First language (English Wikipedia)

"Language Proficiency: Defining Levels Avoids Confusion". Alsintl.com. 26 August 2013. Archived from the original on 17 September 2013. Retrieved 13 November 2013.

asian-efl-journal.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Lee, Joseph J. (2005). "The native speaker: An achievable model?" (PDF). Asian EFL Journal. 7 (2). article 9. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 December 2020. Retrieved 26 May 2020.

bisnet.or.id (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Terri Hirst: The Importance of Maintaining a Childs First Language". bisnet.or.id. Archived from the original on 12 March 2016. Retrieved 13 July 2010.

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

Bloomfield, Leonard. Language Archived 17 January 2023 at the Wayback Machine ISBN 81-208-1196-8
Davies, Alan (2003). The Native Speaker: Myth and Reality. Multilingual Matters. ISBN 1-85359-622-1. Archived from the original on 17 January 2023. Retrieved 20 June 2015. ^{[page needed]}

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Boroditsky, Lera (2001). "Does language shape thought?: Mandarin and English speakers' conceptions of time" (PDF). Cognitive Psychology. 43 (1): 1–22. doi:10.1006/cogp.2001.0748. PMID 11487292. S2CID 5838599. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 May 2013. Retrieved 17 September 2013.
Love, Nigel; Ansaldo, Umberto (2010). "The native speaker and the mother tongue". Language Sciences. 32 (6): 589–593. doi:10.1016/j.langsci.2010.09.003.

moe.gov.sg (Global: low place; English: 8,877^th place)

"Learning a Mother Tongue Language in primary school". Minister of Education Singapore. Retrieved 29 April 2025.

nih.gov (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Boroditsky, Lera (2001). "Does language shape thought?: Mandarin and English speakers' conceptions of time" (PDF). Cognitive Psychology. 43 (1): 1–22. doi:10.1006/cogp.2001.0748. PMID 11487292. S2CID 5838599. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 May 2013. Retrieved 17 September 2013.

preservenet.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Ivan Illich, "Vernacular Values" Archived 20 July 2016 at the Wayback Machine

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15^th place; English: 8^th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

Boroditsky, Lera (2001). "Does language shape thought?: Mandarin and English speakers' conceptions of time" (PDF). Cognitive Psychology. 43 (1): 1–22. doi:10.1006/cogp.2001.0748. PMID 11487292. S2CID 5838599. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 May 2013. Retrieved 17 September 2013.

stanford.edu (Global: 194^th place; English: 182^nd place)

www-psych.stanford.edu

Boroditsky, Lera (2001). "Does language shape thought?: Mandarin and English speakers' conceptions of time" (PDF). Cognitive Psychology. 43 (1): 1–22. doi:10.1006/cogp.2001.0748. PMID 11487292. S2CID 5838599. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 May 2013. Retrieved 17 September 2013.

statcan.gc.ca (Global: 285^th place; English: 201^st place)

www12.statcan.gc.ca

"mother tongue, 2001 census". Statistics Canada. 18 July 2002. Retrieved 29 October 2025.

ucmerced.edu (Global: low place; English: low place)

faculty.ucmerced.edu

Hakuta, Kenji; Diaz, Rafael M. (1985), "The relationship between degree of bilingualism and cognitive ability: A critical discussion and some new longitudinal data" (PDF), Children's Language, vol. 5, pp. 319–344, archived (PDF) from the original on 24 October 2013, retrieved 21 October 2013

vanderbilt.edu (Global: 3,827^th place; English: 2,283^rd place)

iris.peabody.vanderbilt.edu

"IRIS | Page 5: Language Acquisition". iris.peabody.vanderbilt.edu. Archived from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 20 September 2022.

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

Bloomfield, Leonard. Language Archived 17 January 2023 at the Wayback Machine ISBN 81-208-1196-8
Davies, Alan (2003). The Native Speaker: Myth and Reality. Multilingual Matters. ISBN 1-85359-622-1. Archived from the original on 17 January 2023. Retrieved 20 June 2015. ^{[page needed]}
"Terri Hirst: The Importance of Maintaining a Childs First Language". bisnet.or.id. Archived from the original on 12 March 2016. Retrieved 13 July 2010.
Boroditsky, Lera (2001). "Does language shape thought?: Mandarin and English speakers' conceptions of time" (PDF). Cognitive Psychology. 43 (1): 1–22. doi:10.1006/cogp.2001.0748. PMID 11487292. S2CID 5838599. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 May 2013. Retrieved 17 September 2013.
"IRIS | Page 5: Language Acquisition". iris.peabody.vanderbilt.edu. Archived from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 20 September 2022.
Ivan Illich, "Vernacular Values" Archived 20 July 2016 at the Wayback Machine
"Language Proficiency: Defining Levels Avoids Confusion". Alsintl.com. 26 August 2013. Archived from the original on 17 September 2013. Retrieved 13 November 2013.
Hakuta, Kenji; Diaz, Rafael M. (1985), "The relationship between degree of bilingualism and cognitive ability: A critical discussion and some new longitudinal data" (PDF), Children's Language, vol. 5, pp. 319–344, archived (PDF) from the original on 24 October 2013, retrieved 21 October 2013
Lee, Joseph J. (2005). "The native speaker: An achievable model?" (PDF). Asian EFL Journal. 7 (2). article 9. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 December 2020. Retrieved 26 May 2020.

First language (English Wikipedia)

academia.edu (Global: 105th place; English: 99th place)

alsintl.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

asian-efl-journal.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

bisnet.or.id (Global: low place; English: low place)

books.google.com (Global: 3rd place; English: 3rd place)

doi.org (Global: 2nd place; English: 2nd place)

moe.gov.sg (Global: low place; English: 8,877th place)

nih.gov (Global: 5th place; English: 5th place)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

preservenet.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15th place; English: 8th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

stanford.edu (Global: 194th place; English: 182nd place)

www-psych.stanford.edu

statcan.gc.ca (Global: 285th place; English: 201st place)

www12.statcan.gc.ca

ucmerced.edu (Global: low place; English: low place)

faculty.ucmerced.edu

vanderbilt.edu (Global: 3,827th place; English: 2,283rd place)

iris.peabody.vanderbilt.edu

web.archive.org (Global: 1st place; English: 1st place)

academia.edu (Global: 105^th place; English: 99^th place)

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

moe.gov.sg (Global: low place; English: 8,877^th place)

nih.gov (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15^th place; English: 8^th place)

stanford.edu (Global: 194^th place; English: 182^nd place)

statcan.gc.ca (Global: 285^th place; English: 201^st place)

vanderbilt.edu (Global: 3,827^th place; English: 2,283^rd place)

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)