Flightless bird (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Flightless bird" in English language version.

refsWebsite

Global rank English rank

24doi.org

2^nd place

21nih.gov

4^th place

9harvard.edu

18^th place

17^th place

6semanticscholar.org

11^th place

8^th place

3jstor.org

26^th place

20^th place

2web.archive.org

1^st place

1terranature.org

low place

1books.google.com

3^rd place

1newscientist.com

774^th place

716^th place

1biologiachile.cl

low place

1handle.net

102^nd place

76^th place

1savethekiwi.org.nz

low place

1nhm.org

7,899^th place

5,858^th place

1psu.edu

207^th place

136^th place

1worldcat.org

5^th place

1archive.org

6^th place

archive.org

Roots, Clive (2006). Flightless Birds. Westport, CT: Greenwood. pp. 136–37. ISBN 9780313335457.

biologiachile.cl

rchn.biologiachile.cl

Noble, J. C. (1991). "On ratites and their interactions with plants" (PDF). Revista Chilena de Historia Natural. 64: 85–118.

books.google.com

Roots C. (2006). Flightless Birds. Westport: Greenwood Press. pp. XIV. ISBN 978-0-313-33545-7.

doi.org

Sayol, F.; Steinbauer, M. J.; Blackburn, T. M.; Antonelli, A.; Faurby, S. (2020). "Anthropogenic extinctions conceal widespread evolution of flightlessness in birds". Science Advances. 6 (49). Bibcode:2020SciA....6.6095S. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abb6095. PMC 7710364. PMID 33268368. S2CID 227261010.
Harshman, J.; Braun, E. L.; Braun, M. J.; Huddleston, C. J.; Bowie, R. C.; Chojnowski, J. L.; Hackett, S. J.; Han, K. L.; Kimball, R. T.; Marks, B. D.; Miglia, K. J.; Moore, W. S.; Reddy, S.; Sheldon, F. H.; Steadman, D. W.; Steppan, S. J.; Witt, C. C.; Yuri, T. (2 September 2008). "Phylogenomic evidence for multiple losses of flight in ratite birds". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 105 (36): 13462–13467. Bibcode:2008PNAS..10513462H. doi:10.1073/pnas.0803242105. PMC 2533212. PMID 18765814.
Smith, J. V.; Braun, E. L.; Kimball, R. T. (2013). "Ratite nonmonophyly: Independent evidence from 40 novel Loci". Systematic Biology. 62 (1): 35–49. doi:10.1093/sysbio/sys067. PMID 22831877.
Phillips, M. J.; Gibb, G. C.; Crimp, E. A.; Penny, D. (2010). "Tinamous and moa flock together: Mitochondrial genome sequence analysis reveals independent losses of flight among ratites". Systematic Biology. 59 (1): 90–107. doi:10.1093/sysbio/syp079. PMID 20525622.
Palombo, Maria Rita; Moncunill-Solé, Blanca (2023). "Dwarfing and gigantism in quaternary vertebrates". Reference Module in Earth Systems and Environmental Sciences. doi:10.1016/B978-0-323-99931-1.00012-X. ISBN 978-0-12-409548-9.
Mitchell, K. J.; Llamas, B.; Soubrier, J.; Rawlence, N. J.; Worthy, T. H.; Wood, J.; Lee, M. S.; Cooper, A. (2014). "Ancient DNA reveals elephant birds and kiwi are sister taxa and clarifies ratite bird evolution". Science. 344 (6186): 898–900. Bibcode:2014Sci...344..898M. doi:10.1126/science.1251981. hdl:2328/35953. PMID 24855267. S2CID 206555952.
Baker, A. J.; Haddrath, O.; McPherson, J. D.; Cloutier, A. (2014). "Genomic support for a moa-tinamou clade and adaptive morphological convergence in flightless ratites". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 31 (7): 1686–96. doi:10.1093/molbev/msu153. PMID 24825849.
Cracraft, Joel (2008). "Phylogeny and Evolution of the Ratite Birds". Ibis. 116 (4): 494–521. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1974.tb07648.x.
Haddrath, O.; Baker, A. J. (2012). "Multiple nuclear genes and retroposons support vicariance and dispersal of the palaeognaths, and an Early Cretaceous origin of modern birds". Proceedings. Biological Sciences. 279 (1747): 4617–25. doi:10.1098/rspb.2012.1630. PMC 3479725. PMID 22977150.
Harshman, J.; Braun, E. L.; Braun, M. J.; Huddleston, C. J.; Bowie, R. C.; Chojnowski, J. L.; Hackett, S. J.; Han, K. L.; Kimball, R. T.; Marks, B. D.; Miglia, K. J.; Moore, W. S.; Reddy, S.; Sheldon, F. H.; Steadman, D. W.; Steppan, S. J.; Witt, C. C.; Yuri, T. (2008). "Phylogenomic evidence for multiple losses of flight in ratite birds". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 105 (36): 13462–7. Bibcode:2008PNAS..10513462H. doi:10.1073/pnas.0803242105. PMC 2533212. PMID 18765814.
Smith, J. V.; Braun, E. L.; Kimball, R. T. (2013). "Ratite nonmonophyly: Independent evidence from 40 novel Loci". Systematic Biology. 62 (1): 35–49. doi:10.1093/sysbio/sys067. PMID 22831877.
Nudds, R. L.; Davidson, J. Slove (2010). "A shortening of the manus precedes the attenuation of other wing-bone elements in the evolution of flightlessness in birds". Acta Zoologica. 91: 115–122. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6395.2009.00391.x.
McNab, Brian K. (1994). "Energy Conservation and the Evolution of Flightlessness in Birds". The American Naturalist. 144 (4): 628–642. doi:10.1086/285697. JSTOR 2462941. S2CID 86511951.
Cubo, Jorge; Arthur, Wallace (2000). "Patterns of correlated character evolution in flightless birds: A phylogenetic approach". Evolutionary Ecology. 14 (8): 693–702. Bibcode:2000EvEco..14..693C. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.115.1294. doi:10.1023/A:1011695406277. S2CID 951896.
Elliott, Kyle H.; Ricklefs, Robert E.; Gaston, Anthony J.; Hatch, Scott A.; Speakman, John R.; Davoren, Gail K. (2013). "High flight costs, but low dive costs, in auks support the biomechanical hypothesis for flightlessness in penguins". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 110 (23): 9380–9384. Bibcode:2013PNAS..110.9380E. doi:10.1073/pnas.1304838110. PMC 3677478. PMID 23690614.
McCall, Robert A.; Nee, Sean; Harvey, Paul H. (July 1998). "The role of wing length in the evolution of avian flightlessness". Evolutionary Ecology. 12 (5): 569–580. Bibcode:1998EvEco..12..569M. doi:10.1023/A:1006508826501. S2CID 37855732.
Haidr, Nadia Soledad (June 2023). "Ecomorphological variation of the penguin wing". Journal of Morphology. 284 (6): e21588. doi:10.1002/jmor.21588. ISSN 0362-2525. PMID 37183492.
Terrill, Ryan S. (2020-12-01). "Simultaneous Wing Molt as a Catalyst for the Evolution of Flightlessness in Birds". The American Naturalist. 196 (6): 775–784. doi:10.1086/711416. PMID 33211563. S2CID 225249314.
Handford, Paul; Mares, Michael A. (1985). "The mating systems of ratites and tinamous: An evolutionary perspective". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 25: 77–104. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1985.tb00387.x.
Ksepka, Daniel T.; Ando, Tatsuro (2011). "Penguins Past, Present, and Future: Trends in the Evolution of the Sphenisciformes". Living Dinosaurs. pp. 155–186. doi:10.1002/9781119990475.ch6. ISBN 978-0-470-65666-2.
Elliott, Kyle H.; Ricklefs, Robert E.; Gaston, Anthony J.; Hatch, Scott A.; Speakman, John R.; Davoren, Gail K. (4 June 2013). "High flight costs, but low dive costs, in auks support the biomechanical hypothesis for flightlessness in penguins". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 110 (23): 9380–9384. Bibcode:2013PNAS..110.9380E. doi:10.1073/pnas.1304838110. PMC 3677478. PMID 23690614.
Huynen, Leon; Suzuki, Takayuki; Ogura, Toshihiko; Watanabe, Yusuke; Millar, Craig D; Hofreiter, Michael; Smith, Craig; Mirmoeini, Sara; Lambert, David M (December 2014). "Reconstruction and in vivo analysis of the extinct tbx5 gene from ancient wingless moa (Aves: Dinornithiformes)". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 14 (1): 75. Bibcode:2014BMCEE..14...75H. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-14-75. PMC 4101845. PMID 24885927.
Diamond, Jared (July 1991). "A New Species of Rail from the Solomon Islands and Convergent Evolution of Insular Flightlessness". The Auk. 108 (3): 461–470. doi:10.2307/4088088. JSTOR 4088088.
Hunter, Laurie A. (November 1988). "Status of the Endemic Atitlan Grebe of Guatemala: Is It Extinct?". The Condor. 90 (4): 906–912. doi:10.2307/1368847. JSTOR 1368847.

handle.net

hdl.handle.net

Mitchell, K. J.; Llamas, B.; Soubrier, J.; Rawlence, N. J.; Worthy, T. H.; Wood, J.; Lee, M. S.; Cooper, A. (2014). "Ancient DNA reveals elephant birds and kiwi are sister taxa and clarifies ratite bird evolution". Science. 344 (6186): 898–900. Bibcode:2014Sci...344..898M. doi:10.1126/science.1251981. hdl:2328/35953. PMID 24855267. S2CID 206555952.

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Sayol, F.; Steinbauer, M. J.; Blackburn, T. M.; Antonelli, A.; Faurby, S. (2020). "Anthropogenic extinctions conceal widespread evolution of flightlessness in birds". Science Advances. 6 (49). Bibcode:2020SciA....6.6095S. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abb6095. PMC 7710364. PMID 33268368. S2CID 227261010.
Harshman, J.; Braun, E. L.; Braun, M. J.; Huddleston, C. J.; Bowie, R. C.; Chojnowski, J. L.; Hackett, S. J.; Han, K. L.; Kimball, R. T.; Marks, B. D.; Miglia, K. J.; Moore, W. S.; Reddy, S.; Sheldon, F. H.; Steadman, D. W.; Steppan, S. J.; Witt, C. C.; Yuri, T. (2 September 2008). "Phylogenomic evidence for multiple losses of flight in ratite birds". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 105 (36): 13462–13467. Bibcode:2008PNAS..10513462H. doi:10.1073/pnas.0803242105. PMC 2533212. PMID 18765814.
Mitchell, K. J.; Llamas, B.; Soubrier, J.; Rawlence, N. J.; Worthy, T. H.; Wood, J.; Lee, M. S.; Cooper, A. (2014). "Ancient DNA reveals elephant birds and kiwi are sister taxa and clarifies ratite bird evolution". Science. 344 (6186): 898–900. Bibcode:2014Sci...344..898M. doi:10.1126/science.1251981. hdl:2328/35953. PMID 24855267. S2CID 206555952.
Harshman, J.; Braun, E. L.; Braun, M. J.; Huddleston, C. J.; Bowie, R. C.; Chojnowski, J. L.; Hackett, S. J.; Han, K. L.; Kimball, R. T.; Marks, B. D.; Miglia, K. J.; Moore, W. S.; Reddy, S.; Sheldon, F. H.; Steadman, D. W.; Steppan, S. J.; Witt, C. C.; Yuri, T. (2008). "Phylogenomic evidence for multiple losses of flight in ratite birds". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 105 (36): 13462–7. Bibcode:2008PNAS..10513462H. doi:10.1073/pnas.0803242105. PMC 2533212. PMID 18765814.
Cubo, Jorge; Arthur, Wallace (2000). "Patterns of correlated character evolution in flightless birds: A phylogenetic approach". Evolutionary Ecology. 14 (8): 693–702. Bibcode:2000EvEco..14..693C. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.115.1294. doi:10.1023/A:1011695406277. S2CID 951896.
Elliott, Kyle H.; Ricklefs, Robert E.; Gaston, Anthony J.; Hatch, Scott A.; Speakman, John R.; Davoren, Gail K. (2013). "High flight costs, but low dive costs, in auks support the biomechanical hypothesis for flightlessness in penguins". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 110 (23): 9380–9384. Bibcode:2013PNAS..110.9380E. doi:10.1073/pnas.1304838110. PMC 3677478. PMID 23690614.
McCall, Robert A.; Nee, Sean; Harvey, Paul H. (July 1998). "The role of wing length in the evolution of avian flightlessness". Evolutionary Ecology. 12 (5): 569–580. Bibcode:1998EvEco..12..569M. doi:10.1023/A:1006508826501. S2CID 37855732.
Elliott, Kyle H.; Ricklefs, Robert E.; Gaston, Anthony J.; Hatch, Scott A.; Speakman, John R.; Davoren, Gail K. (4 June 2013). "High flight costs, but low dive costs, in auks support the biomechanical hypothesis for flightlessness in penguins". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 110 (23): 9380–9384. Bibcode:2013PNAS..110.9380E. doi:10.1073/pnas.1304838110. PMC 3677478. PMID 23690614.
Huynen, Leon; Suzuki, Takayuki; Ogura, Toshihiko; Watanabe, Yusuke; Millar, Craig D; Hofreiter, Michael; Smith, Craig; Mirmoeini, Sara; Lambert, David M (December 2014). "Reconstruction and in vivo analysis of the extinct tbx5 gene from ancient wingless moa (Aves: Dinornithiformes)". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 14 (1): 75. Bibcode:2014BMCEE..14...75H. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-14-75. PMC 4101845. PMID 24885927.

jstor.org

McNab, Brian K. (1994). "Energy Conservation and the Evolution of Flightlessness in Birds". The American Naturalist. 144 (4): 628–642. doi:10.1086/285697. JSTOR 2462941. S2CID 86511951.
Diamond, Jared (July 1991). "A New Species of Rail from the Solomon Islands and Convergent Evolution of Insular Flightlessness". The Auk. 108 (3): 461–470. doi:10.2307/4088088. JSTOR 4088088.
Hunter, Laurie A. (November 1988). "Status of the Endemic Atitlan Grebe of Guatemala: Is It Extinct?". The Condor. 90 (4): 906–912. doi:10.2307/1368847. JSTOR 1368847.

newscientist.com

Holmes, Bob (2008-06-26). "Bird evolutionary tree given a shake by DNA study". New Scientist.

nhm.org

"The Bird Site: Flightless Birds". Archived from the original on 2007-07-13. Retrieved 2007-08-27.

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Sayol, F.; Steinbauer, M. J.; Blackburn, T. M.; Antonelli, A.; Faurby, S. (2020). "Anthropogenic extinctions conceal widespread evolution of flightlessness in birds". Science Advances. 6 (49). Bibcode:2020SciA....6.6095S. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abb6095. PMC 7710364. PMID 33268368. S2CID 227261010.
Harshman, J.; Braun, E. L.; Braun, M. J.; Huddleston, C. J.; Bowie, R. C.; Chojnowski, J. L.; Hackett, S. J.; Han, K. L.; Kimball, R. T.; Marks, B. D.; Miglia, K. J.; Moore, W. S.; Reddy, S.; Sheldon, F. H.; Steadman, D. W.; Steppan, S. J.; Witt, C. C.; Yuri, T. (2 September 2008). "Phylogenomic evidence for multiple losses of flight in ratite birds". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 105 (36): 13462–13467. Bibcode:2008PNAS..10513462H. doi:10.1073/pnas.0803242105. PMC 2533212. PMID 18765814.
Smith, J. V.; Braun, E. L.; Kimball, R. T. (2013). "Ratite nonmonophyly: Independent evidence from 40 novel Loci". Systematic Biology. 62 (1): 35–49. doi:10.1093/sysbio/sys067. PMID 22831877.
Phillips, M. J.; Gibb, G. C.; Crimp, E. A.; Penny, D. (2010). "Tinamous and moa flock together: Mitochondrial genome sequence analysis reveals independent losses of flight among ratites". Systematic Biology. 59 (1): 90–107. doi:10.1093/sysbio/syp079. PMID 20525622.
Mitchell, K. J.; Llamas, B.; Soubrier, J.; Rawlence, N. J.; Worthy, T. H.; Wood, J.; Lee, M. S.; Cooper, A. (2014). "Ancient DNA reveals elephant birds and kiwi are sister taxa and clarifies ratite bird evolution". Science. 344 (6186): 898–900. Bibcode:2014Sci...344..898M. doi:10.1126/science.1251981. hdl:2328/35953. PMID 24855267. S2CID 206555952.
Baker, A. J.; Haddrath, O.; McPherson, J. D.; Cloutier, A. (2014). "Genomic support for a moa-tinamou clade and adaptive morphological convergence in flightless ratites". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 31 (7): 1686–96. doi:10.1093/molbev/msu153. PMID 24825849.
Haddrath, O.; Baker, A. J. (2012). "Multiple nuclear genes and retroposons support vicariance and dispersal of the palaeognaths, and an Early Cretaceous origin of modern birds". Proceedings. Biological Sciences. 279 (1747): 4617–25. doi:10.1098/rspb.2012.1630. PMC 3479725. PMID 22977150.
Harshman, J.; Braun, E. L.; Braun, M. J.; Huddleston, C. J.; Bowie, R. C.; Chojnowski, J. L.; Hackett, S. J.; Han, K. L.; Kimball, R. T.; Marks, B. D.; Miglia, K. J.; Moore, W. S.; Reddy, S.; Sheldon, F. H.; Steadman, D. W.; Steppan, S. J.; Witt, C. C.; Yuri, T. (2008). "Phylogenomic evidence for multiple losses of flight in ratite birds". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 105 (36): 13462–7. Bibcode:2008PNAS..10513462H. doi:10.1073/pnas.0803242105. PMC 2533212. PMID 18765814.
Smith, J. V.; Braun, E. L.; Kimball, R. T. (2013). "Ratite nonmonophyly: Independent evidence from 40 novel Loci". Systematic Biology. 62 (1): 35–49. doi:10.1093/sysbio/sys067. PMID 22831877.
Elliott, Kyle H.; Ricklefs, Robert E.; Gaston, Anthony J.; Hatch, Scott A.; Speakman, John R.; Davoren, Gail K. (2013). "High flight costs, but low dive costs, in auks support the biomechanical hypothesis for flightlessness in penguins". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 110 (23): 9380–9384. Bibcode:2013PNAS..110.9380E. doi:10.1073/pnas.1304838110. PMC 3677478. PMID 23690614.
Haidr, Nadia Soledad (June 2023). "Ecomorphological variation of the penguin wing". Journal of Morphology. 284 (6): e21588. doi:10.1002/jmor.21588. ISSN 0362-2525. PMID 37183492.
Terrill, Ryan S. (2020-12-01). "Simultaneous Wing Molt as a Catalyst for the Evolution of Flightlessness in Birds". The American Naturalist. 196 (6): 775–784. doi:10.1086/711416. PMID 33211563. S2CID 225249314.
Elliott, Kyle H.; Ricklefs, Robert E.; Gaston, Anthony J.; Hatch, Scott A.; Speakman, John R.; Davoren, Gail K. (4 June 2013). "High flight costs, but low dive costs, in auks support the biomechanical hypothesis for flightlessness in penguins". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 110 (23): 9380–9384. Bibcode:2013PNAS..110.9380E. doi:10.1073/pnas.1304838110. PMC 3677478. PMID 23690614.
Huynen, Leon; Suzuki, Takayuki; Ogura, Toshihiko; Watanabe, Yusuke; Millar, Craig D; Hofreiter, Michael; Smith, Craig; Mirmoeini, Sara; Lambert, David M (December 2014). "Reconstruction and in vivo analysis of the extinct tbx5 gene from ancient wingless moa (Aves: Dinornithiformes)". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 14 (1): 75. Bibcode:2014BMCEE..14...75H. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-14-75. PMC 4101845. PMID 24885927.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Sayol, F.; Steinbauer, M. J.; Blackburn, T. M.; Antonelli, A.; Faurby, S. (2020). "Anthropogenic extinctions conceal widespread evolution of flightlessness in birds". Science Advances. 6 (49). Bibcode:2020SciA....6.6095S. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abb6095. PMC 7710364. PMID 33268368. S2CID 227261010.
Harshman, J.; Braun, E. L.; Braun, M. J.; Huddleston, C. J.; Bowie, R. C.; Chojnowski, J. L.; Hackett, S. J.; Han, K. L.; Kimball, R. T.; Marks, B. D.; Miglia, K. J.; Moore, W. S.; Reddy, S.; Sheldon, F. H.; Steadman, D. W.; Steppan, S. J.; Witt, C. C.; Yuri, T. (2 September 2008). "Phylogenomic evidence for multiple losses of flight in ratite birds". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 105 (36): 13462–13467. Bibcode:2008PNAS..10513462H. doi:10.1073/pnas.0803242105. PMC 2533212. PMID 18765814.
Haddrath, O.; Baker, A. J. (2012). "Multiple nuclear genes and retroposons support vicariance and dispersal of the palaeognaths, and an Early Cretaceous origin of modern birds". Proceedings. Biological Sciences. 279 (1747): 4617–25. doi:10.1098/rspb.2012.1630. PMC 3479725. PMID 22977150.
Harshman, J.; Braun, E. L.; Braun, M. J.; Huddleston, C. J.; Bowie, R. C.; Chojnowski, J. L.; Hackett, S. J.; Han, K. L.; Kimball, R. T.; Marks, B. D.; Miglia, K. J.; Moore, W. S.; Reddy, S.; Sheldon, F. H.; Steadman, D. W.; Steppan, S. J.; Witt, C. C.; Yuri, T. (2008). "Phylogenomic evidence for multiple losses of flight in ratite birds". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 105 (36): 13462–7. Bibcode:2008PNAS..10513462H. doi:10.1073/pnas.0803242105. PMC 2533212. PMID 18765814.
Elliott, Kyle H.; Ricklefs, Robert E.; Gaston, Anthony J.; Hatch, Scott A.; Speakman, John R.; Davoren, Gail K. (2013). "High flight costs, but low dive costs, in auks support the biomechanical hypothesis for flightlessness in penguins". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 110 (23): 9380–9384. Bibcode:2013PNAS..110.9380E. doi:10.1073/pnas.1304838110. PMC 3677478. PMID 23690614.
Elliott, Kyle H.; Ricklefs, Robert E.; Gaston, Anthony J.; Hatch, Scott A.; Speakman, John R.; Davoren, Gail K. (4 June 2013). "High flight costs, but low dive costs, in auks support the biomechanical hypothesis for flightlessness in penguins". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 110 (23): 9380–9384. Bibcode:2013PNAS..110.9380E. doi:10.1073/pnas.1304838110. PMC 3677478. PMID 23690614.
Huynen, Leon; Suzuki, Takayuki; Ogura, Toshihiko; Watanabe, Yusuke; Millar, Craig D; Hofreiter, Michael; Smith, Craig; Mirmoeini, Sara; Lambert, David M (December 2014). "Reconstruction and in vivo analysis of the extinct tbx5 gene from ancient wingless moa (Aves: Dinornithiformes)". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 14 (1): 75. Bibcode:2014BMCEE..14...75H. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-14-75. PMC 4101845. PMID 24885927.

psu.edu

citeseerx.ist.psu.edu

Cubo, Jorge; Arthur, Wallace (2000). "Patterns of correlated character evolution in flightless birds: A phylogenetic approach". Evolutionary Ecology. 14 (8): 693–702. Bibcode:2000EvEco..14..693C. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.115.1294. doi:10.1023/A:1011695406277. S2CID 951896.

savethekiwi.org.nz

"New Zealand's Icon:Flightless". Archived from the original on 2007-08-18. Retrieved 2007-08-27.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

Sayol, F.; Steinbauer, M. J.; Blackburn, T. M.; Antonelli, A.; Faurby, S. (2020). "Anthropogenic extinctions conceal widespread evolution of flightlessness in birds". Science Advances. 6 (49). Bibcode:2020SciA....6.6095S. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abb6095. PMC 7710364. PMID 33268368. S2CID 227261010.
Mitchell, K. J.; Llamas, B.; Soubrier, J.; Rawlence, N. J.; Worthy, T. H.; Wood, J.; Lee, M. S.; Cooper, A. (2014). "Ancient DNA reveals elephant birds and kiwi are sister taxa and clarifies ratite bird evolution". Science. 344 (6186): 898–900. Bibcode:2014Sci...344..898M. doi:10.1126/science.1251981. hdl:2328/35953. PMID 24855267. S2CID 206555952.
McNab, Brian K. (1994). "Energy Conservation and the Evolution of Flightlessness in Birds". The American Naturalist. 144 (4): 628–642. doi:10.1086/285697. JSTOR 2462941. S2CID 86511951.
Cubo, Jorge; Arthur, Wallace (2000). "Patterns of correlated character evolution in flightless birds: A phylogenetic approach". Evolutionary Ecology. 14 (8): 693–702. Bibcode:2000EvEco..14..693C. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.115.1294. doi:10.1023/A:1011695406277. S2CID 951896.
McCall, Robert A.; Nee, Sean; Harvey, Paul H. (July 1998). "The role of wing length in the evolution of avian flightlessness". Evolutionary Ecology. 12 (5): 569–580. Bibcode:1998EvEco..12..569M. doi:10.1023/A:1006508826501. S2CID 37855732.
Terrill, Ryan S. (2020-12-01). "Simultaneous Wing Molt as a Catalyst for the Evolution of Flightlessness in Birds". The American Naturalist. 196 (6): 775–784. doi:10.1086/711416. PMID 33211563. S2CID 225249314.

terranature.org

"New Zealand Ecology – Moa". TerraNature. Retrieved 2007-08-27.

web.archive.org

"New Zealand's Icon:Flightless". Archived from the original on 2007-08-18. Retrieved 2007-08-27.
"The Bird Site: Flightless Birds". Archived from the original on 2007-07-13. Retrieved 2007-08-27.

worldcat.org

search.worldcat.org

Haidr, Nadia Soledad (June 2023). "Ecomorphological variation of the penguin wing". Journal of Morphology. 284 (6): e21588. doi:10.1002/jmor.21588. ISSN 0362-2525. PMID 37183492.