Fish oil (English Wikipedia)

"Fish, Levels of Mercury and Omega-3 Fatty Acids". American Heart Association. Archived from the original on 9 July 2010. Retrieved 6 October 2010.
"Fish and Omega-3 Fatty Acids". American Heart Association. Retrieved 9 February 2007.

archivesofpathology.org

Foran, Stacy E.; Flood, James G.; Lewandrowski, Kent B. (2003). "Measurement of Mercury Levels in Concentrated Over-the-Counter Fish Oil Preparations: Is Fish Oil Healthier Than Fish?". Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine. 127 (12): 1603–05. doi:10.5858/2003-127-1603-MOMLIC. PMID 14632570.

bbc.co.uk

news.bbc.co.uk

"Pollutants found in fish oil capsules". BBC News. 6 April 2002. Retrieved 8 February 2007.

books.google.com

Talakoub, Lily; Neuhaus, Isaac M.; Yu, Siegrid S. (2008). "Chapter 2: Cosmoceuticals". In Alam, Murad; Gladstone, Hayes B.; Tung, Rebecca (eds.). Cosmetic Dermatology. Requisites in dermatology. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 9. ISBN 9780702031434. Retrieved 23 October 2014. Other oils used as emollients include fish oil, petrolatum, shea butter, and sunflower seed oil.
Burch, Ernest S. (2006). Social Life in Northwest Alaska: The Structure of Iñupiaq Eskimo Nations. University of Alaska Press. p. 278. ISBN 9781889963921. Retrieved 23 October 2014. Oil was also used externally as an ointment to heal cold sores, cuts, insect bites, frostbite, rashes - in short, skin problems of all kinds. Duck or goose body-cavity fat was apparently as useful as seal or fish oil in dealing with skin problems.
Ilse Schreiber: Die Schwestern aus Memel (1936), quoted, and extract translated in: Strzelczyk, Florentine (2014). "16: 'Fighting against Manitou': German Identity and Ilse Schreiber's Canada Novels Die Schwestern aus Memel (1936) and Die Flucht in Paradies (1939)". In McFarland, Rob; James, Michelle Stott (eds.). Sophie Discovers Amerika: German-Speaking Women Write the New World. Studies in German Literature Linguistics and Culture. Vol. 148. Boydell & Brewer. p. 207. ISBN 9781571135865. Hoffentlich zogen die Eltern in eine Gegend, wo es recht viele Eingeborene gab. Indianer, die nur von Jagd und Fischfang leben. Ach, und womöglich Eskimos, die sich mit Tran einschmieren, um sich gegen die Kälte zu schützen und rohes Fleisch essen [...]. [She hoped her parents would move to an area where there were many aboriginals. Indians who live solely by hunting and fishing. Oh, and if possible Eskimos who smear themselves with fish oil to protect themselves from the cold, and who eat raw meat.]

consumerlab.com

"ConsumerLab.com Finds Quality Problems with Nearly Thirty Percent of Fish Oil Supplements Reviewed; "Fishy" Claims Identified: Softgels and Liquids for Adults, Children and Pets Tested, Including Krill Oil and Algal Oil Supplements". ConsumerLab.com. 28 September 2010. Retrieved 20 October 2012.^{[dubious – discuss]}
"ConsumerLab.com Review: Fish Oil and Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplements Review (Including Krill, Algae, and Calamari Oil)". ConsumerLab.com. 13 August 2012. Retrieved 19 October 2012.(registration required)
Reviews of Supplements and Health Products ConsumerLab.

creativecommons.org

The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2024. FAO. 7 June 2024. doi:10.4060/cd0683en. ISBN 978-92-5-138763-4. This article incorporates text from this source, which is available under the CC BY 4.0 license.

doi.org

Moghadasian, Mohammed H. (2008). "Advances in Dietary Enrichment with N-3 Fatty Acids". Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 48 (5): 402–10. doi:10.1080/10408390701424303. PMID 18464030. S2CID 41311376.
Cleland, Leslieg; James, Michaelj; Proudman, Susannam (2006). "Fish oil: What the prescriber needs to know". Arthritis Research & Therapy. 8 (1): 679–81. doi:10.1186/ar1876. PMC 1526555. PMID 16542466.
Innis, Sheila M.; Rioux, France M.; Auestad, Nancy; Ackman, Robert G. (1995). "Marine and freshwater fish oil varying in arachidonic, eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids differ in their effects on organ lipids and fatty acids in growing rats". The Journal of Nutrition. 125 (9): 2286–93. doi:10.1093/jn/125.9.2286. PMID 7666244.
Gruger EH, Nelson RW, Stansby ME (1 October 1964). "Fatty acid composition of oils from 21 species of marine fish, freshwater fish and shellfish". Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society. 41 (10): 662–67. doi:10.1007/BF02661403. S2CID 84057431.
Philibert A, Vanier C, Abdelouahab N, Chan HM, Mergler D (December 2006). "Fish intake and serum fatty acid profiles from freshwater fish". The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 84 (6): 1299–307. doi:10.1093/ajcn/84.6.1299. PMID 17158409.
Skulas-Ray, Ann C.; Wilson, Peter W.F.; Harris, William S.; Brinton, Eliot A.; Kris-Etherton, Penny M.; Richter, Chesney K.; Jacobson, Terry A.; Engler, Mary B.; et al. (2019). "Omega-3 Fatty Acids for the Management of Hypertriglyceridemia: A Science Advisory From the American Heart Association". Circulation. 140 (12): e673 – e691. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000709. PMID 31422671.
The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2024. FAO. 7 June 2024. doi:10.4060/cd0683en. ISBN 978-92-5-138763-4. This article incorporates text from this source, which is available under the CC BY 4.0 license.
Falk-Petersen, S.; Sargent, J. R.; Henderson, J.; Hegseth, E. N.; Hop, H.; Okolodkov, Y. B. (1998). "Lipids and fatty acids in ice algae and phytoplankton from the Marginal Ice Zone in the Barents Sea". Polar Biology. 20 (1): 41–47. Bibcode:1998PoBio..20...41F. doi:10.1007/s003000050274. S2CID 11027523. INIST 2356641.
Kris-Etherton, Penny M.; William S. Harris, Lawrence J. Appel (2002). "Fish Consumption, Fish Oil, Omega-3 Fatty Acids, and Cardiovascular Disease". Circulation. 106 (21): 2747–57. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000038493.65177.94. PMID 12438303.
GUY, RUTH A. (1 August 1923). "The history of cod liver oil as a remedy". American Journal of Diseases of Children. 26 (2): 112–116. doi:10.1001/archpedi.1923.04120140011002. ISSN 0096-8994.
Su, Kuan-Pin; Huang, Shih-Yi; Chiu, Chih-Chiang; Shen, Winston W. (2003). "Omega-3 fatty acids in major depressive disorder". European Neuropsychopharmacology. 13 (4): 267–71. doi:10.1016/S0924-977X(03)00032-4. PMID 12888186. S2CID 6025091.
Nemets, B.; Stahl, Z; Belmaker, RH (2002). "Addition of Omega-3 Fatty Acid to Maintenance Medication Treatment for Recurrent Unipolar Depressive Disorder". American Journal of Psychiatry. 159 (3): 477–79. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.159.3.477. PMID 11870016.
Green, Pnina; Hermesh, Haggai; Monselise, Assaf; Marom, Sofi; Presburger, Gadi; Weizman, Abraham (2006). "Red cell membrane omega-3 fatty acids are decreased in nondepressed patients with social anxiety disorder". European Neuropsychopharmacology. 16 (2): 107–13. doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2005.07.005. PMID 16243493. S2CID 31447173.
Heinze, VM; Actis, AB (February 2012). "Dietary conjugated linoleic acid and long-chain n-3 fatty acids in mammary and prostate cancer protection: a review". International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition. 63 (1): 66–78. doi:10.3109/09637486.2011.598849. PMID 21762028. S2CID 21614046.
Crowe, Francesca L.; Appleby, Paul N.; Travis, Ruth C.; Barnett, Matt; Brasky, Theodore M.; Bueno-de-Mesquita, H. Bas; Chajes, Veronique; Chavarro, Jorge E.; Chirlaque, Maria-Dolores (1 September 2014). "Circulating fatty acids and prostate cancer risk: individual participant meta-analysis of prospective studies". Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 106 (9): dju240. doi:10.1093/jnci/dju240. ISSN 1460-2105. PMC 4188122. PMID 25210201.
Chua, Michael E.; Sio, Maria Christina D.; Sorongon, Mishell C.; Morales Jr, Marcelino L. Jr. (May–June 2013). "The relevance of serum levels of long chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and prostate cancer risk: a meta-analysis". Canadian Urological Association Journal. 7 (5–6): E333–43. doi:10.5489/cuaj.1056. PMC 3668400. PMID 23766835.
Brasky TM, Darke AK, Song X, et al. (August 2013). "Plasma phospholipid fatty acids and prostate cancer risk in the SELECT trial". J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 105 (15): 1132–41. doi:10.1093/jnci/djt174. PMC 3735464. PMID 23843441.
Brenna, J. T.; Burdge, G. C.; Crawford, M. A.; Clayton, P.; Cunnane, S. C.; Gow, R.; Hibbeln, J. R.; Sinclair, A. J.; Stein, J.; Willatts, P. (2014). "RE: Plasma Phospholipid Fatty Acids and Prostate Cancer Risk in the SELECT Trial". Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 106 (4): dju015. doi:10.1093/jnci/dju015. PMC 3988458. PMID 24685922.
Abdelhamid, Asmaa S.; Brown, Tracey J.; Brainard, Julii S.; et al. (29 February 2020). "Omega-3 fatty acids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2020 (3): CD003177. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003177.pub5. ISSN 1469-493X. PMC 7049091. PMID 32114706.
Abdelhamid, AS; Martin, N; Bridges, C; Brainard, JS; Wang, X; Brown, TJ; Hanson, S; Jimoh, OF; Ajabnoor, SM; Deane, KH; Song, F; Hooper, L (November 2018). "Polyunsaturated fatty acids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 11 (11): CD012345. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD012345.pub3. PMC 6517012. PMID 30484282.
Charnock John S (1999). "The role of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid-enriched diets in the prevention of ventricular fibrillation" (PDF). Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 8 (3): 226–30. doi:10.1046/j.1440-6047.1999.00115.x. PMID 24394167. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 May 2012. Retrieved 4 December 2011.
Li GR, Sun HY, Zhang XH, Cheng LC, Chiu SW, Tse HF, Lau CP (2009). "Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids inhibit transient outward and ultra-rapid delayed rectifier K+currents and Na+current in human atrial myocytes". Cardiovasc Res. 81 (2): 286–93. doi:10.1093/cvr/cvn322. PMID 19029136.
Khawaja, Owais; Gaziano, J. Michael; Djoussé, Luc (1 February 2012). "A meta-analysis of omega-3 fatty acids and incidence of atrial fibrillation". Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 31 (1): 4–13. doi:10.1080/07315724.2012.10720003. ISSN 1541-1087. PMID 22661621. S2CID 30454093.
Nair, G. M.; Connolly, S. J. (2008). "Should patients with cardiovascular disease take fish oil?". Canadian Medical Association Journal. 178 (2): 181–82. doi:10.1503/cmaj.071654. PMC 2174997. PMID 18195293.
Rizos, E. C.; Ntzani, E. E.; Bika, E; Kostapanos, MS; Elisaf, MS (2012). "Association Between Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation and Risk of Major Cardiovascular Disease Events: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis". Journal of the American Medical Association. 308 (10): 1024–33. doi:10.1001/2012.jama.11374. PMID 22968891.
Aung, Theingi; Halsey, Jim; Kromhout, Daan; et al. (1 March 2018). "Associations of Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplement Use With Cardiovascular Disease Risks: Meta-analysis of 10 Trials Involving 77 917 Individuals". JAMA Cardiology. 3 (3): 225–233. doi:10.1001/jamacardio.2017.5205. ISSN 2380-6583. PMC 5885893. PMID 29387889.
Montgomery P, Richardson AJ (2008). Montgomery P (ed.). "Omega-3 fatty acids for bipolar disorder". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (2): CD005169. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005169.pub2. PMID 18425912.
Martins, Julian G (2009). "EPA but Not DHA Appears to Be Responsible for the Efficacy of Omega-3 Long Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Supplementation in Depression: Evidence from a Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials". Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 28 (5): 525–42. doi:10.1080/07315724.2009.10719785. PMID 20439549. S2CID 26466917.
Bloch, M H; Hannestad, J (2011). "Omega-3 fatty acids for the treatment of depression: Systematic review and meta-analysis". Molecular Psychiatry. 17 (12): 1272–82. doi:10.1038/mp.2011.100. PMC 3625950. PMID 21931319.
Grosso, G.; Pajak, A.; Marventano, S.; Castellano, S.; Galvano, F.; Bucolo, C.; Caraci, F. (2014). "Role of Omega-3 Fatty Acids in the Treatment of Depressive Disorders: A Comprehensive Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials". PLOS ONE. 9 (5): e96905. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...996905G. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0096905. PMC 4013121. PMID 24805797.
Liao, Y; Xie, B; Zhang, H; He, Q; Guo, L; Subramanieapillai, M; Fan, B; Lu, C; McIntyre, RS (2019). "Efficacy of omega-3 PUFAs in depression: A meta-analysis". Translational Psychiatry. 9 (1): 190. doi:10.1038/s41398-019-0515-5. PMC 6683166. PMID 31383846.
Wolters, M. (2005). "Diet and psoriasis: experimental data and clinical evidence". British Journal of Dermatology. 153 (4): 706–14. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2005.06781.x. PMID 16181450. S2CID 1426074.
Jensen, Craig L.; Voigt, Robert G.; Llorente, Antolin M.; Peters, Sarika U.; Prager, Thomas C.; Zou, Yali L.; Rozelle, Judith C.; Turcich, Marie R.; Fraley, J. Kennard; Anderson, Robert E.; Heird, William C. (2010). "Effects of Early Maternal Docosahexaenoic Acid Intake on Neuropsychological Status and Visual Acuity at Five Years of Age of Breast-Fed Term Infants". The Journal of Pediatrics. 157 (6): 900–05. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2010.06.006. PMID 20655543.
Calder, Philip C.; Kremmyda, Lefkothea-Stella; Vlachava, Maria; Noakes, Paul S.; Miles, Elizabeth A. (2010). "Is there a role for fatty acids in early life programming of the immune system?". Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. 69 (3): 373–80. doi:10.1017/S0029665110001552. PMID 20462467. S2CID 3629264.
Lev-Tzion, R; Griffiths, AM; Leder, O; Turner, D (28 February 2014). "Omega 3 fatty acids (fish oil) for maintenance of remission in Crohn's disease". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2 (2): CD006320. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006320.pub4. PMC 8988157. PMID 24585498.
Yılmaz, Emin; Öǧütcü, Mustafa; Arifoglu, Nazan (2015). "Assessment of Thermal and Textural Characteristics and Consumer Preferences of Lemon and Strawberry Flavored Fish Oil Organogels". Journal of Oleo Science. 64 (10): 1049–1056. doi:10.5650/jos.ess15113. PMID 26369597.
Raatz, SK; Redmon, JB; Wimmergren, N; Donadio, JV; Bibus, DM (2009). "Enhanced absorption of omega-3 fatty acids after emulsified compared with encapsulated fish oil". Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 109 (6): 1076–81. doi:10.1016/j.jada.2009.03.006. PMC 2701654. PMID 19465191.
Foran, Stacy E.; Flood, James G.; Lewandrowski, Kent B. (2003). "Measurement of Mercury Levels in Concentrated Over-the-Counter Fish Oil Preparations: Is Fish Oil Healthier Than Fish?". Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine. 127 (12): 1603–05. doi:10.5858/2003-127-1603-MOMLIC. PMID 14632570.
Bays H E (19 March 2007). "Safety Considerations with Omega-3 Fatty Acid Therapy". The American Journal of Cardiology. 99 (6 (Supplement 1)): S35 – S43. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2006.11.020. PMID 17368277.
Nicholls, Stephen J.; Lincoff, A. Michael; Bash, Dianna; Ballantyne, Christie M.; Barter, Philip J.; Davidson, Michael H.; Kastelein, John J. P.; Koenig, Wolfgang; et al. (2018). "Assessment of omega-3 carboxylic acids in statin-treated patients with high levels of triglycerides and low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol: Rationale and design of the STRENGTH trial". Clinical Cardiology. 41 (10): 1281–1288. doi:10.1002/clc.23055. PMC 6489732. PMID 30125052.
Villani, Anthony M; Crotty, Maria; Cleland, Leslie G; James, Michael J; Fraser, Robert J; Cobiac, Lynne; Miller, Michelle D (2013). "Fish oil administration in older adults: Is there potential for adverse events? A systematic review of the literature". BMC Geriatrics. 13 (1): 41. doi:10.1186/1471-2318-13-41. PMC 3664575. PMID 23634646.
"Scientific Opinion on the Tolerable Upper Intake Level of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and docosapentaenoic acid (DPA)". EFSA Journal. 10 (7). 2012. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2815. hdl:2434/257879. S2CID 202696719. Retrieved 14 September 2014.
Jia, X; Gao, F; Pickett, JK; Al Rifai, M; Birnbaum, Y; Nambi, V; Virani, SS; Ballantyne, CM (August 2021). "Association Between Omega-3 Fatty Acid Treatment and Atrial Fibrillation in Cardiovascular Outcome Trials: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis". Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy. 35 (4): 793–800. doi:10.1007/s10557-021-07204-z. PMID 34057665. S2CID 235250288.
Gencer, B; Djousse, L; Al-Ramady, OT; Cook, NR; Manson, JE; Albert, CM (2021). "Effect of Long-Term Marine ɷ-3 Fatty Acids Supplementation on the Risk of Atrial Fibrillation in Randomized Controlled Trials of Cardiovascular Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis". Circulation. 144 (25): 1981–1990. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.055654. PMC 9109217. PMID 34612056. S2CID 238410903.
Lips, Paul (2003). "Hypervitaminosis a and Fractures". New England Journal of Medicine. 348 (4): 347–49. doi:10.1056/NEJMe020167. PMID 12540650.
Brustad, Magritt; Sandanger, Torkjel Manning; Andersen, Vegard; Lund, Eiliv (2007). "POP exposure from fish liver consumption and risk of cancer?the Norwegian Women and Cancer Study". Journal of Environmental Monitoring. 9 (7): 682–6. doi:10.1039/B706302B. PMID 17607388.
Doughman, Scott D.; Krupanidhi, Srirama; Sanjeevi, Carani B. (2007). "Omega-3 Fatty Acids for Nutrition and Medicine: Considering Microalgae Oil as a Vegetarian Source of EPA and DHA". Current Diabetes Reviews. 3 (3): 198–203. doi:10.2174/157339907781368968. PMID 18220672.

europa.eu

efsa.europa.eu

"Scientific Opinion on the Tolerable Upper Intake Level of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and docosapentaenoic acid (DPA)". EFSA Journal. 10 (7). 2012. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2815. hdl:2434/257879. S2CID 202696719. Retrieved 14 September 2014.

fao.org

openknowledge.fao.org

The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2024. FAO. 7 June 2024. doi:10.4060/cd0683en. ISBN 978-92-5-138763-4. This article incorporates text from this source, which is available under the CC BY 4.0 license.

fda.gov

accessdata.fda.gov

"Drug Approval Package: Epanova (Omega-3-carboxylic acids)". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 28 March 2016. Retrieved 12 May 2020.
"Lovaza: FDA-Approved Drugs". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Retrieved 15 January 2020.
"Drug Approval Package: Omacor (Omega-3-Acid Ethyl Esters) NDA #021654". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Retrieved 12 May 2020.
"Drug Approval Package: Brand Omtryg capsules NDA 204977". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 18 December 2014. Retrieved 12 May 2020.
"Drug Approval Package: Vascepa (icosapent ethyl) NDA #202057". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 6 March 2013. Retrieved 12 May 2020.
"Drug Approval Package: Omegaven (fish oil triglycerides)". U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 24 August 2018. Retrieved 12 May 2020.
"Smoflipid (Lipid Injectable Emulsion)". U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 12 January 2018. Retrieved 12 May 2020.

fda.gov

"2004 – FDA Announces Qualified Health Claims for Omega-3 Fatty Acids". fda.gov. Retrieved 25 May 2016.
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"FDA Announces Qualified Health Claims for Omega-3 Fatty Acids". Food and Drug Administration. 8 September 2004. Archived from the original on 22 July 2009. Retrieved 21 August 2017.

foodproductiondaily.com

Jess Halliday (13 April 2006). "Dioxins prompt second UK fish oil withdrawal". Retrieved 8 February 2007.

go.com

abcnews.go.com

Elisabeth Leamy (3 March 2010). "Lawsuit Raises Fish Oil Supplement Concerns". ABC News. Retrieved 5 March 2010.

grandviewresearch.com

"Omega 3 Supplements Market Size & Share Report 2020-2027". www.grandviewresearch.com. Grand View Research. October 2021. Archived from the original on 20 February 2022. Retrieved 8 April 2022.

handle.net

hdl.handle.net

"Scientific Opinion on the Tolerable Upper Intake Level of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and docosapentaenoic acid (DPA)". EFSA Journal. 10 (7). 2012. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2815. hdl:2434/257879. S2CID 202696719. Retrieved 14 September 2014.

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Falk-Petersen, S.; Sargent, J. R.; Henderson, J.; Hegseth, E. N.; Hop, H.; Okolodkov, Y. B. (1998). "Lipids and fatty acids in ice algae and phytoplankton from the Marginal Ice Zone in the Barents Sea". Polar Biology. 20 (1): 41–47. Bibcode:1998PoBio..20...41F. doi:10.1007/s003000050274. S2CID 11027523. INIST 2356641.
Grosso, G.; Pajak, A.; Marventano, S.; Castellano, S.; Galvano, F.; Bucolo, C.; Caraci, F. (2014). "Role of Omega-3 Fatty Acids in the Treatment of Depressive Disorders: A Comprehensive Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials". PLOS ONE. 9 (5): e96905. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...996905G. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0096905. PMC 4013121. PMID 24805797.

heart.org

"Re: 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans" (PDF). Jan 2009. American Heart Association. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 August 2017. Retrieved 12 December 2012.
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ifosprogram.com

International Fish Oil Standards Archived 18 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine.

inist.fr

pascal-francis.inist.fr

Falk-Petersen, S.; Sargent, J. R.; Henderson, J.; Hegseth, E. N.; Hop, H.; Okolodkov, Y. B. (1998). "Lipids and fatty acids in ice algae and phytoplankton from the Marginal Ice Zone in the Barents Sea". Polar Biology. 20 (1): 41–47. Bibcode:1998PoBio..20...41F. doi:10.1007/s003000050274. S2CID 11027523. INIST 2356641.

jstor.org

Grad, Roni (2004). "Cod and the Consumptive: A Brief History of Cod-Liver Oil in the Treatment of Pulmonary Tuberculosis". Pharmacy in History. 46 (3): 106–120. ISSN 0031-7047. JSTOR 41112218. PMID 15712453.

mayoclinic.org

"Omega-3 fatty acids, fish oil, alpha-linolenic acid". Mayo Clinic. Retrieved 4 February 2014.

medicalxpress.com

"Prescription fish oil pill lowers heart attack risk in those already on statins". medicalxpress.com. Retrieved 25 September 2019.

medpagetoday.com

"AHA Endorses Prescription Fish Oil for High Triglycerides". medpagetoday.com. 20 August 2019. Retrieved 25 September 2019.

nhri.org.tw

apjcn.nhri.org.tw

Charnock John S (1999). "The role of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid-enriched diets in the prevention of ventricular fibrillation" (PDF). Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 8 (3): 226–30. doi:10.1046/j.1440-6047.1999.00115.x. PMID 24394167. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 May 2012. Retrieved 4 December 2011.

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Moghadasian, Mohammed H. (2008). "Advances in Dietary Enrichment with N-3 Fatty Acids". Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 48 (5): 402–10. doi:10.1080/10408390701424303. PMID 18464030. S2CID 41311376.
Cleland, Leslieg; James, Michaelj; Proudman, Susannam (2006). "Fish oil: What the prescriber needs to know". Arthritis Research & Therapy. 8 (1): 679–81. doi:10.1186/ar1876. PMC 1526555. PMID 16542466.
Innis, Sheila M.; Rioux, France M.; Auestad, Nancy; Ackman, Robert G. (1995). "Marine and freshwater fish oil varying in arachidonic, eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids differ in their effects on organ lipids and fatty acids in growing rats". The Journal of Nutrition. 125 (9): 2286–93. doi:10.1093/jn/125.9.2286. PMID 7666244.
Philibert A, Vanier C, Abdelouahab N, Chan HM, Mergler D (December 2006). "Fish intake and serum fatty acid profiles from freshwater fish". The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 84 (6): 1299–307. doi:10.1093/ajcn/84.6.1299. PMID 17158409.
Skulas-Ray, Ann C.; Wilson, Peter W.F.; Harris, William S.; Brinton, Eliot A.; Kris-Etherton, Penny M.; Richter, Chesney K.; Jacobson, Terry A.; Engler, Mary B.; et al. (2019). "Omega-3 Fatty Acids for the Management of Hypertriglyceridemia: A Science Advisory From the American Heart Association". Circulation. 140 (12): e673 – e691. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000709. PMID 31422671.
Kris-Etherton, Penny M.; William S. Harris, Lawrence J. Appel (2002). "Fish Consumption, Fish Oil, Omega-3 Fatty Acids, and Cardiovascular Disease". Circulation. 106 (21): 2747–57. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000038493.65177.94. PMID 12438303.
Grad, Roni (2004). "Cod and the Consumptive: A Brief History of Cod-Liver Oil in the Treatment of Pulmonary Tuberculosis". Pharmacy in History. 46 (3): 106–120. ISSN 0031-7047. JSTOR 41112218. PMID 15712453.
Su, Kuan-Pin; Huang, Shih-Yi; Chiu, Chih-Chiang; Shen, Winston W. (2003). "Omega-3 fatty acids in major depressive disorder". European Neuropsychopharmacology. 13 (4): 267–71. doi:10.1016/S0924-977X(03)00032-4. PMID 12888186. S2CID 6025091.
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