Fetus (English Wikipedia)

Halamek, Louis. "Prenatal Consultation at the Limits of Viability Archived 2009-06-08 at the Wayback Machine", NeoReviews, Vol.4 No.6 (2003): "most neonatologists would agree that survival of infants younger than approximately 22 to 23 weeks' estimated gestational age [i.e. 20 to 21 weeks' estimated fertilization age] is universally dismal and that resuscitative efforts should not be undertaken when a neonate is born at this point in pregnancy."

abebooks.com (Global: 6,082^nd place; English: 3,976^th place)

Holden, Chris and MacDonald, Anita. Nutrition and Child Health Archived 2020-07-31 at the Wayback Machine (Elsevier 2000). Retrieved 2007-03-04.

adsabs.harvard.edu (Global: 14^th place; English: 9^th place)

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Campiglia, Sylvia S.; Walker, Muriel H. (1995). "Developing embryo and cyclic changes in the uterus of Peripatus (Macroperipatus) acacioi (Onychophora, Peripatidae)". Journal of Morphology. 224 (2): 179–198. Bibcode:1995JMorp.224..179C. doi:10.1002/jmor.1052240207. PMID 29865325. S2CID 46928727.

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; English: 6^th place)

Streissguth, Ann Pytkowicz (1997). Fetal alcohol syndrome: a guide for families and communities. Baltimore, MD: Paul H Brookes Pub. ISBN 978-1-55766-283-5.

asahq.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

White, R. Frank (October 2001). "Are We Overlooking Fetal Pain and Suffering During Abortion?". American Society of Anesthesiologists Newsletter. 65. Archived from the original on Jan 25, 2008. Retrieved 2007-03-10.

bartleby.com (Global: 1,965^th place; English: 1,869^th place)

The Columbia Encyclopedia Archived 2007-10-12 at the Wayback Machine (Sixth Edition). Retrieved 2007-03-05.

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

Lewin, Roger. Human Evolution Archived 2023-04-07 at the Wayback Machine, page 78 (Blackwell 2004).
Sumich, James and Dudley, Gordon. Laboratory and Field Investigations in Marine Life, page 320 (Jones & Bartlett 2008).
Klossner, N. Jayne, Introductory Maternity Nursing (2005): "The fetal stage is from the beginning of the 9th week after fertilization and continues until birth"
Prechtl, Heinz. "Prenatal and Early Postnatal Development of Human Motor Behavior" in Handbook of brain and behaviour in human development, Kalverboer and Gramsbergen eds., pp. 415–418 (2001 Kluwer Academic Publishers): "The first movements to occur are sideward bendings of the head. ... At 9–10 weeks postmestrual age complex and generalized movements occur. These are the so-called general movements (Prechtl et al., 1979) and the startles. Both include the whole body, but the general movements are slower and have a complex sequence of involved body parts, while the startle is a quick, phasic movement of all limbs and trunk and neck."
Levene, Malcolm et al. Essentials of Neonatal Medicine Archived 2023-04-08 at the Wayback Machine (Blackwell 2000), p. 8. Retrieved 2007-03-04.
Stanley, Fiona et al. "Cerebral Palsies: Epidemiology and Causal Pathways", page 48 (2000 Cambridge University Press): "Motor competence at birth is limited in the human neonate. The voluntary control of movement develops and matures during a prolonged period up to puberty...."
Queenan, John. Management of High-Risk Pregnancy Archived 2023-04-24 at the Wayback Machine (Blackwell 1999). Retrieved 2007-03-04.
Moore, Keith and Persaud, T. The Developing Human: Clinically Oriented Embryology, p. 103 (Saunders 2003).
Buck, Germaine M.; Platt, Robert W. (2011). Reproductive and perinatal epidemiology. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 163. ISBN 9780199857746. Archived from the original on 2016-08-15.
Page 202 of Pillitteri, Adele (2009). Maternal and Child Health Nursing: Care of the Childbearing and Childrearing Family. Hagerstwon, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 978-1-58255-999-5.
Johnson, Martin and Everitt, Barry. Essential reproduction (Blackwell 2000): "The multidimensionality of pain perception, involving sensory, emotional, and cognitive factors may in itself be the basis of conscious, painful experience, but it will remain difficult to attribute this to a fetus at any particular developmental age." Retrieved 2007-02-21.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Ghosh, Shampa; Raghunath, Manchala; Sinha, Jitendra Kumar (2017), "Fetus", Encyclopedia of Animal Cognition and Behavior, Springer International Publishing, pp. 1–5, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-47829-6_62-1, ISBN 9783319478296
Campiglia, Sylvia S.; Walker, Muriel H. (1995). "Developing embryo and cyclic changes in the uterus of Peripatus (Macroperipatus) acacioi (Onychophora, Peripatidae)". Journal of Morphology. 224 (2): 179–198. Bibcode:1995JMorp.224..179C. doi:10.1002/jmor.1052240207. PMID 29865325. S2CID 46928727.
Margulies, Rebecca; Miller, Leslie (2001-08-09). "Fruit size as a model for teaching first trimester uterine sizing in bimanual examination". Obstetrics & Gynecology. 98 (2): 341–344. doi:10.1016/S0029-7844(01)01406-5.
Dalby, JT (1978). "Environmental effects on prenatal development". Journal of Pediatric Psychology. 3 (3): 105–109. doi:10.1093/jpepsy/3.3.105.
De Santis, M; Cesari, E; Nobili, E; Straface, G; Cavaliere, AF; Caruso, A (September 2007). "Radiation effects on development". Birth Defects Research Part C: Embryo Today: Reviews. 81 (3): 177–82. doi:10.1002/bdrc.20099. PMID 17963274.
Lee, Susan; Ralston, HJ; Drey, EA; Partridge, JC; Rosen, MA (August 24–31, 2005). "Fetal Pain A Systematic Multidisciplinary Review of the Evidence". Journal of the American Medical Association. 294 (8): 947–54. doi:10.1001/jama.294.8.947. PMID 16118385. Two authors of the study published in JAMA did not report their abortion-related activities, which pro-life groups called a conflict of interest; the editor of JAMA responded that JAMA probably would have mentioned those activities if they had been disclosed, but still would have published the study. See Denise Grady, "Study Authors Didn't Report Abortion Ties" Archived 2009-04-25 at the Wayback Machine, New York Times (2005-08-26).

drspock.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Greenfield, Marjorie. "Dr. Spock.com Archived 2007-01-22 at the Wayback Machine". Retrieved 2007-01-20.

etymonline.com (Global: 669^th place; English: 670^th place)

Harper, Douglas. (2001). Online Etymology Dictionary Archived 2013-04-20 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2007-01-20.

femia.health (Global: low place; English: low place)

Yermolovych, Nataliia (1 August 2024). "Baby fruit size by week: A trimester-by-trimester guide to your growing little one". Femia Health. Retrieved 22 June 2025.

guttmacher.org (Global: low place; English: 7,437^th place)

Anika Rahman, Laura Katzive and Stanley K. Henshaw. "A Global Review of Laws on Induced Abortion, 1985–1997 Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine", International Family Planning Perspectives Volume 24, Number 2 (June 1998).

iasp-pain.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Fetal pain?". International Association for the Study of Pain. June 2006. Archived from the original on 2013-07-01.

illinoisbar.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

David, Barry and Goldberg, Barth. "Recovering Damages for Fetal Pain and Suffering Archived 2007-09-28 at the Wayback Machine", Illinois Bar Journal (December 2002). Retrieved 2007-03-10.

lww.com (Global: 2,576^th place; English: 2,635^th place)

journals.lww.com

Margulies, Rebecca; Miller, Leslie (2001-08-09). "Fruit size as a model for teaching first trimester uterine sizing in bimanual examination". Obstetrics & Gynecology. 98 (2): 341–344. doi:10.1016/S0029-7844(01)01406-5.

marchofdimes.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

March of Dimes – Neonatal Death Archived 2014-10-24 at the Wayback Machine, retrieved September 2, 2009.

mccl.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Unborn babies can feel pain". Minnesota Citizens Concerned for Life. Archived from the original on 2016-07-19. The neural pathways are present for pain to be experienced quite early by unborn babies," explains Steven Calvin, M.D., perinatologist, chair of the Program in Human Rights Medicine, University of Minnesota, where he teaches obstetrics.

medlineplus.gov (Global: 1,521^st place; English: 1,017^th place)

"Fetal development: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia". www.nlm.nih.gov. Archived from the original on 2011-10-27.
O'Reilly, Deirdre. "Fetal development ". MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia (2007-10-19). Retrieved 2018-08-26.

nap.edu (Global: 2,540^th place; English: 1,815^th place)

books.nap.edu

Institute of Medicine of the National Academies, Preterm Birth: Causes, Consequences, and Prevention Archived 2011-06-07 at the Wayback Machine (2006), page 317. Retrieved 2008-03-12

nbcnews.com (Global: 156^th place; English: 101^st place)

"Study: Fetus feels no pain until third trimester" NBC News

nhs.uk (Global: 2,637^th place; English: 2,254^th place)

"You and your baby at 37 weeks pregnant". NHS.UK. 8 December 2020. Archived from the original on 2022-11-02. Retrieved 2022-11-01.

nhsinform.scot (Global: low place; English: low place)

"How your baby develops week to week". NHS inform. Retrieved 22 June 2025.

nih.gov (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Campiglia, Sylvia S.; Walker, Muriel H. (1995). "Developing embryo and cyclic changes in the uterus of Peripatus (Macroperipatus) acacioi (Onychophora, Peripatidae)". Journal of Morphology. 224 (2): 179–198. Bibcode:1995JMorp.224..179C. doi:10.1002/jmor.1052240207. PMID 29865325. S2CID 46928727.
De Santis, M; Cesari, E; Nobili, E; Straface, G; Cavaliere, AF; Caruso, A (September 2007). "Radiation effects on development". Birth Defects Research Part C: Embryo Today: Reviews. 81 (3): 177–82. doi:10.1002/bdrc.20099. PMID 17963274.
Lee, Susan; Ralston, HJ; Drey, EA; Partridge, JC; Rosen, MA (August 24–31, 2005). "Fetal Pain A Systematic Multidisciplinary Review of the Evidence". Journal of the American Medical Association. 294 (8): 947–54. doi:10.1001/jama.294.8.947. PMID 16118385. Two authors of the study published in JAMA did not report their abortion-related activities, which pro-life groups called a conflict of interest; the editor of JAMA responded that JAMA probably would have mentioned those activities if they had been disclosed, but still would have published the study. See Denise Grady, "Study Authors Didn't Report Abortion Ties" Archived 2009-04-25 at the Wayback Machine, New York Times (2005-08-26).

nytimes.com (Global: 7^th place; English: 7^th place)

Lee, Susan; Ralston, HJ; Drey, EA; Partridge, JC; Rosen, MA (August 24–31, 2005). "Fetal Pain A Systematic Multidisciplinary Review of the Evidence". Journal of the American Medical Association. 294 (8): 947–54. doi:10.1001/jama.294.8.947. PMID 16118385. Two authors of the study published in JAMA did not report their abortion-related activities, which pro-life groups called a conflict of interest; the editor of JAMA responded that JAMA probably would have mentioned those activities if they had been disclosed, but still would have published the study. See Denise Grady, "Study Authors Didn't Report Abortion Ties" Archived 2009-04-25 at the Wayback Machine, New York Times (2005-08-26).

oed.com (Global: 743^rd place; English: 419^th place)

Oxford English Dictionary, 2013, s.v. 'fetus'

parents.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Giving Birth Before Your Due Date: Do All 40 Weeks Matter?". Parents. Archived from the original on 2022-11-02. Retrieved 2022-11-01.

pregnancyarchive.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Becher, Julie-Claire. "Insights into Early Fetal Development". Archived from the original on 2013-06-01., Behind the Medical Headlines (Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh and Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow October 2004)

pregnancybirthbaby.org.au (Global: low place; English: low place)

Australia, Healthdirect (8 March 2024). "How big is your baby?". www.pregnancybirthbaby.org.au.

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15^th place; English: 8^th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

Campiglia, Sylvia S.; Walker, Muriel H. (1995). "Developing embryo and cyclic changes in the uterus of Peripatus (Macroperipatus) acacioi (Onychophora, Peripatidae)". Journal of Morphology. 224 (2): 179–198. Bibcode:1995JMorp.224..179C. doi:10.1002/jmor.1052240207. PMID 29865325. S2CID 46928727.

tufts.edu (Global: 192^nd place; English: 165^th place)

perseus.tufts.edu

"Charlton T. Lewis, An Elementary Latin Dictionary, fētus". Archived from the original on 2017-01-04. Retrieved 2015-09-24.

washingtonpost.com (Global: 35^th place; English: 24^th place)

Weisman, Jonathan. "House to Consider Abortion Anesthesia Bill Archived 2008-10-28 at the Wayback Machine", Washington Post 2006-12-05. Retrieved 2007-02-06.

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

Harper, Douglas. (2001). Online Etymology Dictionary Archived 2013-04-20 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2007-01-20.
"Charlton T. Lewis, An Elementary Latin Dictionary, fētus". Archived from the original on 2017-01-04. Retrieved 2015-09-24.
ZFIN, Pharyngula Period (24–48 h) Archived 2007-07-14 at the Wayback Machine. Modified from: Kimmel et al., 1995. Developmental Dynamics 203:253–310. Downloaded 5 March 2007.
Lewin, Roger. Human Evolution Archived 2023-04-07 at the Wayback Machine, page 78 (Blackwell 2004).
"Fetal development: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia". www.nlm.nih.gov. Archived from the original on 2011-10-27.
Institute of Medicine of the National Academies, Preterm Birth: Causes, Consequences, and Prevention Archived 2011-06-07 at the Wayback Machine (2006), page 317. Retrieved 2008-03-12
The Columbia Encyclopedia Archived 2007-10-12 at the Wayback Machine (Sixth Edition). Retrieved 2007-03-05.
Greenfield, Marjorie. "Dr. Spock.com Archived 2007-01-22 at the Wayback Machine". Retrieved 2007-01-20.
Levene, Malcolm et al. Essentials of Neonatal Medicine Archived 2023-04-08 at the Wayback Machine (Blackwell 2000), p. 8. Retrieved 2007-03-04.
March of Dimes – Neonatal Death Archived 2014-10-24 at the Wayback Machine, retrieved September 2, 2009.
"You and your baby at 37 weeks pregnant". NHS.UK. 8 December 2020. Archived from the original on 2022-11-02. Retrieved 2022-11-01.
"Giving Birth Before Your Due Date: Do All 40 Weeks Matter?". Parents. Archived from the original on 2022-11-02. Retrieved 2022-11-01.
Becher, Julie-Claire. "Insights into Early Fetal Development". Archived from the original on 2013-06-01., Behind the Medical Headlines (Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh and Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow October 2004)
Holden, Chris and MacDonald, Anita. Nutrition and Child Health Archived 2020-07-31 at the Wayback Machine (Elsevier 2000). Retrieved 2007-03-04.
Queenan, John. Management of High-Risk Pregnancy Archived 2023-04-24 at the Wayback Machine (Blackwell 1999). Retrieved 2007-03-04.
Halamek, Louis. "Prenatal Consultation at the Limits of Viability Archived 2009-06-08 at the Wayback Machine", NeoReviews, Vol.4 No.6 (2003): "most neonatologists would agree that survival of infants younger than approximately 22 to 23 weeks' estimated gestational age [i.e. 20 to 21 weeks' estimated fertilization age] is universally dismal and that resuscitative efforts should not be undertaken when a neonate is born at this point in pregnancy."
World Health Organization (November 2014). "Preterm birth Fact sheet N°363". who.int. Archived from the original on 7 March 2015. Retrieved 6 March 2015.
Buck, Germaine M.; Platt, Robert W. (2011). Reproductive and perinatal epidemiology. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 163. ISBN 9780199857746. Archived from the original on 2016-08-15.
Whitaker, Kent (2001). Comprehensive Perinatal and Pediatric Respiratory Care. Delmar. Retrieved 2007-03-04.
Lee, Susan; Ralston, HJ; Drey, EA; Partridge, JC; Rosen, MA (August 24–31, 2005). "Fetal Pain A Systematic Multidisciplinary Review of the Evidence". Journal of the American Medical Association. 294 (8): 947–54. doi:10.1001/jama.294.8.947. PMID 16118385. Two authors of the study published in JAMA did not report their abortion-related activities, which pro-life groups called a conflict of interest; the editor of JAMA responded that JAMA probably would have mentioned those activities if they had been disclosed, but still would have published the study. See Denise Grady, "Study Authors Didn't Report Abortion Ties" Archived 2009-04-25 at the Wayback Machine, New York Times (2005-08-26).
"Fetal pain?". International Association for the Study of Pain. June 2006. Archived from the original on 2013-07-01.
"Unborn babies can feel pain". Minnesota Citizens Concerned for Life. Archived from the original on 2016-07-19. The neural pathways are present for pain to be experienced quite early by unborn babies," explains Steven Calvin, M.D., perinatologist, chair of the Program in Human Rights Medicine, University of Minnesota, where he teaches obstetrics.
White, R. Frank (October 2001). "Are We Overlooking Fetal Pain and Suffering During Abortion?". American Society of Anesthesiologists Newsletter. 65. Archived from the original on Jan 25, 2008. Retrieved 2007-03-10.
David, Barry and Goldberg, Barth. "Recovering Damages for Fetal Pain and Suffering Archived 2007-09-28 at the Wayback Machine", Illinois Bar Journal (December 2002). Retrieved 2007-03-10.
Weisman, Jonathan. "House to Consider Abortion Anesthesia Bill Archived 2008-10-28 at the Wayback Machine", Washington Post 2006-12-05. Retrieved 2007-02-06.
Anika Rahman, Laura Katzive and Stanley K. Henshaw. "A Global Review of Laws on Induced Abortion, 1985–1997 Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine", International Family Planning Perspectives Volume 24, Number 2 (June 1998).

who.int (Global: 213^th place; English: 314^th place)

World Health Organization (November 2014). "Preterm birth Fact sheet N°363". who.int. Archived from the original on 7 March 2015. Retrieved 6 March 2015.

zfin.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

ZFIN, Pharyngula Period (24–48 h) Archived 2007-07-14 at the Wayback Machine. Modified from: Kimmel et al., 1995. Developmental Dynamics 203:253–310. Downloaded 5 March 2007.

Fetus (English Wikipedia)

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