First Amendment to the United States Constitution (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "First Amendment to the United States Constitution" in English language version.

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Hutchison, Harry (June 29, 2022). "The ACLJ Participates in Another Supreme Court Victory as the Court Upholds Coach Kennedy's Right to Pray after Football Games in Kennedy v. Bremerton School District". American Center for Law and Justice (ACLJ). Archived from the original on November 23, 2022. Retrieved August 20, 2022.

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Lupu, Ira; Tuttle, Robert (June 28, 2022). "Kennedy v. Bremerton School District – A Sledgehammer to the Bedrock of Nonestablishment". American Constitution Society. Archived from the original on November 23, 2022. Retrieved August 20, 2022.

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Ring, Trudy (June 17, 2021). "What the Supreme Court Ruling on Foster Care Means for LGBTQ+ Parents". The Advocate. Archived from the original on June 18, 2021. Retrieved June 17, 2021.

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"freedom of speech In: The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fifth Edition, 2020". Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. Archived from the original on July 28, 2020. Retrieved July 28, 2020.

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"The New United States of America Adopted the Bill of Rights: December 15, 1791". Library of Congress. Archived from the original on December 25, 2012. Retrieved April 4, 2013.

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"America's Founding Documents - The Bill of Rights: A Transcription". archives.gov. National Archives and Records Administration. November 4, 2015. Archived from the original on October 2, 2024. Retrieved October 2, 2024.
Lecher, Colin (June 17, 2019). "First Amendment constraints don't apply to private platforms, Supreme Court affirms". The Verge. Archived from the original on July 19, 2023. Retrieved June 18, 2019.
Vile, John R. "Established Churches in Early America". The First Amendment Encyclopedia presented by the John Seigenthaler Chair of Excellence in First Amendment Studies. Archived from the original on August 3, 2020. Retrieved August 3, 2020.
Vile, John R. "Benevolent Neutrality". The First Amendment Encyclopedia presented by the John Seigenthaler Chair of Excellence in First Amendment Studies. Archived from the original on August 3, 2020. Retrieved August 3, 2020.

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"America's Founding Documents - The Bill of Rights: A Transcription". archives.gov. National Archives and Records Administration. November 4, 2015. Archived from the original on October 2, 2024. Retrieved October 2, 2024.
"Bill of Rights". National Archives. Archived from the original on April 4, 2013. Retrieved April 4, 2013.

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Kratz, Jessie (January 23, 2020). "Unratified Amendments". Pieces of History. Archived from the original on September 27, 2024. Retrieved October 3, 2024.

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Beeman 2009, pp. 341–43. Beeman, Richard (2009). Plain, Honest Men: The Making of the American Constitution. Random House. ISBN 978-1-58836-726-6. Retrieved April 4, 2013.
Haynes, Charles, et al. The First Amendment in Schools: A Guide from the First Amendment Center, p. 13 (Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development, 2003). Madison also proposed a similar limitation upon the states, which was completely rejected: "No State shall violate the equal rights of conscience, or the freedom of the press, or the trial by jury in criminal cases." Madison, James. "House of Representatives, Amendments to the Constitution" (June 8, 1789) via The Founders' Constitution.
Jasper 1999, p. 2. Jasper, Margaret C. (1999). The Law of Speech and the First Amendment. Oceana Publications. ISBN 978-0-379-11335-8. Retrieved April 4, 2013.
Archaeology, Narrative, and the Politics of the Past: The View from Southern Maryland, p. 52, UPCC book collections on Project MUSE, Julia A. King, publisher, Univ. of Tennessee Press, 2012, ISBN 9781572338883
Warren A. Nord, Does God Make a Difference?, Oxford University Press, 2010.
David Shultz (2005). Encyclopedia of the Supreme Court. Infobase Publishing. p. 144. ISBN 9780816067398. Retrieved December 31, 2007. Accommodationists, on the other hand, read the establishment clause as prohibiting Congress from declaring a national religion or preferring one to another, but laws do not have to be shorn of morality and history to be declared constitutional. They apply Lemon only selectively because '[w]e are a religious people whose institutions presuppose a Supreme Being' as Justice Douglas wrote in Zorach v. Clauson 343 U.S. 306 (1952).
Warren A. Nord (November 10, 2010). Does God Make a Difference?. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199890224. Retrieved December 31, 2007. First Amendment Politics: At the risk of oversimplifying a very complicated situation, I suggest that conservative justices tend to favor a weak reading of both the Free Exercise and Establishment clause, while liberals tend to favor strong readings. That is, conservative justices have been less concerned about the dangers of establishment and less concerned to protect free exercise rights, particularly of religious minorities. Liberals, by contrast, have been opposed to any possibility of a religious establishment and they have been relatively more concerned to protect the free exercise rights of minorities.
Robert Devigne (August 28, 1996). Recasting Conservatism: Oakeshott, Strauss, and the Response to Postmodernism. Yale University Press. ISBN 0300068689. Retrieved December 31, 2007. Conservatives claim that liberals misinterpret the establishment and free exercise clauses of the First Amendment. They point to the opinion written for the Supreme Court by Hugo Black in Everson v. Board of Education: "The 'establishment of religion' clause of the First Amendment means at least this: neither a state nor a Federal government can set up a church. Neither can pass laws which aid one religion, aid all religions or prefer one religion over another." The establishment clause, conservatives insist, precludes the national state from promoting any religious denomination but does not prohibit state governments and local communities from developing policies that encourage general religious beliefs that do not favor a particular sect and are consistent with the secular government's goals.
Dry, Murray. Civil Peace and the Quest for Truth: The First Amendment Freedoms in Political Philosophy and American Constitutionalism, pp. 68–70 (Lexington Books 2004).
Abrams 2006, pp. 65–66. Abrams, Floyd (April 4, 2006). Speaking freely. Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-303675-3. Retrieved April 4, 2013.
Jasper 1999, p. 23. Jasper, Margaret C. (1999). The Law of Speech and the First Amendment. Oceana Publications. ISBN 978-0-379-11335-8. Retrieved April 4, 2013.
Geoffrey R. Stone; Professor of Law Geoffrey R Stone (2004). Perilous Times: Free Speech in Wartime from the Sedition Act of 1798 to the War on Terrorism. W.W. Norton & Company. p. 193. ISBN 978-0-393-05880-2.
Jasper 1999, p. 24. Jasper, Margaret C. (1999). The Law of Speech and the First Amendment. Oceana Publications. ISBN 978-0-379-11335-8. Retrieved April 4, 2013.
Jasper 1999, p. 26. Jasper, Margaret C. (1999). The Law of Speech and the First Amendment. Oceana Publications. ISBN 978-0-379-11335-8. Retrieved April 4, 2013.
Killian, Johnny H.; Costello, George; Thomas, Kenneth R., The Constitution of the United States of America: Analysis and Interpretation, Library of Congress, Government Printing Office, 2005, ISBN 978-0160723797, pp. 1096, 1100.
Currie, David P., The Constitution in the Supreme Court: The Second Century, 1888–1986, Volume 2, University of Chicago Press, 1994, p. 269, ISBN 9780226131122.
Konvitz, Milton Ridvad, Fundamental Liberties of a Free People: Religion, Speech, Press, Assembly, Transaction Publishers, 2003, p. 304, ISBN 9780765809544.
Eastland, Terry, Freedom of Expression in the Supreme Court: The Defining Cases, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 16. August 2000, p. 47 ISBN 978-0847697113.
Jasper 1999, p. 28. Jasper, Margaret C. (1999). The Law of Speech and the First Amendment. Oceana Publications. ISBN 978-0-379-11335-8. Retrieved April 4, 2013.
Jasper 1999, p. 29. Jasper, Margaret C. (1999). The Law of Speech and the First Amendment. Oceana Publications. ISBN 978-0-379-11335-8. Retrieved April 4, 2013.
Jasper 1999, p. 32. Jasper, Margaret C. (1999). The Law of Speech and the First Amendment. Oceana Publications. ISBN 978-0-379-11335-8. Retrieved April 4, 2013.
Jasper 1999, p. 46. Jasper, Margaret C. (1999). The Law of Speech and the First Amendment. Oceana Publications. ISBN 978-0-379-11335-8. Retrieved April 4, 2013.
Jasper 1999, p. 43. Jasper, Margaret C. (1999). The Law of Speech and the First Amendment. Oceana Publications. ISBN 978-0-379-11335-8. Retrieved April 4, 2013.
Jasper 1999, pp. 43–44. Jasper, Margaret C. (1999). The Law of Speech and the First Amendment. Oceana Publications. ISBN 978-0-379-11335-8. Retrieved April 4, 2013.
Jasper 1999, p. 61. Jasper, Margaret C. (1999). The Law of Speech and the First Amendment. Oceana Publications. ISBN 978-0-379-11335-8. Retrieved April 4, 2013.
Jasper 1999, p. 62. Jasper, Margaret C. (1999). The Law of Speech and the First Amendment. Oceana Publications. ISBN 978-0-379-11335-8. Retrieved April 4, 2013.
Jasper 1999, pp. 62–63. Jasper, Margaret C. (1999). The Law of Speech and the First Amendment. Oceana Publications. ISBN 978-0-379-11335-8. Retrieved April 4, 2013.
Jasper 1999, p. 51. Jasper, Margaret C. (1999). The Law of Speech and the First Amendment. Oceana Publications. ISBN 978-0-379-11335-8. Retrieved April 4, 2013.
Newell 1898, pp. 37–41. Newell, Martin L. (1898). The Law of Libel and Slander in Civil and Criminal Cases: As Administered in the Courts of the United States of America. Callaghan. Retrieved April 19, 2013.
Newell 1898, pp. 33–37. Newell, Martin L. (1898). The Law of Libel and Slander in Civil and Criminal Cases: As Administered in the Courts of the United States of America. Callaghan. Retrieved April 19, 2013.
Nelson 1994, p. 93. Nelson, William Edward (1994). Americanization of the Common Law: The Impact of Legal Change on Massachusetts Society, 1760-1830. University of Georgia Press. ISBN 978-0-8203-1587-4. Retrieved April 19, 2013.
Jasper 1999, pp. 9–10. Jasper, Margaret C. (1999). The Law of Speech and the First Amendment. Oceana Publications. ISBN 978-0-379-11335-8. Retrieved April 4, 2013.

britannica.com

"American History: Massachusetts Bay Colony". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Archived from the original on December 4, 2020. Retrieved December 15, 2020.
Eugene Volokh. "First Amendment". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on May 12, 2013. Retrieved April 11, 2013.
Mawdsley, James (May 3, 2018). "Locke v. Davey". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved July 2, 2020.
The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica (June 7, 2020). "West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved June 21, 2020.
Eugene Volokh (January 8, 2014). "First Amendment (United States Constitution)". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved April 18, 2014.

cambridge.org

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"free speech". Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary. Archived from the original on September 16, 2019. Retrieved July 28, 2020.

ceb.com

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Golden Gateway Ctr. v. Golden Gateway Tenants Ass'n, 26 Cal. 4th 1013 (2001); Costco Companies, Inc. v. Gallant, 96 Cal. App. 4th 740 (2002); Fashion Valley Mall, LLC, v. National Labor Relations Board, 42 Cal. 4th 850 (2007)

chicagotribune.com

Crewdson, John (May 27, 2008). "Fake claims of war heroics a federal offense". Chicago Tribune.

cnn.com

Willingham, AJ (September 6, 2018). "The First Amendment doesn't guarantee you the rights you think it does". CNN. Retrieved March 1, 2019.

constitutioncenter.org

Marci A. Hamilton; Michael McConnell. "Common Interpretation: The Establishment Clause". National Constitution Center. Archived from the original on April 15, 2020. Retrieved May 12, 2020.

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"First Amendment". Cornell University Law School Legal Information Institute. Archived from the original on May 1, 2013. Retrieved May 3, 2013.
Sandra Day O'Connor (June 27, 2005). "McCreary County vs. American Civil Liberties Union of Kentucky". Legal Information Institute. Cornell university Law Department. Retrieved September 13, 2012.
"In the words of [Thomas] Jefferson, the clause against establishment of religion by law was intended to erect "a wall of separation between church and State". from the Everson decision
"First Amendment: An Overview". | Wex Legal Dictionary / Encyclopedia. Legal Information Institute of the Cornell University. Retrieved April 18, 2014.
18 U.S.C. § 2385
50a U.S.C. § 462
See Notes to 18 U.S.C. § 704, citing 42 Stat. 1286. Retrieved on June 30, 2012.
"Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District". Retrieved April 11, 2013.
"Obscenity". Legal Information Institute, Cornell University Law School. August 19, 2010. Archived from the original on April 2, 2013. Retrieved April 10, 2013.
"United States v. Williams (No. 06-694)". Legal Information Institute at Cornell Law School at Cornell University. May 19, 2008. Retrieved January 16, 2022.

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"freedom of speech". Dictionary.com. Archived from the original on June 16, 2019. Retrieved July 28, 2020.

doi.org

Kritzer, H. M.; Richards, M. J. (2003). "Jurisprudential Regimes and Supreme Court Decisionmaking: The Lemon Regime and Establishment Clause Cases". Law & Society Review. 37 (4): 827–40. doi:10.1046/j.0023-9216.2003.03704005.x.

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Esward M. Sussman, Milkovich revisited: "Saving" the Opinion Privilege, Duke Law Journal, pp. 415–48

fas.org

Legislative Attorney Cynthia Brown (November 12, 2015). "Free Exercise of Religion by Closely Held Corporations: Implications of Burwell v. Hobby Lobby Stores, Inc." (PDF). Congressional Research Service. pp. 1 and 8. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 26, 2020. Retrieved December 14, 2020.

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"Findlaw Annotation 21—First Amendment—Rights of assembly and petition". FindLaw. Archived from the original on November 12, 2020. Retrieved June 28, 2020.

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Mark Movsesian (Director of the Center for Law and Religion at St. John's University) (February 13, 2013). "How the Supreme Court Found the Wall". First Things. Archived from the original on February 20, 2020. Retrieved June 16, 2020.

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Lindsay, Tom. "35 Universities Adopt 'The Chicago Statement' On Free Speech—1,606 To Go". Forbes. Retrieved August 26, 2019.

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Director Religious Freedom Education Project Charles C. Haynes (December 26, 2002). "History of Religious Liberty in America. Written for Civitas: A Framework for Civic Education (1991) by the Council for the Advancement of Citizenship and the Center for Civic Education". Archived from the original on May 25, 2020. Retrieved May 25, 2020.

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De Vogue, Ariane (June 30, 2014). "Hobby Lobby Wins Contraceptive Ruling in Supreme Court". ABC News. Archived from the original on December 7, 2020.

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Jennifer A. Marshall (Director of the Richard and Helen DeVos Center for Religion and Civil Society at The Heritage Foundation) (December 20, 2010). "REPORT Religious Liberty: Why Does Religious Freedom Matter". The Heritage Foundation. Archived from the original on October 8, 2020. Retrieved November 12, 2020. Today, the religious roots of the American order and the role of religion in its continued success are poorly understood. One source of the confusion is the phrase "separation of church and state," a phrase used by President Thomas Jefferson in a widely misunderstood letter to the Danbury Baptist Association of Connecticut in 1802. Many think this means a radical separation of religion and politics. Some have gone so far as to suggest that religion should be entirely personal and private, kept out of public life and institutions like public schools. That is incorrect: Jefferson wanted to protect states' freedom of religion from federal government control and religious groups' freedom to tend to their internal matters of faith and practice without government interference generally. Unfortunately, Jefferson's phrase is probably more widely known than the actual text of the Constitution's First Amendment: "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof."
Volokh, Eugene. The Heritage Guide to the Constitution, p. 409 (Forte and Spalding, eds., The Heritage Foundation 2014).
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See Marks v. United States, 430 U.S. 188, 193 (1977) (holding that in plurality opinions, the narrowest concurring opinion is the controlling opinion). In plurality opinions, a majority of Justices agree upon the proper disposition of the case, but “no single rationale explaining the result enjoys the assent of five justices.”^[204]
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Board of Education of Kiryas Joel Village School District v. Grumet, 512 U.S. 687 (1994).
Van Orden v. Perry, 545 U.S. 677 (2005).
McCreary County v. ACLU, 545 U.S. 844 (2005).
Salazar v. Buono, 559 U.S. 700 (2010).
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