First Amendment to the United States Constitution (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "First Amendment to the United States Constitution" in English language version.

Last modified: 19:18:19, 6 August 2026 (UTC)

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6549web.archive.org

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6157justia.com

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42congress.gov

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21brennancenter.org

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aclj.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Hutchison, Harry (June 29, 2022). "The ACLJ Participates in Another Supreme Court Victory as the Court Upholds Coach Kennedy's Right to Pray after Football Games in Kennedy v. Bremerton School District". American Center for Law and Justice (ACLJ). Archived from the original on November 23, 2022. Retrieved August 20, 2022.

aclu.org (Global: 5,691^st place; English: 3,176^th place)

"The Successes of the American Civil Liberties Union". American Civil Liberties Union. Archived from the original on October 26, 2023. Retrieved June 26, 2020.

acslaw.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Lupu, Ira; Tuttle, Robert (June 28, 2022). "Kennedy v. Bremerton School District – A Sledgehammer to the Bedrock of Nonestablishment". American Constitution Society. Archived from the original on November 23, 2022. Retrieved August 20, 2022.

advocate.com (Global: 1,869^th place; English: 1,037^th place)

Ring, Trudy (June 17, 2021). "What the Supreme Court Ruling on Foster Care Means for LGBTQ+ Parents". The Advocate. Archived from the original on June 18, 2021. Retrieved June 17, 2021.

ahdictionary.com (Global: 4,364^th place; English: 2,759^th place)

"freedom of speech". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (5th ed.). Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 2020. Archived from the original on July 28, 2020. Retrieved July 28, 2020.

ala.org (Global: 2,068^th place; English: 1,039^th place)

"Hate Speech and Hate Crime". American Library Association. Retrieved September 12, 2025.

americanbar.org (Global: 7,817^th place; English: 4,156^th place)

Quimbee (September 28, 2018). "Campaign finance reform ruling takes it to the limits (Buckley v. Valeo)". American Bar Association. Retrieved September 11, 2025.

americaslibrary.gov (Global: low place; English: low place)

"The New United States of America Adopted the Bill of Rights: December 15, 1791". Library of Congress. Archived from the original on December 25, 2012. Retrieved April 4, 2013.

archives.gov (Global: 319^th place; English: 166^th place)

archives.gov

"America's Founding Documents – The Bill of Rights: A Transcription". archives.gov. National Archives and Records Administration. November 4, 2015. Retrieved October 2, 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
"Bill of Rights". National Archives. Archived from the original on April 4, 2013. Retrieved April 4, 2013.

prologue.blogs.archives.gov

Kratz, Jessie (January 23, 2020). "Unratified Amendments". Pieces of History. Archived from the original on September 27, 2024. Retrieved October 3, 2024.

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

Beeman 2009, pp. 341–43. Beeman, Richard (2009). Plain, Honest Men: The Making of the American Constitution. Random House. ISBN 978-1-58836-726-6. Retrieved April 4, 2013.
Haynes, Charles, et al. The First Amendment in Schools: A Guide from the First Amendment Center, p. 13 (Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development, 2003). Madison also proposed a similar limitation upon the states, which was completely rejected: "No State shall violate the equal rights of conscience, or the freedom of the press, or the trial by jury in criminal cases." Madison, James. "House of Representatives, Amendments to the Constitution" (June 8, 1789) via The Founders' Constitution.
Jasper 1999, p. 2. Jasper, Margaret C. (1999). The Law of Speech and the First Amendment. Oceana Publications. ISBN 978-0-379-11335-8. Retrieved April 4, 2013.
Shultz, David (2005). Encyclopedia of the Supreme Court. New York City, New York: Infobase Publishing. ISBN 9780816067398.
Devigne, Robert (1994). Recasting Conservatism: Oakeshott, Strauss, and the Response to Postmodernism. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. p. 108. ISBN 0-300-05594-3.
Dry, Murray (2004). Civil Peace and the Quest for Truth: The First Amendment Freedoms in Political Philosophy and American Constitutionalism. Lexington Books. pp. 68–70. ISBN 978-0-7391-5305-5.
Abrams 2006, pp. 65–66. Abrams, Floyd (April 4, 2006). Speaking freely. Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-303675-3. Retrieved April 4, 2013.
Jasper 1999, p. 24. Jasper, Margaret C. (1999). The Law of Speech and the First Amendment. Oceana Publications. ISBN 978-0-379-11335-8. Retrieved April 4, 2013.
Jasper 1999, p. 26. Jasper, Margaret C. (1999). The Law of Speech and the First Amendment. Oceana Publications. ISBN 978-0-379-11335-8. Retrieved April 4, 2013.
Jasper 1999, p. 28. Jasper, Margaret C. (1999). The Law of Speech and the First Amendment. Oceana Publications. ISBN 978-0-379-11335-8. Retrieved April 4, 2013.
Jasper 1999, p. 32. Jasper, Margaret C. (1999). The Law of Speech and the First Amendment. Oceana Publications. ISBN 978-0-379-11335-8. Retrieved April 4, 2013.
Jasper 1999, pp. 43–45. Jasper, Margaret C. (1999). The Law of Speech and the First Amendment. Oceana Publications. ISBN 978-0-379-11335-8. Retrieved April 4, 2013.
Jasper 1999, p. 43. Jasper, Margaret C. (1999). The Law of Speech and the First Amendment. Oceana Publications. ISBN 978-0-379-11335-8. Retrieved April 4, 2013.
Jasper 1999, p. 61. Jasper, Margaret C. (1999). The Law of Speech and the First Amendment. Oceana Publications. ISBN 978-0-379-11335-8. Retrieved April 4, 2013.
Jasper 1999, pp. 62–63. Jasper, Margaret C. (1999). The Law of Speech and the First Amendment. Oceana Publications. ISBN 978-0-379-11335-8. Retrieved April 4, 2013.
Jasper 1999, p. 46. Jasper, Margaret C. (1999). The Law of Speech and the First Amendment. Oceana Publications. ISBN 978-0-379-11335-8. Retrieved April 4, 2013.
Newell 1898, pp. 33–37. Newell, Martin L. (1898). The Law of Libel and Slander in Civil and Criminal Cases: As Administered in the Courts of the United States of America. Callaghan. Retrieved April 19, 2013.
Nelson 1994, p. 93. Nelson, William Edward (1994). Americanization of the Common Law: The Impact of Legal Change on Massachusetts Society, 1760-1830. University of Georgia Press. ISBN 978-0-8203-1587-4. Retrieved April 19, 2013.
Jasper 1999, pp. 9–10. Jasper, Margaret C. (1999). The Law of Speech and the First Amendment. Oceana Publications. ISBN 978-0-379-11335-8. Retrieved April 4, 2013.
Jasper 1999, p. 51. Jasper, Margaret C. (1999). The Law of Speech and the First Amendment. Oceana Publications. ISBN 978-0-379-11335-8. Retrieved April 4, 2013.
Lee, William E.; Stewart, Daxton R.; Peters, Jonathan (July 6, 2019). The Law of Public Communication. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-351-69235-9.

brennancenter.org (Global: low place; English: 8,486^th place)

Webster, Daniel I. (January 29, 2025). "Citizens United Explained". Brennan Center for Justice. Retrieved September 11, 2025.

brisbanetimes.com.au (Global: 3,948^th place; English: 2,095^th place)

"Digg finds the key is safety in numbers - web - Technology". www.brisbanetimes.com.au. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved July 10, 2025.

britannica.com (Global: 37^th place; English: 64^th place)

"American History: Massachusetts Bay Colony". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Archived from the original on December 4, 2020. Retrieved December 15, 2020.
Eugene Volokh. "First Amendment". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on May 12, 2013. Retrieved April 11, 2013.
"West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette". Encyclopædia Britannica. June 7, 2020. Retrieved June 21, 2020.
Eugene Volokh (January 8, 2014). "First Amendment (United States Constitution)". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved April 18, 2014.

cambridge.org (Global: 209^th place; English: 151^st place)

dictionary.cambridge.org

"free speech". Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary. Archived from the original on September 16, 2019. Retrieved July 28, 2020.

cnn.com (Global: 36^th place; English: 26^th place)

Willingham, AJ (September 6, 2018). "The First Amendment doesn't guarantee you the rights you think it does". CNN. Retrieved March 1, 2019.

congress.gov (Global: 392^nd place; English: 262^nd place)

constitution.congress.gov

"First Amendment". Constitution of the United States of America: Analysis and Interpretation ("Constitution Annotated" or "CONAN"). congress.gov. Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.
"Amdt1.7.5.11 Obscenity". Constitution Annotated. Retrieved September 11, 2025.

constitutioncenter.org (Global: 8,495^th place; English: 5,470^th place)

"Everson v. Board of Education of Ewing Township (1947)". National Constitution Center. Retrieved September 11, 2025.
Marci A. Hamilton; Michael McConnell. "Common Interpretation: The Establishment Clause". National Constitution Center. Archived from the original on April 15, 2020. Retrieved May 12, 2020.
Stone, Geoffrey R.; Volokh, Eugene. "Freedom of Speech and the Press". National Constitution Center. Retrieved September 11, 2025.

cornell.edu (Global: 308^th place; English: 253^rd place)

law.cornell.edu

"First Amendment". Cornell University Law School Legal Information Institute. Archived from the original on May 1, 2013. Retrieved May 3, 2013.
"First Amendment: An Overview". Wex Legal Dictionary / Encyclopedia. Legal Information Institute of the Cornell University. Retrieved April 18, 2014.
18 U.S.C. § 2385

dcbar.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Rick Schmitt, "Window to the Past: New York Times Co. v. Sullivan" Archived 2016-08-06 at the Wayback Machine, Washington Lawyer, October 2014.

dictionary.com (Global: 1,672^nd place; English: 1,248^th place)

"freedom of speech". Dictionary.com. Archived from the original on June 16, 2019. Retrieved July 28, 2020.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Kritzer, H. M.; Richards, M. J. (2003). "Jurisprudential Regimes and Supreme Court Decisionmaking: The Lemon Regime and Establishment Clause Cases". Law & Society Review. 37 (4): 830. doi:10.1046/j.0023-9216.2003.03704005.x.
Stevens, John Paul (April 1993). "The Freedom of Speech". Yale Law Journal. 102 (6): 1296. doi:10.2307/796971. JSTOR 796971.

eff.org (Global: 4,491^st place; English: 3,102^nd place)

Dame-Boyle, Alison (April 16, 2015). "EFF at 25: Remembering the Case that Established Code as Speech". Electronic Frontier Foundation. Retrieved December 31, 2025.

findlaw.com (Global: 2,070^th place; English: 1,114^th place)

constitution.findlaw.com

"Findlaw Annotation 21—First Amendment—Rights of assembly and petition". FindLaw. Archived from the original on November 12, 2020. Retrieved June 28, 2020.

firstamendmentcenter.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Religious liberty in public life: Establishment Clause overview". First Amendment Center. Archived from the original on September 5, 2010. Retrieved May 28, 2020.
"Frequently Asked Questions—Petition". First Amendment Center. Archived from the original on April 28, 2013. Retrieved April 19, 2013.

freedomforum.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Goldberg, Kevin. "Commercial Speech and Truth in Advertising: Everything to Know". Freedom Forum. Retrieved September 11, 2025.

freedomforuminstitute.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Director Religious Freedom Education Project Charles C. Haynes (December 26, 2002). "History of Religious Liberty in America. Written for Civitas: A Framework for Civic Education (1991) by the Council for the Advancement of Citizenship and the Center for Civic Education". Archived from the original on May 25, 2020. Retrieved May 25, 2020.

harvardlawreview.org (Global: low place; English: 5,902^nd place)

Sherman, Paul (March 2015). "Occupational Speech and the First Amendment". Harvard Law Review. Retrieved September 10, 2025.

highbeam.com (Global: 515^th place; English: 295^th place)

Kozlowski, Dan V.; Bullard, Melissa E.; Deets, Kristen (April 1, 2009). "Uncertain Rights: Student Speech and Conflicting Interpretations of Morse v. Frederick". Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly. Archived from the original on May 9, 2013. Retrieved April 11, 2013.
"Milkovich v. Lorain Journal Co. 497 U.S. 1 (1990)". Encyclopedia of the American Constitution. January 1, 2000. Archived from the original on May 9, 2013. Retrieved April 19, 2013.
"Branzburg v. Hayes 408 U.S. 665 (1972)". Encyclopedia of the American Constitution. January 1, 2000. Archived from the original on May 9, 2013. Retrieved April 19, 2013.
Schauer, Frederick (January 1, 2000). "New York Times Co. v. United States 403 U.S. 713 (1971)". Encyclopedia of the American Constitution. Archived from the original on May 9, 2013. Retrieved April 19, 2013.
Hevesi, Dennis (February 2, 2010). "Dan Paul, 85, leading lawyer for press freedom". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on May 9, 2013. Retrieved April 19, 2013.
"Hurley v. Irish-American Gay, Lesbian, And Bisexual Group of Boston 515 U.S. 557 (1995)". Encyclopedia of the American Constitution. January 1, 2000. Archived from the original on May 9, 2013. Retrieved April 13, 2013.
"Boy Scouts of America v. Dale". Gender Issues and Sexuality: Essential Primary Sources. January 1, 2006. Archived from the original on May 9, 2013. Retrieved April 13, 2013.

jstor.org (Global: 23^rd place; English: 15^th place)

Stevens, John Paul (April 1993). "The Freedom of Speech". Yale Law Journal. 102 (6): 1296. doi:10.2307/796971. JSTOR 796971.

justia.com (Global: 673^rd place; English: 333^rd place)

supreme.justia.com

"McCreary County v. American Civil Liberties Union of Ky., 545 U.S. 844 (2005), at Part IV". Justia US Supreme Court Center. June 27, 2005. Retrieved November 8, 2020.
"Murdock v. Pennsylvania, 319 U.S. 105 (1943), at 115". Justia US Supreme Court Center. May 3, 1943. Retrieved January 10, 2022.
"Walz v. Tax Comm'n of City of New York, 397 U.S. 664 (1970, at 669". Justia US Supreme Court Center. Justia US Supreme Court Center. May 4, 1970. Archived from the original on July 16, 2023. Retrieved July 16, 2023.
"Wallace v. Jaffree, 472 U.S. 38 (1985), at 50". Justia US Supreme Court Center. June 4, 1985. Retrieved November 8, 2020.
"Larkin v. Grendel's Den, Inc., 459 U.S. 116 (1982) at 126-127". Justia US Supreme Court Center. December 13, 1982. Retrieved January 5, 2022.
Reynolds v. United States, 98 U.S. 145 (1878) at 98
"Larson v. Valente, 456 U.S. 228 (1982), at 244". Justia US Supreme Court Center. April 21, 1982. Retrieved August 20, 2020.
"Wallace v. Jaffree, 472 U.S. 38 (1985)". Justia US Supreme Court Center. June 4, 1985. Retrieved June 25, 2020.
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"Abington School District v. Schempp, 374 U.S. 203 (1963) at 222-223". Justia US Supreme Court Center. June 17, 1963. Retrieved January 5, 2022.
"Employment Div. v. Smith, 494 U.S. 872 (1990), at 877-878". Justia US Supreme Court Center. April 17, 1990. Retrieved July 23, 2020.
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"Riley v. National Federation of the Blind, 487 U.S. 781 (1988), at 796 – 797". Justia US Supreme Court Center. Retrieved July 28, 2020.
Murdock v. Pennsylvania 319 U.S. 105 (1943) at 115
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"Stanley v. Georgia, 394 U.S. 557 (1969), at 565". Justia US Supreme Court Center. April 7, 1969. Retrieved December 27, 2020.
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"Schneider v. State, 308 U.S. 147 (1939), at 161". Justia US Supreme Court Center. November 21, 1939. Retrieved February 10, 2021.
"Thornhill v. Alabama, 310 U.S. 88 (1940), at 101-102". Justia US Supreme Court Center. Archived from the original on May 29, 2023. Retrieved November 11, 2023.
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Citizens United v. FEC 558 U.S. 310 (2010)
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Leathers v. Medlock, 499 U.S. 439 (1991)
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lincoln.edu (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Freedom of Religion". Lincoln University (Pennsylvania). Archived from the original on September 10, 2020. Retrieved May 28, 2020.

loc.gov (Global: 63^rd place; English: 47^th place)

"Jefferson's Letter to the Danbury Baptists—The Final Letter, as Sent on January 1, 1802". Library of Congress. Retrieved February 13, 2014.

merriam-webster.com (Global: 425^th place; English: 373^rd place)

"freedom of speech". Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on February 29, 2020. Retrieved July 28, 2020.

mtsu.edu (Global: low place; English: 7,640^th place)

mtsu.edu

John R. Vile. "Gillette v. United States (1971)". The First Amendment Encyclopedia presented by the John Seigenthaler Chair of Excellence in First Amendment Studies. Archived from the original on June 14, 2020. Retrieved June 14, 2020.
Vile, John R. "Established Churches in Early America". The First Amendment Encyclopedia presented by the John Seigenthaler Chair of Excellence in First Amendment Studies. Retrieved August 3, 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
Michael P. Bobic; John R. Vile (2009). "Accommodationism and Religion". The First Amendment Encyclopedia presented by the John Seigenthaler Chair of Excellence in First Amendment Studies. Archived from the original on June 14, 2020. Retrieved June 14, 2020.
Vile, John R. "Benevolent Neutrality". The First Amendment Encyclopedia presented by the John Seigenthaler Chair of Excellence in First Amendment Studies. Retrieved August 3, 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
Vile, John R. "Schneider v. State (1939)". The First Amendment Encyclopedia. John Seigenthaler Chair of Excellence in First Amendment Studies. Archived from the original on January 25, 2021. Retrieved February 10, 2021.

firstamendment.mtsu.edu

Richard L. Pacelle Jr. (September 19, 2023). "Preferred Position Doctrine". Free Speech Center at Middle Tennessee State University. Archived from the original on February 2, 2024. Retrieved February 2, 2024.
Ryman, Hana M.; Alcorn, J. Mark (January 3, 2025). "Establishment Clause: Separation of Church and State". Free Speech Center. Retrieved September 10, 2025.
Hayward, Allison (January 11, 2025). "Anonymous Speech". Free Speech Center. Retrieved September 10, 2025.
Schultz, David (July 9, 2024). "Commercial Speech". Free Speech Center. Retrieved September 11, 2025.

nytimes.com (Global: 7^th place; English: 7^th place)

Liptak, Adam (March 2, 2011). "Justices Rule for Protesters at Military Funerals". The New York Times. Retrieved September 12, 2025.
Liptak, Adam (June 27, 2011). "Justices Reject Ban on Violent Video Games for Children". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 31, 2019. Retrieved April 19, 2013.

outsidethebeltway.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Mataconis, Doug (May 28, 2013). "Bloggers, Media Shield Laws, And The First Amendment". Outside The Beltway. Retrieved August 9, 2013.

oyez.org (Global: 9,085^th place; English: 4,947^th place)

"Packingham v. North Carolina". www.oyez.org.

phschool.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Supreme Court Cases: Reynolds v. United States, 1879". PHSchool.com. Pearson Prentice Hall. Archived from the original on October 19, 2019. Retrieved August 28, 2016.

questia.com (Global: 1,682^nd place; English: 967^th place)

Shiffrin, Seana Valentine (January 1, 2005). "What is Really Wrong with Compelled Association?". Northwestern University Law Review.^{[dead link]}

reason.com (Global: 2,693^rd place; English: 1,431^st place)

Epstein, Jim (October 21, 2020). "When Encryption Was a Crime: The 1990s Battle for Free Speech in Software". Reason.com. Retrieved December 31, 2025.
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doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

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