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See also: Langer, William L. (Spring 1975). "The origins of the birth control movement in England in the early nineteenth century". Journal of Interdisciplinary History. 5 (4): 669–686. doi:10.2307/202864. JSTOR 202864. PMID 11619426.
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Although it is sometimes claimed that the Custody of Infants Act 1839 represents an example of the 'tender years doctrine' (a concept which favors mothers of young children in custody cases) this Act in fact only allowed mothers to petition for the custody of children under seven, without any guarantee of obtaining such custody, especially since at the time the (very few) divorces granted were granted (by Act of parliament) to husbands on the ground of the wife's adultery, therefore depriving her of rights to the children. According to Pinchbeck and Hewitt: "It could be said that the Act was not so much concerned with the welfare of the child as with the punishment of the mother proved 'guilty' in separation or divorce proceedings .... But in 1839, the Custody of Infants Act constituted an immense and startling innovation: the absolute right of the father was now subject to the discretionary power of the judge .... Under the Act the practice of the courts was to decide if possible in favour of paternal right rather than against it, and to exercise discretion against the mother even as to young children. Nevertheless, despite its limitations, this piece of legislation has a special importance since it was the first statutory intervention in the common law rights of a father in this country." [1]
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