References analysis of the Wikipedia article "Fakih Usman" in the English version

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Established by Ahmad Dahlan in 1912, Muhammadiyah advocated individual interpretation of the Qur'an and sunnah (ijtihad), rather than simple acceptance of interpretations traditionally propounded by the ulama (taqlid); such individual interpretation was believed to promote a greater interest in learning and knowledge (Djurdi 2010, p. xiv). Furthermore, Dahlan and the Muhammadiyah were heavily opposed to the syncretism which had developed in Java, the combination of traditions rooted in Hinduism and Buddhism with Islam (see kebatinan). As the Muhammadiyah sought to purify the religion from such non-Islamic influences, this criticism was highly controversial within traditional communities; said communities had long considered their practices to represent the true Islam. As such, Muhammadiyah was opposed by officials, Islamic teachers in the countrysides, and pious communities who rejected such ideas as deviant (Ricklefs 1993, p. 171). This opposition could involve threats of violence; Dahlan, for instance, received numerous death threats (Kutoyo 1985, p. 110). Djurdi, Syarifuddin (2010). 1 Abad Muhammadiyah [A Century of Muhammadiyah] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Kompas. ISBN 978-979-709-498-0. Ricklefs, M. C. (1993). A History of Modern Indonesia since c.1300 (2nd ed.). Hampshire: MacMillan. ISBN 978-0-333-57689-2. Kutoyo, Sutrisno (1985). Kiai Haji Ahmad Dahlan (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Department of Education and Culture. OCLC 571207832.

Muhammadiyah policy stated that a deceased leader had to be replaced before he was buried (Djurdi 2010, p. 182). Djurdi, Syarifuddin (2010). 1 Abad Muhammadiyah [A Century of Muhammadiyah] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Kompas. ISBN 978-979-709-498-0.

Djurdi 2010, p. 146. Djurdi, Syarifuddin (2010). 1 Abad Muhammadiyah [A Century of Muhammadiyah] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Kompas. ISBN 978-979-709-498-0.

Djurdi 2010, p. 144. Djurdi, Syarifuddin (2010). 1 Abad Muhammadiyah [A Century of Muhammadiyah] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Kompas. ISBN 978-979-709-498-0.

Djurdi 2010, p. 169. Djurdi, Syarifuddin (2010). 1 Abad Muhammadiyah [A Century of Muhammadiyah] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Kompas. ISBN 978-979-709-498-0.

Djurdi 2010, p. 182. Djurdi, Syarifuddin (2010). 1 Abad Muhammadiyah [A Century of Muhammadiyah] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Kompas. ISBN 978-979-709-498-0.

Mohammad 2006, p. 100. Mohammad, Herry (2006). Tokoh-Tokoh Islam yang Berpengaruh abad 20 [Influential Muslims of the 20th Century] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Gema Insani. ISBN 978-979-560-219-4.

Djurdi 2010, p. 271. Djurdi, Syarifuddin (2010). 1 Abad Muhammadiyah [A Century of Muhammadiyah] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Kompas. ISBN 978-979-709-498-0.

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Syafruddin 1998, p. 118. Syafruddin, Didin (1998). "K.H. Fakih Usman: Pengembangan Pendidikan Agama" [K.H. Fakih Usman: Development of Religious Education] (PDF). In Azra, Azyumardi; Umam, Saiful (eds.). Menteri-Menteri Agama RI: Biografi Sosio-Politik [Indonesian Ministers of Religion: Socio-Political Biographies] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Indonesian-Netherlands Cooperation in Islamic Studies, Center for Study of Islam and Society, and the Indonesian Ministry of Religion. ISBN 978-979-95248-3-6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 October 2011. Retrieved 15 July 2012.

Syafruddin 1998, p. 119. Syafruddin, Didin (1998). "K.H. Fakih Usman: Pengembangan Pendidikan Agama" [K.H. Fakih Usman: Development of Religious Education] (PDF). In Azra, Azyumardi; Umam, Saiful (eds.). Menteri-Menteri Agama RI: Biografi Sosio-Politik [Indonesian Ministers of Religion: Socio-Political Biographies] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Indonesian-Netherlands Cooperation in Islamic Studies, Center for Study of Islam and Society, and the Indonesian Ministry of Religion. ISBN 978-979-95248-3-6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 October 2011. Retrieved 15 July 2012.

Syafruddin 1998, p. 122. Syafruddin, Didin (1998). "K.H. Fakih Usman: Pengembangan Pendidikan Agama" [K.H. Fakih Usman: Development of Religious Education] (PDF). In Azra, Azyumardi; Umam, Saiful (eds.). Menteri-Menteri Agama RI: Biografi Sosio-Politik [Indonesian Ministers of Religion: Socio-Political Biographies] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Indonesian-Netherlands Cooperation in Islamic Studies, Center for Study of Islam and Society, and the Indonesian Ministry of Religion. ISBN 978-979-95248-3-6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 October 2011. Retrieved 15 July 2012.

Syafruddin 1998, p. 123. Syafruddin, Didin (1998). "K.H. Fakih Usman: Pengembangan Pendidikan Agama" [K.H. Fakih Usman: Development of Religious Education] (PDF). In Azra, Azyumardi; Umam, Saiful (eds.). Menteri-Menteri Agama RI: Biografi Sosio-Politik [Indonesian Ministers of Religion: Socio-Political Biographies] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Indonesian-Netherlands Cooperation in Islamic Studies, Center for Study of Islam and Society, and the Indonesian Ministry of Religion. ISBN 978-979-95248-3-6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 October 2011. Retrieved 15 July 2012.

Syafruddin 1998, p. 125. Syafruddin, Didin (1998). "K.H. Fakih Usman: Pengembangan Pendidikan Agama" [K.H. Fakih Usman: Development of Religious Education] (PDF). In Azra, Azyumardi; Umam, Saiful (eds.). Menteri-Menteri Agama RI: Biografi Sosio-Politik [Indonesian Ministers of Religion: Socio-Political Biographies] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Indonesian-Netherlands Cooperation in Islamic Studies, Center for Study of Islam and Society, and the Indonesian Ministry of Religion. ISBN 978-979-95248-3-6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 October 2011. Retrieved 15 July 2012.

Syafruddin 1998, p. 126. Syafruddin, Didin (1998). "K.H. Fakih Usman: Pengembangan Pendidikan Agama" [K.H. Fakih Usman: Development of Religious Education] (PDF). In Azra, Azyumardi; Umam, Saiful (eds.). Menteri-Menteri Agama RI: Biografi Sosio-Politik [Indonesian Ministers of Religion: Socio-Political Biographies] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Indonesian-Netherlands Cooperation in Islamic Studies, Center for Study of Islam and Society, and the Indonesian Ministry of Religion. ISBN 978-979-95248-3-6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 October 2011. Retrieved 15 July 2012.

Syafruddin 1998, p. 128. Syafruddin, Didin (1998). "K.H. Fakih Usman: Pengembangan Pendidikan Agama" [K.H. Fakih Usman: Development of Religious Education] (PDF). In Azra, Azyumardi; Umam, Saiful (eds.). Menteri-Menteri Agama RI: Biografi Sosio-Politik [Indonesian Ministers of Religion: Socio-Political Biographies] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Indonesian-Netherlands Cooperation in Islamic Studies, Center for Study of Islam and Society, and the Indonesian Ministry of Religion. ISBN 978-979-95248-3-6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 October 2011. Retrieved 15 July 2012.

Syafruddin 1998, p. 129. Syafruddin, Didin (1998). "K.H. Fakih Usman: Pengembangan Pendidikan Agama" [K.H. Fakih Usman: Development of Religious Education] (PDF). In Azra, Azyumardi; Umam, Saiful (eds.). Menteri-Menteri Agama RI: Biografi Sosio-Politik [Indonesian Ministers of Religion: Socio-Political Biographies] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Indonesian-Netherlands Cooperation in Islamic Studies, Center for Study of Islam and Society, and the Indonesian Ministry of Religion. ISBN 978-979-95248-3-6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 October 2011. Retrieved 15 July 2012.

Syafruddin 1998, p. 132. Syafruddin, Didin (1998). "K.H. Fakih Usman: Pengembangan Pendidikan Agama" [K.H. Fakih Usman: Development of Religious Education] (PDF). In Azra, Azyumardi; Umam, Saiful (eds.). Menteri-Menteri Agama RI: Biografi Sosio-Politik [Indonesian Ministers of Religion: Socio-Political Biographies] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Indonesian-Netherlands Cooperation in Islamic Studies, Center for Study of Islam and Society, and the Indonesian Ministry of Religion. ISBN 978-979-95248-3-6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 October 2011. Retrieved 15 July 2012.

Syafruddin 1998, pp. 130–131. Syafruddin, Didin (1998). "K.H. Fakih Usman: Pengembangan Pendidikan Agama" [K.H. Fakih Usman: Development of Religious Education] (PDF). In Azra, Azyumardi; Umam, Saiful (eds.). Menteri-Menteri Agama RI: Biografi Sosio-Politik [Indonesian Ministers of Religion: Socio-Political Biographies] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Indonesian-Netherlands Cooperation in Islamic Studies, Center for Study of Islam and Society, and the Indonesian Ministry of Religion. ISBN 978-979-95248-3-6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 October 2011. Retrieved 15 July 2012.

Syafruddin 1998, p. 133. Syafruddin, Didin (1998). "K.H. Fakih Usman: Pengembangan Pendidikan Agama" [K.H. Fakih Usman: Development of Religious Education] (PDF). In Azra, Azyumardi; Umam, Saiful (eds.). Menteri-Menteri Agama RI: Biografi Sosio-Politik [Indonesian Ministers of Religion: Socio-Political Biographies] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Indonesian-Netherlands Cooperation in Islamic Studies, Center for Study of Islam and Society, and the Indonesian Ministry of Religion. ISBN 978-979-95248-3-6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 October 2011. Retrieved 15 July 2012.

Syafruddin 1998, pp. 134–136. Syafruddin, Didin (1998). "K.H. Fakih Usman: Pengembangan Pendidikan Agama" [K.H. Fakih Usman: Development of Religious Education] (PDF). In Azra, Azyumardi; Umam, Saiful (eds.). Menteri-Menteri Agama RI: Biografi Sosio-Politik [Indonesian Ministers of Religion: Socio-Political Biographies] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Indonesian-Netherlands Cooperation in Islamic Studies, Center for Study of Islam and Society, and the Indonesian Ministry of Religion. ISBN 978-979-95248-3-6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 October 2011. Retrieved 15 July 2012.

Syafruddin 1998, p. 138. Syafruddin, Didin (1998). "K.H. Fakih Usman: Pengembangan Pendidikan Agama" [K.H. Fakih Usman: Development of Religious Education] (PDF). In Azra, Azyumardi; Umam, Saiful (eds.). Menteri-Menteri Agama RI: Biografi Sosio-Politik [Indonesian Ministers of Religion: Socio-Political Biographies] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Indonesian-Netherlands Cooperation in Islamic Studies, Center for Study of Islam and Society, and the Indonesian Ministry of Religion. ISBN 978-979-95248-3-6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 October 2011. Retrieved 15 July 2012.

Syafruddin 1998, p. 139. Syafruddin, Didin (1998). "K.H. Fakih Usman: Pengembangan Pendidikan Agama" [K.H. Fakih Usman: Development of Religious Education] (PDF). In Azra, Azyumardi; Umam, Saiful (eds.). Menteri-Menteri Agama RI: Biografi Sosio-Politik [Indonesian Ministers of Religion: Socio-Political Biographies] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Indonesian-Netherlands Cooperation in Islamic Studies, Center for Study of Islam and Society, and the Indonesian Ministry of Religion. ISBN 978-979-95248-3-6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 October 2011. Retrieved 15 July 2012.

Syafruddin 1998, p. 140. Syafruddin, Didin (1998). "K.H. Fakih Usman: Pengembangan Pendidikan Agama" [K.H. Fakih Usman: Development of Religious Education] (PDF). In Azra, Azyumardi; Umam, Saiful (eds.). Menteri-Menteri Agama RI: Biografi Sosio-Politik [Indonesian Ministers of Religion: Socio-Political Biographies] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Indonesian-Netherlands Cooperation in Islamic Studies, Center for Study of Islam and Society, and the Indonesian Ministry of Religion. ISBN 978-979-95248-3-6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 October 2011. Retrieved 15 July 2012.

Syafruddin 1998, p. 141. Syafruddin, Didin (1998). "K.H. Fakih Usman: Pengembangan Pendidikan Agama" [K.H. Fakih Usman: Development of Religious Education] (PDF). In Azra, Azyumardi; Umam, Saiful (eds.). Menteri-Menteri Agama RI: Biografi Sosio-Politik [Indonesian Ministers of Religion: Socio-Political Biographies] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Indonesian-Netherlands Cooperation in Islamic Studies, Center for Study of Islam and Society, and the Indonesian Ministry of Religion. ISBN 978-979-95248-3-6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 October 2011. Retrieved 15 July 2012.

Syafruddin 1998, pp. 142–144. Syafruddin, Didin (1998). "K.H. Fakih Usman: Pengembangan Pendidikan Agama" [K.H. Fakih Usman: Development of Religious Education] (PDF). In Azra, Azyumardi; Umam, Saiful (eds.). Menteri-Menteri Agama RI: Biografi Sosio-Politik [Indonesian Ministers of Religion: Socio-Political Biographies] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Indonesian-Netherlands Cooperation in Islamic Studies, Center for Study of Islam and Society, and the Indonesian Ministry of Religion. ISBN 978-979-95248-3-6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 October 2011. Retrieved 15 July 2012.

Syafruddin 1998, p. 145. Syafruddin, Didin (1998). "K.H. Fakih Usman: Pengembangan Pendidikan Agama" [K.H. Fakih Usman: Development of Religious Education] (PDF). In Azra, Azyumardi; Umam, Saiful (eds.). Menteri-Menteri Agama RI: Biografi Sosio-Politik [Indonesian Ministers of Religion: Socio-Political Biographies] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Indonesian-Netherlands Cooperation in Islamic Studies, Center for Study of Islam and Society, and the Indonesian Ministry of Religion. ISBN 978-979-95248-3-6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 October 2011. Retrieved 15 July 2012.

Syafruddin 1998, p. 146. Syafruddin, Didin (1998). "K.H. Fakih Usman: Pengembangan Pendidikan Agama" [K.H. Fakih Usman: Development of Religious Education] (PDF). In Azra, Azyumardi; Umam, Saiful (eds.). Menteri-Menteri Agama RI: Biografi Sosio-Politik [Indonesian Ministers of Religion: Socio-Political Biographies] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Indonesian-Netherlands Cooperation in Islamic Studies, Center for Study of Islam and Society, and the Indonesian Ministry of Religion. ISBN 978-979-95248-3-6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 October 2011. Retrieved 15 July 2012.

Syafruddin 1998, p. 148. Syafruddin, Didin (1998). "K.H. Fakih Usman: Pengembangan Pendidikan Agama" [K.H. Fakih Usman: Development of Religious Education] (PDF). In Azra, Azyumardi; Umam, Saiful (eds.). Menteri-Menteri Agama RI: Biografi Sosio-Politik [Indonesian Ministers of Religion: Socio-Political Biographies] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Indonesian-Netherlands Cooperation in Islamic Studies, Center for Study of Islam and Society, and the Indonesian Ministry of Religion. ISBN 978-979-95248-3-6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 October 2011. Retrieved 15 July 2012.

Syafruddin 1998, p. 149. Syafruddin, Didin (1998). "K.H. Fakih Usman: Pengembangan Pendidikan Agama" [K.H. Fakih Usman: Development of Religious Education] (PDF). In Azra, Azyumardi; Umam, Saiful (eds.). Menteri-Menteri Agama RI: Biografi Sosio-Politik [Indonesian Ministers of Religion: Socio-Political Biographies] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Indonesian-Netherlands Cooperation in Islamic Studies, Center for Study of Islam and Society, and the Indonesian Ministry of Religion. ISBN 978-979-95248-3-6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 October 2011. Retrieved 15 July 2012.

Syafruddin 1998, p. 150. Syafruddin, Didin (1998). "K.H. Fakih Usman: Pengembangan Pendidikan Agama" [K.H. Fakih Usman: Development of Religious Education] (PDF). In Azra, Azyumardi; Umam, Saiful (eds.). Menteri-Menteri Agama RI: Biografi Sosio-Politik [Indonesian Ministers of Religion: Socio-Political Biographies] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Indonesian-Netherlands Cooperation in Islamic Studies, Center for Study of Islam and Society, and the Indonesian Ministry of Religion. ISBN 978-979-95248-3-6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 October 2011. Retrieved 15 July 2012.

Syafruddin 1998, p. 151. Syafruddin, Didin (1998). "K.H. Fakih Usman: Pengembangan Pendidikan Agama" [K.H. Fakih Usman: Development of Religious Education] (PDF). In Azra, Azyumardi; Umam, Saiful (eds.). Menteri-Menteri Agama RI: Biografi Sosio-Politik [Indonesian Ministers of Religion: Socio-Political Biographies] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Indonesian-Netherlands Cooperation in Islamic Studies, Center for Study of Islam and Society, and the Indonesian Ministry of Religion. ISBN 978-979-95248-3-6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 October 2011. Retrieved 15 July 2012.

Syafruddin 1998, p. 117. Syafruddin, Didin (1998). "K.H. Fakih Usman: Pengembangan Pendidikan Agama" [K.H. Fakih Usman: Development of Religious Education] (PDF). In Azra, Azyumardi; Umam, Saiful (eds.). Menteri-Menteri Agama RI: Biografi Sosio-Politik [Indonesian Ministers of Religion: Socio-Political Biographies] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Indonesian-Netherlands Cooperation in Islamic Studies, Center for Study of Islam and Society, and the Indonesian Ministry of Religion. ISBN 978-979-95248-3-6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 October 2011. Retrieved 15 July 2012.

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Muhammadiyah, KH Faqih Usman. "KH Faqih Usman". Muhammadiyah. Archived from the original on 31 October 2013. Retrieved 15 July 2012.

Basya 2009, A Century of Muhammadiyah. Basya, M. Hilaly (26 November 2009). "A Century of Muhammadiyah and Modern Indonesia". The Jakarta Post. Archived from the original on 2 May 2014. Retrieved 15 July 2012.

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Djaelani 1994, p. 98. Djaelani, Abdul Qadir (1994). Peran Ulama dan Santri dalam Perjuangan Politik Islam di Indonesia [The Role of Ulamas and Santris in Islamic Politics in Indonesia] (in Indonesian). Surabaya: Bina Ilmu. OCLC 34604050.

Imran 1980, p. 83. Imran, Amrin (1980). Panglima Besar Jenderal Soedirman [Commander in Chief General Soedirman] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Mutiara. OCLC 220643587.

Fakih Usman (English Wikipedia)

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