Flightless bird (English Wikipedia)

Sayol, F.; Steinbauer, M. J.; Blackburn, T. M.; Antonelli, A.; Faurby, S. (2020). "Anthropogenic extinctions conceal widespread evolution of flightlessness in birds". Science Advances. 6 (49). Bibcode:2020SciA....6.6095S. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abb6095. PMC 7710364. PMID 33268368. S2CID 227261010.
Harshman, J.; Braun, E. L.; Braun, M. J.; Huddleston, C. J.; Bowie, R. C.; Chojnowski, J. L.; Hackett, S. J.; Han, K. L.; Kimball, R. T.; Marks, B. D.; Miglia, K. J.; Moore, W. S.; Reddy, S.; Sheldon, F. H.; Steadman, D. W.; Steppan, S. J.; Witt, C. C.; Yuri, T. (2 September 2008). "Phylogenomic evidence for multiple losses of flight in ratite birds". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 105 (36): 13462–13467. Bibcode:2008PNAS..10513462H. doi:10.1073/pnas.0803242105. PMC 2533212. PMID 18765814.
Mitchell, K. J.; Llamas, B.; Soubrier, J.; Rawlence, N. J.; Worthy, T. H.; Wood, J.; Lee, M. S.; Cooper, A. (2014). "Ancient DNA reveals elephant birds and kiwi are sister taxa and clarifies ratite bird evolution". Science. 344 (6186): 898–900. Bibcode:2014Sci...344..898M. doi:10.1126/science.1251981. hdl:2328/35953. PMID 24855267. S2CID 206555952.
Cubo, Jorge; Arthur, Wallace (2000). "Patterns of correlated character evolution in flightless birds: A phylogenetic approach". Evolutionary Ecology. 14 (8): 693–702. Bibcode:2000EvEco..14..693C. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.115.1294. doi:10.1023/A:1011695406277. S2CID 951896. {{cite journal}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |citeseerx= (help)
Elliott, Kyle H.; Ricklefs, Robert E.; Gaston, Anthony J.; Hatch, Scott A.; Speakman, John R.; Davoren, Gail K. (2013). "High flight costs, but low dive costs, in auks support the biomechanical hypothesis for flightlessness in penguins". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 110 (23): 9380–9384. Bibcode:2013PNAS..110.9380E. doi:10.1073/pnas.1304838110. PMC 3677478. PMID 23690614.
McCall, Robert A.; Nee, Sean; Harvey, Paul H. (July 1998). "The role of wing length in the evolution of avian flightlessness". Evolutionary Ecology. 12 (5): 569–580. Bibcode:1998EvEco..12..569M. doi:10.1023/A:1006508826501. S2CID 37855732.
Huynen, Leon; Suzuki, Takayuki; Ogura, Toshihiko; Watanabe, Yusuke; Millar, Craig D; Hofreiter, Michael; Smith, Craig; Mirmoeini, Sara; Lambert, David M (December 2014). "Reconstruction and in vivo analysis of the extinct tbx5 gene from ancient wingless moa (Aves: Dinornithiformes)". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 14 (1): 75. Bibcode:2014BMCEE..14...75H. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-14-75. PMC 4101845. PMID 24885927.

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; English: 6^th place)

Roots, Clive (2006). Flightless Birds. Westport, CT: Greenwood. pp. 136–37. ISBN 978-0-313-33545-7.

biologiachile.cl (Global: low place; English: low place)

rchn.biologiachile.cl

Noble, J. C. (1991). "On ratites and their interactions with plants" (PDF). Revista Chilena de Historia Natural. 64: 85–118.

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

Roots C. (2006). Flightless Birds. Westport: Greenwood Press. pp. XIV. ISBN 978-0-313-33545-7.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Sayol, F.; Steinbauer, M. J.; Blackburn, T. M.; Antonelli, A.; Faurby, S. (2020). "Anthropogenic extinctions conceal widespread evolution of flightlessness in birds". Science Advances. 6 (49). Bibcode:2020SciA....6.6095S. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abb6095. PMC 7710364. PMID 33268368. S2CID 227261010.
Harshman, J.; Braun, E. L.; Braun, M. J.; Huddleston, C. J.; Bowie, R. C.; Chojnowski, J. L.; Hackett, S. J.; Han, K. L.; Kimball, R. T.; Marks, B. D.; Miglia, K. J.; Moore, W. S.; Reddy, S.; Sheldon, F. H.; Steadman, D. W.; Steppan, S. J.; Witt, C. C.; Yuri, T. (2 September 2008). "Phylogenomic evidence for multiple losses of flight in ratite birds". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 105 (36): 13462–13467. Bibcode:2008PNAS..10513462H. doi:10.1073/pnas.0803242105. PMC 2533212. PMID 18765814.
Smith, J. V.; Braun, E. L.; Kimball, R. T. (2013). "Ratite nonmonophyly: Independent evidence from 40 novel Loci". Systematic Biology. 62 (1): 35–49. doi:10.1093/sysbio/sys067. PMID 22831877.
Phillips, M. J.; Gibb, G. C.; Crimp, E. A.; Penny, D. (2010). "Tinamous and moa flock together: Mitochondrial genome sequence analysis reveals independent losses of flight among ratites". Systematic Biology. 59 (1): 90–107. doi:10.1093/sysbio/syp079. PMID 20525622.
Palombo, Maria Rita; Moncunill-Solé, Blanca (2023). "Dwarfing and gigantism in quaternary vertebrates". Reference Module in Earth Systems and Environmental Sciences. doi:10.1016/B978-0-323-99931-1.00012-X. ISBN 978-0-12-409548-9.
Mitchell, K. J.; Llamas, B.; Soubrier, J.; Rawlence, N. J.; Worthy, T. H.; Wood, J.; Lee, M. S.; Cooper, A. (2014). "Ancient DNA reveals elephant birds and kiwi are sister taxa and clarifies ratite bird evolution". Science. 344 (6186): 898–900. Bibcode:2014Sci...344..898M. doi:10.1126/science.1251981. hdl:2328/35953. PMID 24855267. S2CID 206555952.
Baker, A. J.; Haddrath, O.; McPherson, J. D.; Cloutier, A. (2014). "Genomic support for a moa-tinamou clade and adaptive morphological convergence in flightless ratites". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 31 (7): 1686–96. doi:10.1093/molbev/msu153. PMID 24825849.
Cracraft, Joel (2008). "Phylogeny and Evolution of the Ratite Birds". Ibis. 116 (4): 494–521. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1974.tb07648.x.
Haddrath, O.; Baker, A. J. (2012). "Multiple nuclear genes and retroposons support vicariance and dispersal of the palaeognaths, and an Early Cretaceous origin of modern birds". Proceedings. Biological Sciences. 279 (1747): 4617–25. doi:10.1098/rspb.2012.1630. PMC 3479725. PMID 22977150.
Nudds, R. L.; Davidson, J. Slove (2010). "A shortening of the manus precedes the attenuation of other wing-bone elements in the evolution of flightlessness in birds". Acta Zoologica. 91: 115–122. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6395.2009.00391.x.
McNab, Brian K. (1994). "Energy Conservation and the Evolution of Flightlessness in Birds". The American Naturalist. 144 (4): 628–642. doi:10.1086/285697. JSTOR 2462941. S2CID 86511951.
Cubo, Jorge; Arthur, Wallace (2000). "Patterns of correlated character evolution in flightless birds: A phylogenetic approach". Evolutionary Ecology. 14 (8): 693–702. Bibcode:2000EvEco..14..693C. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.115.1294. doi:10.1023/A:1011695406277. S2CID 951896. {{cite journal}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |citeseerx= (help)
Elliott, Kyle H.; Ricklefs, Robert E.; Gaston, Anthony J.; Hatch, Scott A.; Speakman, John R.; Davoren, Gail K. (2013). "High flight costs, but low dive costs, in auks support the biomechanical hypothesis for flightlessness in penguins". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 110 (23): 9380–9384. Bibcode:2013PNAS..110.9380E. doi:10.1073/pnas.1304838110. PMC 3677478. PMID 23690614.
McCall, Robert A.; Nee, Sean; Harvey, Paul H. (July 1998). "The role of wing length in the evolution of avian flightlessness". Evolutionary Ecology. 12 (5): 569–580. Bibcode:1998EvEco..12..569M. doi:10.1023/A:1006508826501. S2CID 37855732.
Haidr, Nadia Soledad (June 2023). "Ecomorphological variation of the penguin wing". Journal of Morphology. 284 (6) e21588. doi:10.1002/jmor.21588. ISSN 0362-2525. PMID 37183492.
Terrill, Ryan S. (2020-12-01). "Simultaneous Wing Molt as a Catalyst for the Evolution of Flightlessness in Birds". The American Naturalist. 196 (6): 775–784. doi:10.1086/711416. PMID 33211563. S2CID 225249314.
Handford, Paul; Mares, Michael A. (1985). "The mating systems of ratites and tinamous: An evolutionary perspective". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 25: 77–104. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1985.tb00387.x.
Ksepka, Daniel T.; Ando, Tatsuro (2011). "Penguins Past, Present, and Future: Trends in the Evolution of the Sphenisciformes". Living Dinosaurs. pp. 155–186. doi:10.1002/9781119990475.ch6. ISBN 978-0-470-65666-2.
Huynen, Leon; Suzuki, Takayuki; Ogura, Toshihiko; Watanabe, Yusuke; Millar, Craig D; Hofreiter, Michael; Smith, Craig; Mirmoeini, Sara; Lambert, David M (December 2014). "Reconstruction and in vivo analysis of the extinct tbx5 gene from ancient wingless moa (Aves: Dinornithiformes)". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 14 (1): 75. Bibcode:2014BMCEE..14...75H. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-14-75. PMC 4101845. PMID 24885927.
Diamond, Jared (July 1991). "A New Species of Rail from the Solomon Islands and Convergent Evolution of Insular Flightlessness". The Auk. 108 (3): 461–470. doi:10.2307/4088088. JSTOR 4088088.
Hunter, Laurie A. (November 1988). "Status of the Endemic Atitlan Grebe of Guatemala: Is It Extinct?". The Condor. 90 (4): 906–912. doi:10.2307/1368847. JSTOR 1368847.

hdl.handle.net (Global: 66^th place; English: 34^th place)

Mitchell, K. J.; Llamas, B.; Soubrier, J.; Rawlence, N. J.; Worthy, T. H.; Wood, J.; Lee, M. S.; Cooper, A. (2014). "Ancient DNA reveals elephant birds and kiwi are sister taxa and clarifies ratite bird evolution". Science. 344 (6186): 898–900. Bibcode:2014Sci...344..898M. doi:10.1126/science.1251981. hdl:2328/35953. PMID 24855267. S2CID 206555952.

jstor.org (Global: 23^rd place; English: 15^th place)

McNab, Brian K. (1994). "Energy Conservation and the Evolution of Flightlessness in Birds". The American Naturalist. 144 (4): 628–642. doi:10.1086/285697. JSTOR 2462941. S2CID 86511951.
Diamond, Jared (July 1991). "A New Species of Rail from the Solomon Islands and Convergent Evolution of Insular Flightlessness". The Auk. 108 (3): 461–470. doi:10.2307/4088088. JSTOR 4088088.
Hunter, Laurie A. (November 1988). "Status of the Endemic Atitlan Grebe of Guatemala: Is It Extinct?". The Condor. 90 (4): 906–912. doi:10.2307/1368847. JSTOR 1368847.

newscientist.com (Global: 1,041^st place; English: 901^st place)

Holmes, Bob (2008-06-26). "Bird evolutionary tree given a shake by DNA study". New Scientist.

nhm.org (Global: 6,836^th place; English: 5,529^th place)

"The Bird Site: Flightless Birds". Archived from the original on 2007-07-13. Retrieved 2007-08-27.

nih.gov (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Sayol, F.; Steinbauer, M. J.; Blackburn, T. M.; Antonelli, A.; Faurby, S. (2020). "Anthropogenic extinctions conceal widespread evolution of flightlessness in birds". Science Advances. 6 (49). Bibcode:2020SciA....6.6095S. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abb6095. PMC 7710364. PMID 33268368. S2CID 227261010.
Harshman, J.; Braun, E. L.; Braun, M. J.; Huddleston, C. J.; Bowie, R. C.; Chojnowski, J. L.; Hackett, S. J.; Han, K. L.; Kimball, R. T.; Marks, B. D.; Miglia, K. J.; Moore, W. S.; Reddy, S.; Sheldon, F. H.; Steadman, D. W.; Steppan, S. J.; Witt, C. C.; Yuri, T. (2 September 2008). "Phylogenomic evidence for multiple losses of flight in ratite birds". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 105 (36): 13462–13467. Bibcode:2008PNAS..10513462H. doi:10.1073/pnas.0803242105. PMC 2533212. PMID 18765814.
Smith, J. V.; Braun, E. L.; Kimball, R. T. (2013). "Ratite nonmonophyly: Independent evidence from 40 novel Loci". Systematic Biology. 62 (1): 35–49. doi:10.1093/sysbio/sys067. PMID 22831877.
Phillips, M. J.; Gibb, G. C.; Crimp, E. A.; Penny, D. (2010). "Tinamous and moa flock together: Mitochondrial genome sequence analysis reveals independent losses of flight among ratites". Systematic Biology. 59 (1): 90–107. doi:10.1093/sysbio/syp079. PMID 20525622.
Mitchell, K. J.; Llamas, B.; Soubrier, J.; Rawlence, N. J.; Worthy, T. H.; Wood, J.; Lee, M. S.; Cooper, A. (2014). "Ancient DNA reveals elephant birds and kiwi are sister taxa and clarifies ratite bird evolution". Science. 344 (6186): 898–900. Bibcode:2014Sci...344..898M. doi:10.1126/science.1251981. hdl:2328/35953. PMID 24855267. S2CID 206555952.
Baker, A. J.; Haddrath, O.; McPherson, J. D.; Cloutier, A. (2014). "Genomic support for a moa-tinamou clade and adaptive morphological convergence in flightless ratites". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 31 (7): 1686–96. doi:10.1093/molbev/msu153. PMID 24825849.
Haddrath, O.; Baker, A. J. (2012). "Multiple nuclear genes and retroposons support vicariance and dispersal of the palaeognaths, and an Early Cretaceous origin of modern birds". Proceedings. Biological Sciences. 279 (1747): 4617–25. doi:10.1098/rspb.2012.1630. PMC 3479725. PMID 22977150.
Elliott, Kyle H.; Ricklefs, Robert E.; Gaston, Anthony J.; Hatch, Scott A.; Speakman, John R.; Davoren, Gail K. (2013). "High flight costs, but low dive costs, in auks support the biomechanical hypothesis for flightlessness in penguins". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 110 (23): 9380–9384. Bibcode:2013PNAS..110.9380E. doi:10.1073/pnas.1304838110. PMC 3677478. PMID 23690614.
Haidr, Nadia Soledad (June 2023). "Ecomorphological variation of the penguin wing". Journal of Morphology. 284 (6) e21588. doi:10.1002/jmor.21588. ISSN 0362-2525. PMID 37183492.
Terrill, Ryan S. (2020-12-01). "Simultaneous Wing Molt as a Catalyst for the Evolution of Flightlessness in Birds". The American Naturalist. 196 (6): 775–784. doi:10.1086/711416. PMID 33211563. S2CID 225249314.
Huynen, Leon; Suzuki, Takayuki; Ogura, Toshihiko; Watanabe, Yusuke; Millar, Craig D; Hofreiter, Michael; Smith, Craig; Mirmoeini, Sara; Lambert, David M (December 2014). "Reconstruction and in vivo analysis of the extinct tbx5 gene from ancient wingless moa (Aves: Dinornithiformes)". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 14 (1): 75. Bibcode:2014BMCEE..14...75H. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-14-75. PMC 4101845. PMID 24885927.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Sayol, F.; Steinbauer, M. J.; Blackburn, T. M.; Antonelli, A.; Faurby, S. (2020). "Anthropogenic extinctions conceal widespread evolution of flightlessness in birds". Science Advances. 6 (49). Bibcode:2020SciA....6.6095S. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abb6095. PMC 7710364. PMID 33268368. S2CID 227261010.
Harshman, J.; Braun, E. L.; Braun, M. J.; Huddleston, C. J.; Bowie, R. C.; Chojnowski, J. L.; Hackett, S. J.; Han, K. L.; Kimball, R. T.; Marks, B. D.; Miglia, K. J.; Moore, W. S.; Reddy, S.; Sheldon, F. H.; Steadman, D. W.; Steppan, S. J.; Witt, C. C.; Yuri, T. (2 September 2008). "Phylogenomic evidence for multiple losses of flight in ratite birds". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 105 (36): 13462–13467. Bibcode:2008PNAS..10513462H. doi:10.1073/pnas.0803242105. PMC 2533212. PMID 18765814.
Haddrath, O.; Baker, A. J. (2012). "Multiple nuclear genes and retroposons support vicariance and dispersal of the palaeognaths, and an Early Cretaceous origin of modern birds". Proceedings. Biological Sciences. 279 (1747): 4617–25. doi:10.1098/rspb.2012.1630. PMC 3479725. PMID 22977150.
Elliott, Kyle H.; Ricklefs, Robert E.; Gaston, Anthony J.; Hatch, Scott A.; Speakman, John R.; Davoren, Gail K. (2013). "High flight costs, but low dive costs, in auks support the biomechanical hypothesis for flightlessness in penguins". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 110 (23): 9380–9384. Bibcode:2013PNAS..110.9380E. doi:10.1073/pnas.1304838110. PMC 3677478. PMID 23690614.
Huynen, Leon; Suzuki, Takayuki; Ogura, Toshihiko; Watanabe, Yusuke; Millar, Craig D; Hofreiter, Michael; Smith, Craig; Mirmoeini, Sara; Lambert, David M (December 2014). "Reconstruction and in vivo analysis of the extinct tbx5 gene from ancient wingless moa (Aves: Dinornithiformes)". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 14 (1): 75. Bibcode:2014BMCEE..14...75H. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-14-75. PMC 4101845. PMID 24885927.

psu.edu (Global: 299^th place; English: 159^th place)

citeseerx.ist.psu.edu

Cubo, Jorge; Arthur, Wallace (2000). "Patterns of correlated character evolution in flightless birds: A phylogenetic approach". Evolutionary Ecology. 14 (8): 693–702. Bibcode:2000EvEco..14..693C. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.115.1294. doi:10.1023/A:1011695406277. S2CID 951896. {{cite journal}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |citeseerx= (help)

savethekiwi.org.nz (Global: low place; English: low place)

"New Zealand's Icon:Flightless". Archived from the original on 2007-08-18. Retrieved 2007-08-27.

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15^th place; English: 8^th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

Sayol, F.; Steinbauer, M. J.; Blackburn, T. M.; Antonelli, A.; Faurby, S. (2020). "Anthropogenic extinctions conceal widespread evolution of flightlessness in birds". Science Advances. 6 (49). Bibcode:2020SciA....6.6095S. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abb6095. PMC 7710364. PMID 33268368. S2CID 227261010.
Mitchell, K. J.; Llamas, B.; Soubrier, J.; Rawlence, N. J.; Worthy, T. H.; Wood, J.; Lee, M. S.; Cooper, A. (2014). "Ancient DNA reveals elephant birds and kiwi are sister taxa and clarifies ratite bird evolution". Science. 344 (6186): 898–900. Bibcode:2014Sci...344..898M. doi:10.1126/science.1251981. hdl:2328/35953. PMID 24855267. S2CID 206555952.
McNab, Brian K. (1994). "Energy Conservation and the Evolution of Flightlessness in Birds". The American Naturalist. 144 (4): 628–642. doi:10.1086/285697. JSTOR 2462941. S2CID 86511951.
Cubo, Jorge; Arthur, Wallace (2000). "Patterns of correlated character evolution in flightless birds: A phylogenetic approach". Evolutionary Ecology. 14 (8): 693–702. Bibcode:2000EvEco..14..693C. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.115.1294. doi:10.1023/A:1011695406277. S2CID 951896. {{cite journal}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |citeseerx= (help)
McCall, Robert A.; Nee, Sean; Harvey, Paul H. (July 1998). "The role of wing length in the evolution of avian flightlessness". Evolutionary Ecology. 12 (5): 569–580. Bibcode:1998EvEco..12..569M. doi:10.1023/A:1006508826501. S2CID 37855732.
Terrill, Ryan S. (2020-12-01). "Simultaneous Wing Molt as a Catalyst for the Evolution of Flightlessness in Birds". The American Naturalist. 196 (6): 775–784. doi:10.1086/711416. PMID 33211563. S2CID 225249314.

terranature.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"New Zealand Ecology – Moa". TerraNature. Retrieved 2007-08-27.

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

"New Zealand's Icon:Flightless". Archived from the original on 2007-08-18. Retrieved 2007-08-27.
"The Bird Site: Flightless Birds". Archived from the original on 2007-07-13. Retrieved 2007-08-27.

worldcat.org (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)

search.worldcat.org

Haidr, Nadia Soledad (June 2023). "Ecomorphological variation of the penguin wing". Journal of Morphology. 284 (6) e21588. doi:10.1002/jmor.21588. ISSN 0362-2525. PMID 37183492.

Flightless bird (English Wikipedia)

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