/TAES.2015.140843. S2CID 32667132.
Jamshidian, Mortaza; Jennrich, Robert I. (1997). "Acceleration of the EM Algorithm by using Quasi-Newton Methods". Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series B. 59 (2): 569–587. doi:10.1111/1467-9868.00083. MR 1452026. S2CID 121966443.
Liu, C (1998). "Parameter expansion to accelerate EM: The PX-EM algorithm". Biometrika. 85 (4): 755–770. doi:10.1093/biomet/85.4.755.
Meng, Xiao-Li; Rubin, Donald B. (1993). "Maximum likelihood estimation via the ECM algorithm: A general framework". Biometrika. 80 (2): 267–278. doi:10.1093/biomet/80.2.267. MR 1243503. S2CID 40571416.
Liu, Chuanhai; Rubin, Donald B (1994). "The ECME Algorithm: A Simple Extension of EM and ECM with Faster Monotone Convergence". Biometrika. 81 (4): 633. doi:10.1093/biomet/81.4.633. JSTOR 2337067.
Matsuyama, Yasuo (2003). "The α-EM algorithm: Surrogate likelihood maximization using α-logarithmic information measures". IEEE Transactions on Information Theory. 49 (3): 692–706. doi:10.1109/TIT.2002.808105.
Wolynetz, M.S. (1979). "Maximum likelihood estimation in a linear model from confined and censored normal data". Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series C. 28 (2): 195–206. doi:10.2307/2346749. JSTOR 2346749.
Pearson, Karl (1894). "Contributions to the Mathematical Theory of Evolution". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London A. 185: 71–110. Bibcode:1894RSPTA.185...71P. doi:10.1098/rsta.1894.0003. ISSN 0264-3820. JSTOR 90667.

gatech.edu (Global: 4,205^th place; English: 2,374^th place)

cc.gatech.edu

Shaban, Amirreza; Mehrdad, Farajtabar; Bo, Xie; Le, Song; Byron, Boots (2015). "Learning Latent Variable Models by Improving Spectral Solutions with Exterior Point Method" (PDF). UAI: 792–801. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-12-24. Retrieved 2019-06-12.

hdl.handle.net (Global: 66^th place; English: 34^th place)

Diffey, S. M; Smith, A. B; Welsh, A. H; Cullis, B. R (2017). "A new REML (parameter expanded) EM algorithm for linear mixed models". Australian & New Zealand Journal of Statistics. 59 (4): 433. doi:10.1111/anzs.12208. hdl:1885/211365.

jstor.org (Global: 23^rd place; English: 15^th place)

Dempster, A.P.; Laird, N.M.; Rubin, D.B. (1977). "Maximum Likelihood from Incomplete Data via the EM Algorithm". Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series B. 39 (1): 1–38. doi:10.1111/j.2517-6161.1977.tb01600.x. JSTOR 2984875. MR 0501537.
Hartley, Herman Otto (1958). "Maximum Likelihood estimation from incomplete data". Biometrics. 14 (2): 174–194. doi:10.2307/2527783. JSTOR 2527783.
Sundberg, Rolf (1974). "Maximum likelihood theory for incomplete data from an exponential family". Scandinavian Journal of Statistics. 1 (2): 49–58. JSTOR 4615553. MR 0381110.
Wu, C. F. Jeff (Mar 1983). "On the Convergence Properties of the EM Algorithm". Annals of Statistics. 11 (1): 95–103. doi:10.1214/aos/1176346060. JSTOR 2240463. MR 0684867.
Van Dyk, David A (2000). "Fitting Mixed-Effects Models Using Efficient EM-Type Algorithms". Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics. 9 (1): 78–98. doi:10.2307/1390614. JSTOR 1390614.
Liu, Chuanhai; Rubin, Donald B (1994). "The ECME Algorithm: A Simple Extension of EM and ECM with Faster Monotone Convergence". Biometrika. 81 (4): 633. doi:10.1093/biomet/81.4.633. JSTOR 2337067.
Wolynetz, M.S. (1979). "Maximum likelihood estimation in a linear model from confined and censored normal data". Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series C. 28 (2): 195–206. doi:10.2307/2346749. JSTOR 2346749.
Pearson, Karl (1894). "Contributions to the Mathematical Theory of Evolution". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London A. 185: 71–110. Bibcode:1894RSPTA.185...71P. doi:10.1098/rsta.1894.0003. ISSN 0264-3820. JSTOR 90667.

nih.gov (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Ceppelini, R.M. (1955). "The estimation of gene frequencies in a random-mating population". Ann. Hum. Genet. 20 (2): 97–115. doi:10.1111/j.1469-1809.1955.tb01360.x. PMID 13268982. S2CID 38625779.

psu.edu (Global: 299^th place; English: 159^th place)

stat.psu.edu

Hunter DR and Lange K (2004), A Tutorial on MM Algorithms, The American Statistician, 58: 30–37

sciencedirect.com (Global: 137^th place; English: 146^th place)

Kreer, Markus; Kizilersu, Ayse; Thomas, Anthony W. (2022). "Censored expectation maximization algorithm for mixtures: Application to intertrade waiting times". Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and Its Applications. 587 (1) 126456. Bibcode:2022PhyA..58726456K. doi:10.1016/j.physa.2021.126456. ISSN 0378-4371. S2CID 244198364.

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15^th place; English: 8^th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

Meng, X.-L.; van Dyk, D. (1997). "The EM algorithm – an old folk-song sung to a fast new tune". J. Royal Statist. Soc. B. 59 (3): 511–567. doi:10.1111/1467-9868.00082. S2CID 17461647.
Ceppelini, R.M. (1955). "The estimation of gene frequencies in a random-mating population". Ann. Hum. Genet. 20 (2): 97–115. doi:10.1111/j.1469-1809.1955.tb01360.x. PMID 13268982. S2CID 38625779.
Ng, Shu Kay; Krishnan, Thriyambakam; McLachlan, Geoffrey J. (2011-12-21), "The EM Algorithm", Handbook of Computational Statistics, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 139–172, doi:10.1007/978-3-642-21551-3_6, ISBN 978-3-642-21550-6, S2CID 59942212
Kreer, Markus; Kizilersu, Ayse; Thomas, Anthony W. (2022). "Censored expectation maximization algorithm for mixtures: Application to intertrade waiting times". Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and Its Applications. 587 (1) 126456. Bibcode:2022PhyA..58726456K. doi:10.1016/j.physa.2021.126456. ISSN 0378-4371. S2CID 244198364.
Einicke, G. A.; Malos, J. T.; Reid, D. C.; Hainsworth, D. W. (January 2009). "Riccati Equation and EM Algorithm Convergence for Inertial Navigation Alignment". IEEE Trans. Signal Process. 57 (1): 370–375. Bibcode:2009ITSP...57..370E. doi:10.1109/TSP.2008.2007090. S2CID 1930004.
Einicke, G. A.; Falco, G.; Malos, J. T. (May 2010). "EM Algorithm State Matrix Estimation for Navigation". IEEE Signal Processing Letters. 17 (5): 437–440. Bibcode:2010ISPL...17..437E. doi:10.1109/LSP.2010.2043151. S2CID 14114266.
Einicke, G. A.; Falco, G.; Dunn, M. T.; Reid, D. C. (May 2012). "Iterative Smoother-Based Variance Estimation". IEEE Signal Processing Letters. 19 (5): 275–278. Bibcode:2012ISPL...19..275E. doi:10.1109/LSP.2012.2190278. S2CID 17476971.
Einicke, G. A. (Sep 2015). "Iterative Filtering and Smoothing of Measurements Possessing Poisson Noise". IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems. 51 (3): 2205–2011. Bibcode:2015ITAES..51.2205E. doi:10.1109/TAES.2015.140843. S2CID 32667132.
Jamshidian, Mortaza; Jennrich, Robert I. (1997). "Acceleration of the EM Algorithm by using Quasi-Newton Methods". Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series B. 59 (2): 569–587. doi:10.1111/1467-9868.00083. MR 1452026. S2CID 121966443.
Meng, Xiao-Li; Rubin, Donald B. (1993). "Maximum likelihood estimation via the ECM algorithm: A general framework". Biometrika. 80 (2): 267–278. doi:10.1093/biomet/80.2.267. MR 1243503. S2CID 40571416.

toronto.edu (Global: low place; English: low place)

ftp.cs.toronto.edu

Neal, Radford; Hinton, Geoffrey (1999). "A view of the EM algorithm that justifies incremental, sparse, and other variants". In Michael I. Jordan (ed.). Learning in Graphical Models (PDF). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. pp. 355–368. ISBN 978-0-262-60032-3. Retrieved 2009-03-22.

umass.edu (Global: 3,436^th place; English: 2,060^th place)

rio.ecs.umass.edu

Jiangtao Yin; Yanfeng Zhang; Lixin Gao (2012). "Accelerating Expectation–Maximization Algorithms with Frequent Updates" (PDF). Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Cluster Computing.

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

Shaban, Amirreza; Mehrdad, Farajtabar; Bo, Xie; Le, Song; Byron, Boots (2015). "Learning Latent Variable Models by Improving Spectral Solutions with Exterior Point Method" (PDF). UAI: 792–801. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-12-24. Retrieved 2019-06-12.

worldcat.org (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)

search.worldcat.org

Kreer, Markus; Kizilersu, Ayse; Thomas, Anthony W. (2022). "Censored expectation maximization algorithm for mixtures: Application to intertrade waiting times". Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and Its Applications. 587 (1) 126456. Bibcode:2022PhyA..58726456K. doi:10.1016/j.physa.2021.126456. ISSN 0378-4371. S2CID 244198364.
Pearson, Karl (1894). "Contributions to the Mathematical Theory of Evolution". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London A. 185: 71–110. Bibcode:1894RSPTA.185...71P. doi:10.1098/rsta.1894.0003. ISSN 0264-3820. JSTOR 90667.
Balle, Borja Quattoni, Ariadna Carreras, Xavier (2012-06-27). Local Loss Optimization in Operator Models: A New Insight into Spectral Learning. OCLC 815865081.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

Expectation–maximization algorithm (English Wikipedia)

adsabs.harvard.edu (Global: 14th place; English: 9th place)

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

ams.org (Global: 434th place; English: 249th place)

mathscinet.ams.org

archive.org (Global: 6th place; English: 6th place)

ascelibrary.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

berkeley.edu (Global: 621st place; English: 429th place)

stat.berkeley.edu

doi.org (Global: 2nd place; English: 2nd place)

gatech.edu (Global: 4,205th place; English: 2,374th place)