Flush toilet (English Wikipedia)

Barker, J.; Jones, M.V. (2005). "The potential spread of infection caused by aerosol contamination of surfaces after flushing a domestic toilet". Journal of Applied Microbiology. 99 (2): 339–47. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2672.2005.02610.x. ISSN 1364-5072. PMID 16033465. S2CID 25625899.
Widdowson, Marc-Alain; Glass, Roger; Monroe, Steve; Beard, R. Suzanne; Bateman, John W.; Lurie, Perrianne; Johnson, Caroline (20 April 2005). "Probable transmission of norovirus on an airplane". JAMA. 293 (15): 1859–60. doi:10.1001/jama.293.15.1859. ISSN 1538-3598. PMID 15840859.
Ho, Mei-Shang; Monroe, Stephan S.; Stine, Sarah; Cubitt, David; Glass, Roger I.; Madore, H. Paul; Pinsky, Paul F.; Ashley, Charles; Caul, E.O. (21 October 1989). "Viral Gastroenteritis Aboard a Cruise Ship". The Lancet. 334 (8669): 961–65. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(89)90964-1. ISSN 0140-6736. PMID 2571872. S2CID 29429652.
Johnson, David L.; Mead, Kenneth R.; Lynch, Robert A.; Hirst, Deborah V.L. (March 2013). "Lifting the lid on toilet plume aerosol: A literature review with suggestions for future research". American Journal of Infection Control. 41 (3): 254–58. doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2012.04.330. PMC 4692156. PMID 23040490.
Jones, R. M.; Brosseau, L. M. (May 2015). "Aerosol transmission of infectious disease". Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 57 (5): 501–08. doi:10.1097/JOM.0000000000000448. PMID 25816216. S2CID 11166016.
Best, E.L.; Sandoe, J.a.T.; Wilcox, M.H. (1 January 2012). "Potential for aerosolization of Clostridium difficile after flushing toilets: the role of toilet lids in reducing environmental contamination risk". The Journal of Hospital Infection. 80 (1): 1–5. doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2011.08.010. ISSN 1532-2939. PMID 22137761.
Childe, V.; Paterson, J.; Thomas, Bryce (30 November 1929). "Provisional Report on the Excavations at Skara Brae, and on Finds from the 1927 and 1928 Campaigns. With a Report on Bones". Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland. 63: 225–280. doi:10.9750/PSAS.063.225.280. Retrieved 6 May 2020.
Wald, Chelsea (26 May 2016). "The secret history of ancient toilets". Nature News. 533 (7604): 456–458. Bibcode:2016Natur.533..456W. doi:10.1038/533456a. PMID 27225101. S2CID 4398699.
Yannopoulos, Stavros; Yapijakis, Christos; Kaiafa-Saropoulou, Asimina; Antoniou, George; Angelakis, Andreas N. (2017-02-14). "History of sanitation and hygiene technologies in the Hellenic world". Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development. 7 (2). IWA Publishing: 163–180. doi:10.2166/washdev.2017.178. ISSN 2043-9083.
Yannopoulos, Stavros; Yapijakis, Christos; Kaiafa-Saropoulou, Asimina; Antoniou, George; Angelakis, Andreas N. (2017). "History of sanitation and hygiene technologies in the Hellenic World". Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development. 7 (2): 163–180. doi:10.2166/washdev.2017.178. ISSN 2043-9083.

eawag.ch

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GB 189804990, Giblin, Albert, "Improvements in Flushing Cisterns", published 1898-04-09
GB 189700724, Crapper, George & Wharam, Robert Marr, "Improvements in or relating to Automatic Syphon Flushing Tanks", published 1897-03-06

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harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Wald, Chelsea (26 May 2016). "The secret history of ancient toilets". Nature News. 533 (7604): 456–458. Bibcode:2016Natur.533..456W. doi:10.1038/533456a. PMID 27225101. S2CID 4398699.

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"Low-Flow Toilets All Wet, Some Lawmakers Say". Los Angeles Times. Washington. Associated Press. 28 July 1999.

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Wald, Chelsea (26 May 2016). "The secret history of ancient toilets". Nature News. 533 (7604): 456–458. Bibcode:2016Natur.533..456W. doi:10.1038/533456a. PMID 27225101. S2CID 4398699.

nbcnewyork.com

"Toilet Flushing System Burst Danger Prompts Massive Recall". NBC New York. 22 October 2018. Retrieved 4 January 2019.

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nih.gov

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Barker, J.; Jones, M.V. (2005). "The potential spread of infection caused by aerosol contamination of surfaces after flushing a domestic toilet". Journal of Applied Microbiology. 99 (2): 339–47. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2672.2005.02610.x. ISSN 1364-5072. PMID 16033465. S2CID 25625899.
Widdowson, Marc-Alain; Glass, Roger; Monroe, Steve; Beard, R. Suzanne; Bateman, John W.; Lurie, Perrianne; Johnson, Caroline (20 April 2005). "Probable transmission of norovirus on an airplane". JAMA. 293 (15): 1859–60. doi:10.1001/jama.293.15.1859. ISSN 1538-3598. PMID 15840859.
Ho, Mei-Shang; Monroe, Stephan S.; Stine, Sarah; Cubitt, David; Glass, Roger I.; Madore, H. Paul; Pinsky, Paul F.; Ashley, Charles; Caul, E.O. (21 October 1989). "Viral Gastroenteritis Aboard a Cruise Ship". The Lancet. 334 (8669): 961–65. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(89)90964-1. ISSN 0140-6736. PMID 2571872. S2CID 29429652.
Johnson, David L.; Mead, Kenneth R.; Lynch, Robert A.; Hirst, Deborah V.L. (March 2013). "Lifting the lid on toilet plume aerosol: A literature review with suggestions for future research". American Journal of Infection Control. 41 (3): 254–58. doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2012.04.330. PMC 4692156. PMID 23040490.
Jones, R. M.; Brosseau, L. M. (May 2015). "Aerosol transmission of infectious disease". Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 57 (5): 501–08. doi:10.1097/JOM.0000000000000448. PMID 25816216. S2CID 11166016.
Best, E.L.; Sandoe, J.a.T.; Wilcox, M.H. (1 January 2012). "Potential for aerosolization of Clostridium difficile after flushing toilets: the role of toilet lids in reducing environmental contamination risk". The Journal of Hospital Infection. 80 (1): 1–5. doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2011.08.010. ISSN 1532-2939. PMID 22137761.
Wald, Chelsea (26 May 2016). "The secret history of ancient toilets". Nature News. 533 (7604): 456–458. Bibcode:2016Natur.533..456W. doi:10.1038/533456a. PMID 27225101. S2CID 4398699.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Johnson, David L.; Mead, Kenneth R.; Lynch, Robert A.; Hirst, Deborah V.L. (March 2013). "Lifting the lid on toilet plume aerosol: A literature review with suggestions for future research". American Journal of Infection Control. 41 (3): 254–58. doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2012.04.330. PMC 4692156. PMID 23040490.

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scmp.com

Seawater flushing to be extended to more Hong Kong toilets next year, South China Morning Post, 3 April 2014.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

Barker, J.; Jones, M.V. (2005). "The potential spread of infection caused by aerosol contamination of surfaces after flushing a domestic toilet". Journal of Applied Microbiology. 99 (2): 339–47. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2672.2005.02610.x. ISSN 1364-5072. PMID 16033465. S2CID 25625899.
Ho, Mei-Shang; Monroe, Stephan S.; Stine, Sarah; Cubitt, David; Glass, Roger I.; Madore, H. Paul; Pinsky, Paul F.; Ashley, Charles; Caul, E.O. (21 October 1989). "Viral Gastroenteritis Aboard a Cruise Ship". The Lancet. 334 (8669): 961–65. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(89)90964-1. ISSN 0140-6736. PMID 2571872. S2CID 29429652.
Jones, R. M.; Brosseau, L. M. (May 2015). "Aerosol transmission of infectious disease". Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 57 (5): 501–08. doi:10.1097/JOM.0000000000000448. PMID 25816216. S2CID 11166016.
Wald, Chelsea (26 May 2016). "The secret history of ancient toilets". Nature News. 533 (7604): 456–458. Bibcode:2016Natur.533..456W. doi:10.1038/533456a. PMID 27225101. S2CID 4398699.

socantscot.org

journals.socantscot.org

Childe, V.; Paterson, J.; Thomas, Bryce (30 November 1929). "Provisional Report on the Excavations at Skara Brae, and on Finds from the 1927 and 1928 Campaigns. With a Report on Bones". Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland. 63: 225–280. doi:10.9750/PSAS.063.225.280. Retrieved 6 May 2020.

straightdope.com

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surfacesreporter.com

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uwe.ac.uk

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veritec.ca

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waterflush.fr

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waterwise.org.uk

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web.archive.org

"Griffon hydrochasse - pressure tank/cistern" (PDF). www.griffon.fr (in French). Archived from the original on 9 May 2021. Retrieved 26 June 2021.
"Use of brick or water bottle for water conservation". Thedailygreen.com. 1 May 2008. Archived from the original on 5 February 2014. Retrieved 18 November 2011.
Perman, Stacy (3 April 2000), "Psst! Wanna Buy An Illegal Toilet?", Time, Windsor, Ontario, archived from the original on 1 December 2008
"Outbreak of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) at Amoy Gardens, Kowloon Bay, Hong Kong: Main Findings of the Investigation" (PDF). Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Department of Health. 29 March 2011. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 April 2017.
"Toilet remains from 'spend a penny' exhibition uncovered in Hyde Park". The Royal Parks. 7 June 2016. Archived from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 16 November 2016.
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worldcat.org

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Barker, J.; Jones, M.V. (2005). "The potential spread of infection caused by aerosol contamination of surfaces after flushing a domestic toilet". Journal of Applied Microbiology. 99 (2): 339–47. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2672.2005.02610.x. ISSN 1364-5072. PMID 16033465. S2CID 25625899.
Widdowson, Marc-Alain; Glass, Roger; Monroe, Steve; Beard, R. Suzanne; Bateman, John W.; Lurie, Perrianne; Johnson, Caroline (20 April 2005). "Probable transmission of norovirus on an airplane". JAMA. 293 (15): 1859–60. doi:10.1001/jama.293.15.1859. ISSN 1538-3598. PMID 15840859.
Ho, Mei-Shang; Monroe, Stephan S.; Stine, Sarah; Cubitt, David; Glass, Roger I.; Madore, H. Paul; Pinsky, Paul F.; Ashley, Charles; Caul, E.O. (21 October 1989). "Viral Gastroenteritis Aboard a Cruise Ship". The Lancet. 334 (8669): 961–65. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(89)90964-1. ISSN 0140-6736. PMID 2571872. S2CID 29429652.
Best, E.L.; Sandoe, J.a.T.; Wilcox, M.H. (1 January 2012). "Potential for aerosolization of Clostridium difficile after flushing toilets: the role of toilet lids in reducing environmental contamination risk". The Journal of Hospital Infection. 80 (1): 1–5. doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2011.08.010. ISSN 1532-2939. PMID 22137761.
Yannopoulos, Stavros; Yapijakis, Christos; Kaiafa-Saropoulou, Asimina; Antoniou, George; Angelakis, Andreas N. (2017-02-14). "History of sanitation and hygiene technologies in the Hellenic world". Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development. 7 (2). IWA Publishing: 163–180. doi:10.2166/washdev.2017.178. ISSN 2043-9083.
Yannopoulos, Stavros; Yapijakis, Christos; Kaiafa-Saropoulou, Asimina; Antoniou, George; Angelakis, Andreas N. (2017). "History of sanitation and hygiene technologies in the Hellenic World". Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development. 7 (2): 163–180. doi:10.2166/washdev.2017.178. ISSN 2043-9083.

worldhistory.org

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