Extermination camp (English Wikipedia)

A recent study reduced the estimated number of deaths at Majdanek, in: Pawel P. Reszka, "Majdanek Victims Enumerated", Gazeta Wyborcza, Lublin, 12 December 2005, reproduced on the site of the Auschwitz–Birkenau Museum: Lublin scholar Tomasz Kranz established new figure which the Majdanek museum staff consider authoritative. Earlier calculations were greater: c. 360,000, in a much-cited 1948 publication by Judge Zdzisław Łukaszkiewicz, of the Main Commission for the Investigation of Nazi Crimes in Poland; and c. 235,000, in a 1992 article by Dr. Czeslaw Rajca, formerly of the Majdanek museum. However, the number of those whose deaths the camp administration did not register remains unknown.

auschwitz.org.pl (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Auschwitz-Birkenau Memorial and Museum in Oświęcim, Poland". Archived from the original on 10 December 2008.

belzec.eu (Global: low place; English: low place)

History of the Belzec extermination camp [Historia Niemieckiego Obozu Zagłady w Bełżcu] (in Polish), Muzeum – Miejsce Pamięci w Bełżcu (National Bełżec Museum & Monument of Martyrdom), archived from the original on 29 October 2015, retrieved 15 September 2015

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

Gellately, Robert; Stoltzfus, Nathan (2001). Social Outsiders in Nazi Germany. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. 216. ISBN 978-0-691-08684-2.
Furet, François (1989). Unanswered Questions: Nazi Germany and the Genocide of the Jews. New York: Schocken Books. p. 182. ISBN 978-0805209082.
Michael Burleigh (1994). Death and Deliverance: 'Euthanasia' in Germany, c. 1900 to 1945. CUP Archive. ISBN 0-521-47769-7.
Browning, Christopher R (2007). The Origins of the Final Solution: The Evolution of Nazi Jewish Policy, September 1939–March 1942. U of Nebraska Press. pp. 188–189. ISBN 978-0-8032-0392-1. Retrieved 16 September 2015.
Browning, Christopher R (2011). Remembering Survival: Inside a Nazi Slave-Labor Camp. W W Norton & Company. pp. 53–54. ISBN 978-0393338874.
Rees 2006, pp. 53, 148. Rees, Laurence (2006). Auschwitz: A New History. Public Affairs. ISBN 978-1-58648-357-9.
Christopher R. Browning (2011b). Remembering Survival: Inside a Nazi Slave-Labor Camp. W. W. Norton & Company. pp. 54, 65. ISBN 978-0-393-33887-4. Retrieved 28 June 2015.
Rees 2006, pp. 96–97. Rees, Laurence (2006). Auschwitz: A New History. Public Affairs. ISBN 978-1-58648-357-9.
Minerbi, Alessandra (2005) [2002]. A New Illustrated History of the Nazis. UK: David & Charles. p. 168. ISBN 0-7153-2101-3.^{[permanent dead link]}
Black, Peter R (2006). Bankir, David (ed.). Police Auxiliaries for Operation Reinhard. Enigma Books. pp. 331–348. ISBN 1-929631-60-X – via Google Books.
Williamson, Gordon (2004). The SS: Hitler's Instrument of Terror. Zenith Imprint. p. 101. ISBN 0-7603-1933-2.^{[permanent dead link]}
Stein, George H. (1984). The Waffen SS. Cornell University Press. pp. 9, 20–33. ISBN 0-8014-9275-0. Retrieved 7 October 2015.
Arad 1999, pp. 152–153. Arad, Yitzhak (1999). Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka: The Operation Reinhard Death Camps. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-21305-1.
Arad 1999, p. 37. Arad, Yitzhak (1999). Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka: The Operation Reinhard Death Camps. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-21305-1.
Berenbaum, Michael; Gutman, Yisrael (1998). Anatomy of the Auschwitz Death Camp. Indiana University Press. p. 199. ISBN 978-0-253-20884-2.

claimscon.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"New Survey by Claims Conference Finds Significant Lack of Holocaust Knowledge in the United States". Claims Conference. 2018.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)

Astor, Maggie (12 April 2018). "Holocaust Is Fading From Memory, Survey Finds". The New York Times.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Schäuble, Michaela (2011). "How History Takes Place: Sacralized Landscapes in the Croatian-Bosnian Border Region". History & Memory. 23 (1): 57. doi:10.2979/histmemo.23.1.23. JSTOR 10.2979/histmemo.23.1.23. Retrieved 23 May 2025.
Greif, Gideon (11 August 2022). "Jasenovac, the Camp and its Historical and Moral Meaning" (PDF). Napredak. 3 (2): 11–40. doi:10.5937/napredak3-39588. Retrieved 23 May 2025.

dropbox.com (Global: 1,209^th place; English: 689^th place)

dl.dropbox.com

Grossman, Vasily (1946). The Treblinka Hell [Треблинский ад] (PDF). Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House. (online version). Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 5 October 2014. Originally published as Повести, рассказы, очерки [Stories, Journalism, and Essays], Moscow: Voenizdat, 1958.

dw.com (Global: 204^th place; English: 353^rd place)

"Auschwitz-Birkenau: 4 out of 10 German students don't know what it was". Deutsche Welle. 28 September 2017. Archived from the original on 28 September 2017.

fondacijasnd.rs (Global: low place; English: low place)

Greif, Gideon (11 August 2022). "Jasenovac, the Camp and its Historical and Moral Meaning" (PDF). Napredak. 3 (2): 11–40. doi:10.5937/napredak3-39588. Retrieved 23 May 2025.

foreignpolicy.com (Global: 1,116^th place; English: 790^th place)

Posener, Alan (9 April 2018). "German TV Is Sanitizing History". Foreign Policy.

globalnews.ca (Global: 985^th place; English: 583^rd place)

Stober, Eric (26 January 2019). "Nearly half of Canadians can't name a single concentration camp: survey". Global News. Archived from the original on 27 January 2019.

hdot.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Browning, Christopher. "Browning: Evidence for the Implementation of the Final Solution". Holocaust Denial on Trial. Retrieved 5 June 2020.

holocaust-history.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Diary of Johann Paul Kremer (September 5, 1942)". Holocaust-history.org. 2 March 1999. Archived from the original on 14 May 2008. Retrieved 27 August 2013.

holocaustresearchproject.org (Global: low place; English: 8,319^th place)

Webb, Chris (2009). "Otwock & the Zofiowka Sanatorium: A Refuge from Hell". Holocaust Education & Archive Research Team. Archived from the original on 11 July 2011 – via Internet Archive.

humboldt.edu (Global: low place; English: low place)

Land-Weber, Ellen (26 October 2004). "Conditions for Polish Jews During WWII". To Save a Life: Stories of Holocaust Rescue. Archived from the original on 2 July 2010. Retrieved 9 March 2009.

ima.org.il (Global: low place; English: low place)

Kenneth McVay (1984). "The Construction of the Treblinka Extermination Camp". Yad Vashem Studies, XVI. Jewish Virtual Library.org. Retrieved 15 September 2015. Also in: Strous MD, Rael D (April 2009). "Dr Irmfried Eberl (1910–1948): mass murdering MD" (PDF). The Israel Medical Association Journal. 11 (4). IMAJ: 216–218. PMID 19603594. Retrieved 6 October 2015.

jewishvirtuallibrary.org (Global: 1,008^th place; English: 891^st place)

"The Development of the Gas-Van in the Murdering of the Jews". Jewish Virtual Library. 2006. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
Kenneth McVay (1984). "The Construction of the Treblinka Extermination Camp". Yad Vashem Studies, XVI. Jewish Virtual Library.org. Retrieved 15 September 2015. Also in: Strous MD, Rael D (April 2009). "Dr Irmfried Eberl (1910–1948): mass murdering MD" (PDF). The Israel Medical Association Journal. 11 (4). IMAJ: 216–218. PMID 19603594. Retrieved 6 October 2015.
"The evacuation of Jews to Poland". Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved 28 July 2009.

jstor.org (Global: 26^th place; English: 20^th place)

Schäuble, Michaela (2011). "How History Takes Place: Sacralized Landscapes in the Croatian-Bosnian Border Region". History & Memory. 23 (1): 57. doi:10.2979/histmemo.23.1.23. JSTOR 10.2979/histmemo.23.1.23. Retrieved 23 May 2025.

lib.ru (Global: 1,588^th place; English: 3,385^th place)

Grossman, Vasily (1946). The Treblinka Hell [Треблинский ад] (PDF). Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House. (online version). Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 5 October 2014. Originally published as Повести, рассказы, очерки [Stories, Journalism, and Essays], Moscow: Voenizdat, 1958.

marchoftheliving.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"March of the Living Canada". motl.org.

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"The History of the Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation (CDJC)". Archived from the original on 16 March 2015.

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msuweb.montclair.edu

Grossman, Vasily (1946). The Treblinka Hell [Треблинский ад] (PDF). Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House. (online version). Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 5 October 2014. Originally published as Повести, рассказы, очерки [Stories, Journalism, and Essays], Moscow: Voenizdat, 1958.

motl.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"March of the Living International". motl.org.

nathaninc.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Beyer, John C; Schneider, Stephen A (2006). "Introduction". Forced Labour under Third Reich – Part 1 (PDF). Nathan Associates. pp. 3–17. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 August 2015. Retrieved 7 October 2015. Number of foreign laborers employed as of January 1944 (excluding those already dead): total of 3,795,000. From Poland: 1,400,000 (survival rate 25.2); from the Soviet Union: 2,165,000 (survival rate 27.7) ^{Table 5.}

nih.gov (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Kenneth McVay (1984). "The Construction of the Treblinka Extermination Camp". Yad Vashem Studies, XVI. Jewish Virtual Library.org. Retrieved 15 September 2015. Also in: Strous MD, Rael D (April 2009). "Dr Irmfried Eberl (1910–1948): mass murdering MD" (PDF). The Israel Medical Association Journal. 11 (4). IMAJ: 216–218. PMID 19603594. Retrieved 6 October 2015.

nizkor.org (Global: 9,048^th place; English: 6,866^th place)

"Aktion Reinhard: Belzec, Sobibor & Treblinka". Archived from the original on 13 May 2008. Retrieved 3 December 2007.
The Höfle Telegram indicates some 700,000 killed by 31 December 1942, yet the camp functioned until 1943, hence the true death total likely is greater. "Reinhard: Treblinka Deportations". Nizkor.org. Archived from the original on 23 September 2013. Retrieved 20 December 2012.

nodak.edu (Global: 5,218^th place; English: 9,258^th place)

www2.dsu.nodak.edu

Friedländer, Saul (February 2009). Nazi Germany and the Jews, 1933–1945 (PDF) (Abridged ed.). HarperCollins Publishers. pp. 293–294 / 507. ISBN 978-0-06-177730-1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 September 2018.

nytimes.com (Global: 7^th place; English: 7^th place)

"New Survey by Claims Conference Finds Significant Lack of Holocaust Knowledge in the United States". Claims Conference. 2018.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)

Astor, Maggie (12 April 2018). "Holocaust Is Fading From Memory, Survey Finds". The New York Times.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)

pbs.org (Global: 198^th place; English: 154^th place)

Bergen, Doris (2004–2005). "Nazi Ideology and the Camp System". Auschwitz: Inside the Nazi State. Community Television of Southern California.

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Mathis, Andrew E. "Holocaust Denial: A Definition". ABC-CLIO. Retrieved 4 March 2017.

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Mendelsohn, John, ed. (1945). "Wannsee Protocol of January 20, 1942". The Holocaust: Selected Documents in Eighteen Volumes. Vol. 11. The official U.S. government translation. Retrieved 15 September 2015.

scribd.com (Global: 482^nd place; English: 552^nd place)

Höss 1959, pp. 164–165, 321–322. Höss, Rudolf (1959). Commandant of Auschwitz. The Autobiography of Rudolf Hoess with an Introduction by Lord Russett (PDF). Translation Constantine FitzGibbon. Cleveland and New York: The World Publishing Company. pp. 1–311. Retrieved 15 January 2015 – via direct download: 16.7 MB from Scribd.
Höss 1959, pp. 164–165, 322–323. Höss, Rudolf (1959). Commandant of Auschwitz. The Autobiography of Rudolf Hoess with an Introduction by Lord Russett (PDF). Translation Constantine FitzGibbon. Cleveland and New York: The World Publishing Company. pp. 1–311. Retrieved 15 January 2015 – via direct download: 16.7 MB from Scribd.
Höss 1959, p. 323. Höss, Rudolf (1959). Commandant of Auschwitz. The Autobiography of Rudolf Hoess with an Introduction by Lord Russett (PDF). Translation Constantine FitzGibbon. Cleveland and New York: The World Publishing Company. pp. 1–311. Retrieved 15 January 2015 – via direct download: 16.7 MB from Scribd.
Höss 1959, p. 324. Höss, Rudolf (1959). Commandant of Auschwitz. The Autobiography of Rudolf Hoess with an Introduction by Lord Russett (PDF). Translation Constantine FitzGibbon. Cleveland and New York: The World Publishing Company. pp. 1–311. Retrieved 15 January 2015 – via direct download: 16.7 MB from Scribd.
Höss 1959, pp. 320, 328. Höss, Rudolf (1959). Commandant of Auschwitz. The Autobiography of Rudolf Hoess with an Introduction by Lord Russett (PDF). Translation Constantine FitzGibbon. Cleveland and New York: The World Publishing Company. pp. 1–311. Retrieved 15 January 2015 – via direct download: 16.7 MB from Scribd.
Höss 1959, p. 328. Höss, Rudolf (1959). Commandant of Auschwitz. The Autobiography of Rudolf Hoess with an Introduction by Lord Russett (PDF). Translation Constantine FitzGibbon. Cleveland and New York: The World Publishing Company. pp. 1–311. Retrieved 15 January 2015 – via direct download: 16.7 MB from Scribd.
Höss 1959, p. 168. Höss, Rudolf (1959). Commandant of Auschwitz. The Autobiography of Rudolf Hoess with an Introduction by Lord Russett (PDF). Translation Constantine FitzGibbon. Cleveland and New York: The World Publishing Company. pp. 1–311. Retrieved 15 January 2015 – via direct download: 16.7 MB from Scribd.

theholocaustexplained.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Deportation and transportation". The Holocaust Explained. London Jewish Cultural Centre. 2011. Archived from the original on 13 January 2015. Retrieved 5 August 2016 – via Internet Archive.

ushmm.org (Global: 1,534^th place; English: 1,265^th place)

ushmm.org

"World War II and the Holocaust, 1939–1945". United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Retrieved 7 June 2020.
Gruner, Wolf (April 2004). "Jewish Forced Labor as a Basic Element of Nazi Persecution: Germany, Austria, and the Occupied Polish Territories (1938–1943)". Forced and Slave Labor in Nazi-Dominated Europe (PDF). Washington, D.C.: Center for Advanced Holocaust Studies, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. pp. 43–44. Symposium.
"At the Killing Centers". United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Retrieved 2 March 2018.
USHMM.org. "Auschwitz". Archived from the original on 31 January 2010. It is estimated that the SS and police deported at a minimum 1.3 million people to Auschwitz complex between 1940 and 1945. Of these, the camp authorities murdered 1.1 million." (Number includes victims killed in other Auschwitz camps.)
USHMM.org. "Belzec". Between March and December 1942, the Germans deported some 434,500 Jews, and an indeterminate number of Poles and Roma (Gypsies) to Belzec, to be killed.
USHMM.org. "Chełmno". In total, the SS and the police killed some 152,000 people in Chełmno.
In all, the Germans and their auxiliaries killed at least 170,000 people at Sobibór. Holocaust Encyclopedia.

encyclopedia.ushmm.org

"Killing Centers: An Overview". Holocaust Encyclopedia. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Retrieved 3 April 2020.
"Gassing Operations". Holocaust Encyclopedia. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, DC. 20 June 2014. Retrieved 25 January 2015.
"Ghettos". encyclopedia.ushmm.org.

uwe.ac.uk (Global: 8,193^rd place; English: 5,548^th place)

ess.uwe.ac.uk

Herbert, Ulrich (1997). "The Army of Millions of the Modern Slave State (extract)". Hitler's Foreign Workers: Enforced Foreign Labor in Germany under the Third Reich. Compiled by S. D. Stein. Cambridge University Press. Archived from the original on 4 June 2011 – via University of the West of England, Faculty of Humanities.

warhistoryonline.com (Global: 8,456^th place; English: 5,915^th place)

Russell, Shahan (12 October 2015). "The Ten Worst Nazi Concentration Camps". WarHistoryOnline.com. Archived from the original on 22 July 2019. Retrieved 20 October 2017.

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Russell, Shahan (12 October 2015). "The Ten Worst Nazi Concentration Camps". WarHistoryOnline.com. Archived from the original on 22 July 2019. Retrieved 20 October 2017.
Webb, Chris (2009). "Otwock & the Zofiowka Sanatorium: A Refuge from Hell". Holocaust Education & Archive Research Team. Archived from the original on 11 July 2011 – via Internet Archive.
Yad Vashem (2013). "Aktion Reinhard" (PDF). Shoah Resource Center, The International School for Holocaust Studies. Document size 33.1 KB. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 December 2017. Retrieved 15 September 2015.
Friedländer, Saul (February 2009). Nazi Germany and the Jews, 1933–1945 (PDF) (Abridged ed.). HarperCollins Publishers. pp. 293–294 / 507. ISBN 978-0-06-177730-1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 September 2018.
Breitbart, Aaron (1997). "Responses to Revisionist Arguments". Los Angeles: The Simon Wiesenthal Center. Archived from the original on 3 April 2017. Retrieved 14 January 2017.
History of the Belzec extermination camp [Historia Niemieckiego Obozu Zagłady w Bełżcu] (in Polish), Muzeum – Miejsce Pamięci w Bełżcu (National Bełżec Museum & Monument of Martyrdom), archived from the original on 29 October 2015, retrieved 15 September 2015
"Auschwitz-Birkenau Memorial and Museum in Oświęcim, Poland". Archived from the original on 10 December 2008.
"Diary of Johann Paul Kremer (September 5, 1942)". Holocaust-history.org. 2 March 1999. Archived from the original on 14 May 2008. Retrieved 27 August 2013.
Beyer, John C; Schneider, Stephen A (2006). "Introduction". Forced Labour under Third Reich – Part 1 (PDF). Nathan Associates. pp. 3–17. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 August 2015. Retrieved 7 October 2015. Number of foreign laborers employed as of January 1944 (excluding those already dead): total of 3,795,000. From Poland: 1,400,000 (survival rate 25.2); from the Soviet Union: 2,165,000 (survival rate 27.7) ^{Table 5.}
Herbert, Ulrich (1997). "The Army of Millions of the Modern Slave State (extract)". Hitler's Foreign Workers: Enforced Foreign Labor in Germany under the Third Reich. Compiled by S. D. Stein. Cambridge University Press. Archived from the original on 4 June 2011 – via University of the West of England, Faculty of Humanities.
Land-Weber, Ellen (26 October 2004). "Conditions for Polish Jews During WWII". To Save a Life: Stories of Holocaust Rescue. Archived from the original on 2 July 2010. Retrieved 9 March 2009.
"Aktion Reinhard: Belzec, Sobibor & Treblinka". Archived from the original on 13 May 2008. Retrieved 3 December 2007.
"Deportation and transportation". The Holocaust Explained. London Jewish Cultural Centre. 2011. Archived from the original on 13 January 2015. Retrieved 5 August 2016 – via Internet Archive.
Grossman, Vasily (1946). The Treblinka Hell [Треблинский ад] (PDF). Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House. (online version). Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 5 October 2014. Originally published as Повести, рассказы, очерки [Stories, Journalism, and Essays], Moscow: Voenizdat, 1958.
USHMM.org. "Auschwitz". Archived from the original on 31 January 2010. It is estimated that the SS and police deported at a minimum 1.3 million people to Auschwitz complex between 1940 and 1945. Of these, the camp authorities murdered 1.1 million." (Number includes victims killed in other Auschwitz camps.)
The Höfle Telegram indicates some 700,000 killed by 31 December 1942, yet the camp functioned until 1943, hence the true death total likely is greater. "Reinhard: Treblinka Deportations". Nizkor.org. Archived from the original on 23 September 2013. Retrieved 20 December 2012.
Arad, Yitzhak (1984), ""Operation Reinhard": Extermination Camps of Belzec, Sobibor and Treblinka" (PDF), Yad Vashem Studies XVI, pp. 205–239 (26/30 of current document), archived (PDF) from the original on 18 March 2009, The Attempt to Remove Traces
"The History of the Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation (CDJC)". Archived from the original on 16 March 2015.
"Auschwitz-Birkenau: 4 out of 10 German students don't know what it was". Deutsche Welle. 28 September 2017. Archived from the original on 28 September 2017.
Stober, Eric (26 January 2019). "Nearly half of Canadians can't name a single concentration camp: survey". Global News. Archived from the original on 27 January 2019.

wiesenthal.com (Global: low place; English: 8,193^rd place)

motlc.wiesenthal.com

Breitbart, Aaron (1997). "Responses to Revisionist Arguments". Los Angeles: The Simon Wiesenthal Center. Archived from the original on 3 April 2017. Retrieved 14 January 2017.

yadvashem.org (Global: 1,898^th place; English: 2,434^th place)

"The Implementation of the Final Solution: The Death Camps". Yad Vashem. Yad Vashem, The World Holocaust Remembrance Center. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
Yad Vashem (2013). "Aktion Reinhard" (PDF). Shoah Resource Center, The International School for Holocaust Studies. Document size 33.1 KB. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 December 2017. Retrieved 15 September 2015.
Arad, Yitzhak (1984), ""Operation Reinhard": Extermination Camps of Belzec, Sobibor and Treblinka" (PDF), Yad Vashem Studies XVI, pp. 205–239 (26/30 of current document), archived (PDF) from the original on 18 March 2009, The Attempt to Remove Traces

Extermination camp (English Wikipedia)

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