Figure skating jumps (English Wikipedia)

Lewis, Tanya (14 February 2022). "How Olympic Figure Skaters Break Records with Physics". Scientific American. Archived from the original on 23 February 2022. Retrieved 22 July 2022.

boston.com

Princiotti, Nora (12 February 2018). "What is a Triple Axel? And Why is it So Hard for Figure Skaters to Pull Off?". Boston.com. Archived from the original on 15 February 2022. Retrieved 21 July 2022.

denverpost.com

Henderson, John (26 January 2006). "Duo Throws Caution to Wind". The Denver Post. Retrieved 21 July 2022.

doi.org

Mazurkiewicz, Anna; Twańsak, Dagmara; Urbanik, Czesław (July 2018). "Biomechanics of the Axel Paulsen Figure Skating Jump". Polish Journal of Sport and Tourism. 25 (2): 3. doi:10.2478/pjst-2018-0007.

fivethirtyeight.com

Meyers, Dvora (3 February 2022). "How Quad Jumps Have Changed Women's Figure Skating". FiveThirtyEight. ABC News. Archived from the original on 18 February 2022. Retrieved 23 July 2022.

ifsmagazine.com

"New Season New Rules – International Figure Skating". International Figure Skating. 19 September 2018. Archived from the original on 24 October 2018. Retrieved 15 October 2023.

isu.org

"Results of Proposals in replacement of the 58th Ordinary ISU Congress 2021" (Press release). Lausanne, Switzerland: International Skating Union. 30 June 2021. Archived from the original on 10 October 2021. Retrieved 20 July 2022.
"ISU Communication 2258 Single and Pair Skating". 26 April 2023. Retrieved 12 October 2023.
ISW (14 September 2022). "Special Regulations & Technical Rules Single & Pair Skating & Ice Dance 2022". Archived from the original on 28 September 2023. Retrieved 28 September 2023.
"ISU Press".
"ISU Communication 2475 Single and Pair Skating 2022-24". Archived from the original on 22 October 2023. Retrieved 12 October 2023.
"ISU Figure Skating Media Guide 2023/24". Archived from the original on 9 December 2023. Retrieved 12 October 2023.
"ISU Technical Panel Handbook Single Skating 2023-24". 8 July 2023. Retrieved 12 October 2023.
"ISU Technical Panel Handbook Pair Skating 2023-24". 12 July 2023. Archived from the original on 28 September 2023. Retrieved 12 October 2023.
"New Rules for New Development in Figure Skating". Lausanne, Switzerland: International Skating Union. 14 October 2022. Retrieved 13 December 2022.^{[permanent dead link]}
"Communication No. 2334". International Skating Union. 8 July 2020. p. 3. Archived from the original on 29 June 2022. Retrieved 21 July 2022.
"Ilia Malinin (USA) lands first quad Axel – International Skating Union". isu.org. Archived from the original on 15 September 2022. Retrieved 16 September 2022.

japantimes.co.jp

"Alexandra Trusova leads quad revolution in debut senior season". The Japan Times. 19 March 2020. Archived from the original on 12 August 2022. Retrieved 15 October 2023.
"Hanyu First to Nail Quadruple Loop". The Japan Times. Kyodo News. 1 October 2016. ISSN 0447-5763. Archived from the original on 29 March 2019. Retrieved 21 July 2022.

latimes.com

latimesblogs.latimes.com

Elliott, Helene (13 March 2009). "Brian Orser Heads List of World Figure Skating Hall of Fame inductees". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 5 February 2011. Retrieved 9 October 2022.

latimes.com

Pucin, Diane (7 January 2002). "Button Has Never Been Known to Zip His Lip". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 11 December 2022. Retrieved 21 July 2022.

nytimes.com

Victor, Daniel (12 February 2018). "Mirai Nagasu Lands Triple Axel, a First by an American Woman at an Olympics". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 3 July 2022. Retrieved 21 July 2022.
"A Quadruple Jump on Ice". The New York Times. Associated Press. 26 March 1988. p. 1001057. Archived from the original on 24 March 2019. Retrieved 22 July 2022.

olympics.com

According to https://olympics.com/en/athletes/jacqueline-du-bief, Jacqueline du Bief, in 1952, was the first woman to do a double Lutz in international competition, but it was a controversial win, and that she later wrote in her book Thin Ice, that American Sonya Klopfer deserved the title.
Griffiths, Rachel; Jiwani, Rory (6 December 2019). "As it Happened: Wins for Kostornaia and Chen on Last Day of Competition in Turin". Olympic Channel. Retrieved 22 July 2022.

researchgate.net

Mazurkiewicz, Anna; Twańsak, Dagmara; Urbanik, Czesław (July 2018). "Biomechanics of the Axel Paulsen Figure Skating Jump". Polish Journal of Sport and Tourism. 25 (2): 3. doi:10.2478/pjst-2018-0007.

reuters.com

Sarkar, Pritha; Fallon, Clare (28 March 2017). "Figure Skating – Breakdown of Quadruple Lumps, Highest Scores and Judging". Reuters. Archived from the original on 2 October 2023. Retrieved 20 July 2022.

scientificamerican.com

Lewis, Tanya (14 February 2022). "How Olympic Figure Skaters Break Records with Physics". Scientific American. Archived from the original on 23 February 2022. Retrieved 22 July 2022.

semanticscholar.org

pdfs.semanticscholar.org

King et al. 2004, p. 112. King, Deborah; Smith, Sarah; Higginson, Brian; Muncasy, Barry; Scheirman, Gary (2004). "Characteristics of Triple and Quadruple Toe-Loops Performed during The Salt Lake City 2002 Winter Olympics" (PDF). Sports Biomechanics. 3 (1). Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 January 2019. Retrieved 17 May 2025.
King et al. 2004, p. 120. King, Deborah; Smith, Sarah; Higginson, Brian; Muncasy, Barry; Scheirman, Gary (2004). "Characteristics of Triple and Quadruple Toe-Loops Performed during The Salt Lake City 2002 Winter Olympics" (PDF). Sports Biomechanics. 3 (1). Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 January 2019. Retrieved 17 May 2025.

skatecanada.ca

"Skating Glossary". Skate Canada. 2015. Archived from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 20 July 2022.

skatewithaimee.com

"What You Need to Know About the New Rules". Coach Aimée Skating Academy - Learn to Ice Skate - PSA Excellence on Ice Awarded Program. 26 February 2007. Archived from the original on 22 October 2023. Retrieved 12 October 2023.

smithsonianmag.com

Lamb, Evelyn (7 February 2018). "How Physics Keeps Figure Skaters Gracefully Aloft". Smithsonian. Archived from the original on 31 January 2021. Retrieved 21 July 2022.

tass.ru

"Фигуристка Аделия Петросян впервые в истории исполнила четверной риттбергер" [Figure skater Adelia Petrosyan performed a quadruple loop for the first time in history]. TASS (in Russian). Archived from the original on 17 December 2021. Retrieved 19 December 2021.

theatlantic.com

Abad-Santos, Alexander (5 February 2014). "A GIF Guide to Figure Skaters' Jumps at the Olympics". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on 27 November 2022. Retrieved 20 July 2022.

time.com

Park, Alice (22 February 2018). "How to Tell the Difference Between the 6 Figure Skating Jumps You'll See at the Olympics". Time. Archived from the original on 11 June 2023. Retrieved 20 July 2022.
Calfas, Jennifer (12 February 2018). "Why Mirai Nagasu's Historic Triple Axel at the Olympics Is Such a Big Deal". Time. Archived from the original on 6 December 2022. Retrieved 21 July 2022.

tucollegian.org

Robbins, Hannah (11 February 2018). "Triple Axel New Ladies' Figure Skating Staple". The Collegian. Tulsa, Oklahoma: University of Tulsa. Archived from the original on 12 February 2019. Retrieved 21 July 2022.

usatoday.com

Schad, Tom (29 March 2025). "What is a Quad Axel? Explaining Ilia Malinin's Famed Figure Skating Jump". USA Today. Archived from the original on 2 April 2025. Retrieved 16 May 2025.

usfigureskatingfanzone.com

Cornetta, Katherine (1 October 2018). "Breaking Down an Euler". Fanzone.com. U.S. Figure Skating. Archived from the original on 29 August 2022. Retrieved 20 July 2022.

washingtonpost.com

Carpenter, Les (14 September 2022). "U.S. figure skater Ilia Malinin lands first quad axel in competition". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on 8 December 2022. Retrieved 15 September 2022.
Samuels, Robert (18 February 2018). "Ice Dancing is More than pairs Figure Skating Without Jumps". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 24 December 2023. Retrieved 21 July 2022.

web.archive.org

"Results of Proposals in replacement of the 58th Ordinary ISU Congress 2021" (Press release). Lausanne, Switzerland: International Skating Union. 30 June 2021. Archived from the original on 10 October 2021. Retrieved 20 July 2022.
ISW (14 September 2022). "Special Regulations & Technical Rules Single & Pair Skating & Ice Dance 2022". Archived from the original on 28 September 2023. Retrieved 28 September 2023.
Meyers, Dvora (3 February 2022). "How Quad Jumps Have Changed Women's Figure Skating". FiveThirtyEight. ABC News. Archived from the original on 18 February 2022. Retrieved 23 July 2022.
"Alexandra Trusova leads quad revolution in debut senior season". The Japan Times. 19 March 2020. Archived from the original on 12 August 2022. Retrieved 15 October 2023.
Carpenter, Les (14 September 2022). "U.S. figure skater Ilia Malinin lands first quad axel in competition". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on 8 December 2022. Retrieved 15 September 2022.
Abad-Santos, Alexander (5 February 2014). "A GIF Guide to Figure Skaters' Jumps at the Olympics". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on 27 November 2022. Retrieved 20 July 2022.
Cornetta, Katherine (1 October 2018). "Breaking Down an Euler". Fanzone.com. U.S. Figure Skating. Archived from the original on 29 August 2022. Retrieved 20 July 2022.
"ISU Communication 2475 Single and Pair Skating 2022-24". Archived from the original on 22 October 2023. Retrieved 12 October 2023.
Park, Alice (22 February 2018). "How to Tell the Difference Between the 6 Figure Skating Jumps You'll See at the Olympics". Time. Archived from the original on 11 June 2023. Retrieved 20 July 2022.
"ISU Figure Skating Media Guide 2023/24". Archived from the original on 9 December 2023. Retrieved 12 October 2023.
Sarkar, Pritha; Fallon, Clare (28 March 2017). "Figure Skating – Breakdown of Quadruple Lumps, Highest Scores and Judging". Reuters. Archived from the original on 2 October 2023. Retrieved 20 July 2022.
"ISU Technical Panel Handbook Pair Skating 2023-24". 12 July 2023. Archived from the original on 28 September 2023. Retrieved 12 October 2023.
King et al. 2004, p. 112. King, Deborah; Smith, Sarah; Higginson, Brian; Muncasy, Barry; Scheirman, Gary (2004). "Characteristics of Triple and Quadruple Toe-Loops Performed during The Salt Lake City 2002 Winter Olympics" (PDF). Sports Biomechanics. 3 (1). Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 January 2019. Retrieved 17 May 2025.
"Skating Glossary". Skate Canada. 2015. Archived from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 20 July 2022.
Robbins, Hannah (11 February 2018). "Triple Axel New Ladies' Figure Skating Staple". The Collegian. Tulsa, Oklahoma: University of Tulsa. Archived from the original on 12 February 2019. Retrieved 21 July 2022.
Princiotti, Nora (12 February 2018). "What is a Triple Axel? And Why is it So Hard for Figure Skaters to Pull Off?". Boston.com. Archived from the original on 15 February 2022. Retrieved 21 July 2022.
Calfas, Jennifer (12 February 2018). "Why Mirai Nagasu's Historic Triple Axel at the Olympics Is Such a Big Deal". Time. Archived from the original on 6 December 2022. Retrieved 21 July 2022.
Victor, Daniel (12 February 2018). "Mirai Nagasu Lands Triple Axel, a First by an American Woman at an Olympics". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 3 July 2022. Retrieved 21 July 2022.
Schad, Tom (29 March 2025). "What is a Quad Axel? Explaining Ilia Malinin's Famed Figure Skating Jump". USA Today. Archived from the original on 2 April 2025. Retrieved 16 May 2025.
Samuels, Robert (18 February 2018). "Ice Dancing is More than pairs Figure Skating Without Jumps". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 24 December 2023. Retrieved 21 July 2022.
"What You Need to Know About the New Rules". Coach Aimée Skating Academy - Learn to Ice Skate - PSA Excellence on Ice Awarded Program. 26 February 2007. Archived from the original on 22 October 2023. Retrieved 12 October 2023.
"New Season New Rules – International Figure Skating". International Figure Skating. 19 September 2018. Archived from the original on 24 October 2018. Retrieved 15 October 2023.
Germano, Sara (21 February 2018). "In Figure Skating, Russia's (Perfectly Legal) Secret Sauce". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 25 July 2020. Retrieved 21 July 2022.
"Communication No. 2334". International Skating Union. 8 July 2020. p. 3. Archived from the original on 29 June 2022. Retrieved 21 July 2022.
Lamb, Evelyn (7 February 2018). "How Physics Keeps Figure Skaters Gracefully Aloft". Smithsonian. Archived from the original on 31 January 2021. Retrieved 21 July 2022.
King et al. 2004, p. 120. King, Deborah; Smith, Sarah; Higginson, Brian; Muncasy, Barry; Scheirman, Gary (2004). "Characteristics of Triple and Quadruple Toe-Loops Performed during The Salt Lake City 2002 Winter Olympics" (PDF). Sports Biomechanics. 3 (1). Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 January 2019. Retrieved 17 May 2025.
Elliott, Helene (13 March 2009). "Brian Orser Heads List of World Figure Skating Hall of Fame inductees". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 5 February 2011. Retrieved 9 October 2022.
Pucin, Diane (7 January 2002). "Button Has Never Been Known to Zip His Lip". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 11 December 2022. Retrieved 21 July 2022.
"A Quadruple Jump on Ice". The New York Times. Associated Press. 26 March 1988. p. 1001057. Archived from the original on 24 March 2019. Retrieved 22 July 2022.
"Фигуристка Аделия Петросян впервые в истории исполнила четверной риттбергер" [Figure skater Adelia Petrosyan performed a quadruple loop for the first time in history]. TASS (in Russian). Archived from the original on 17 December 2021. Retrieved 19 December 2021.
"Hanyu First to Nail Quadruple Loop". The Japan Times. Kyodo News. 1 October 2016. ISSN 0447-5763. Archived from the original on 29 March 2019. Retrieved 21 July 2022.
"Ilia Malinin (USA) lands first quad Axel – International Skating Union". isu.org. Archived from the original on 15 September 2022. Retrieved 16 September 2022.

worldcat.org

search.worldcat.org

Carpenter, Les (14 September 2022). "U.S. figure skater Ilia Malinin lands first quad axel in competition". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on 8 December 2022. Retrieved 15 September 2022.
Petkevich 1988, p. 237. Petkevich, John Misha (1988). Sports Illustrated Figure Skating: Championship Techniques (1st ed.). New York: Sports Illustrated. ISBN 978-1-4616-6440-6. OCLC 815289537.
Petkevich 1988, p. 199. Petkevich, John Misha (1988). Sports Illustrated Figure Skating: Championship Techniques (1st ed.). New York: Sports Illustrated. ISBN 978-1-4616-6440-6. OCLC 815289537.
Petkevich 1988, p. 193. Petkevich, John Misha (1988). Sports Illustrated Figure Skating: Championship Techniques (1st ed.). New York: Sports Illustrated. ISBN 978-1-4616-6440-6. OCLC 815289537.
Petkevich 1988, pp. 193–194. Petkevich, John Misha (1988). Sports Illustrated Figure Skating: Championship Techniques (1st ed.). New York: Sports Illustrated. ISBN 978-1-4616-6440-6. OCLC 815289537.
Petkevich 1988, pp. 271–272. Petkevich, John Misha (1988). Sports Illustrated Figure Skating: Championship Techniques (1st ed.). New York: Sports Illustrated. ISBN 978-1-4616-6440-6. OCLC 815289537.
"Hanyu First to Nail Quadruple Loop". The Japan Times. Kyodo News. 1 October 2016. ISSN 0447-5763. Archived from the original on 29 March 2019. Retrieved 21 July 2022.

wsj.com

Germano, Sara (21 February 2018). "In Figure Skating, Russia's (Perfectly Legal) Secret Sauce". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 25 July 2020. Retrieved 21 July 2022.