Football (English Wikipedia)

"NFL is world's best attended pro sports league". ABS-CBN News. Agence France-Presse. 6 January 2013. Archived from the original on 6 October 2013. Retrieved 30 January 2013.

abs.gov.au

"4174.0 – Sports Attendance, Australia, April 1999". Australian Bureau of Statistics. 20 December 1999. Archived from the original on 9 September 2011. Retrieved 19 February 2010.
"4174.0 – Sports Attendance, Australia, 2005–06". Australian Bureau of Statistics. 25 January 2007. Archived from the original on 14 March 2010. Retrieved 19 February 2010.

academia.edu

Emmerson, Craig. "Analyse the role of the public schools in the development of sport in the nineteenth century". Academia. Archived from the original on 12 August 2021. Retrieved 8 May 2021.

adelaide.edu.au

etext.library.adelaide.edu.au

Richard Hakluyt, Voyages in Search of The North-West Passage Archived 12 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine, University of Adelaide, 29 December 2003

agora.qc.ca

Jusserand, Jean-Jules. (1901). Le sport et les jeux d'exercice dans l'ancienne France. Retrieved 11 January 2008, from http://agora.qc.ca/reftext.nsf/Documents/Football--Le_sport_et_les_jeux_dexercice_dans_lancienne_France__La_soule_par_Jean-Jules_Jusserand Archived 7 February 2008 at the Wayback Machine (in French)

archive.org

Dunning, Eric (1999). Sport Matters: Sociological Studies of Sport, Violence and Civilisation. Routledge. p. 89. ISBN 978-0-415-09378-1.
Dunning, Eric (1999). Sport Matters: Sociological Studies of Sport, Violence and Civilisation. Routledge. p. 88. ISBN 978-0-415-09378-1.
Wangerin, David (2008). Soccer in a football world : the story of America's forgotten game. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. ISBN 978-1-59213-885-2. Retrieved 23 June 2020.

archive.today

"Irish inventions: fact and fiction". Carlow-nationalist.ie. Archived from the original on 29 July 2012. Retrieved 16 April 2012.
Richard, Carew. "EBook of The Survey of Cornwall". Project Gutenberg. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 3 October 2007.

bangkokpost.com

Post Publishing PCL. "Bangkok Post article". Bangkok Post.

bbc.co.uk

"BBC – Tom Fordyce: Why are New Zealand so good at rugby?". Archived from the original on 12 August 2021. Retrieved 28 July 2020.

bloomberg.com

"Sold-Out Chicago Match Marks Rugby's Rising Popularity" Archived 11 January 2015 at the Wayback Machine, Bloomberg, 31 October 2014.

books.google.com

Bale, J. (2002). Sports Geography. Taylor & Francis. p. 43. ISBN 978-0-419-25230-6. Archived from the original on 27 February 2023. Retrieved 23 July 2018.
Douge, Brian (2011). "Football: the common threads between the games". Science and Football (Second ed.). Abingdon: Routledge. pp. 3–19. ISBN 978-0-415-50911-4. Archived from the original on 27 February 2023. Retrieved 23 July 2018.
Guttmann, Allen; Thompson, Lee Austin (2001). Japanese sports: a history. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 26–27. ISBN 978-0-8248-2464-8. Archived from the original on 27 February 2023. Retrieved 8 July 2010.
Nigel M. Kennell, The Gymnasium of Virtue: Education and Culture in Ancient Sparta (Studies in the History of Greece and Rome), The University of North Carolina Press, 1995, on Google Books Archived 5 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine
Steve Craig, Sports and Games of the Ancients: (Sports and Games Through History), Greenwood, 2002, on Google Books Archived 6 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine
Sally E. D. Wilkins, Sports and games of medieval cultures, Greenwood, 2002, on Google books Archived 6 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine
Ruff, Julius (2001). Violence in Early Modern Europe 1500–1800. Cambridge University Press. p. 170. ISBN 978-0-521-59894-1. Archived from the original on 27 February 2023. Retrieved 23 July 2018.
Baker, William (1988). Sports in the Western World. University of Illinois Press. p. 48. ISBN 978-0-252-06042-7. Archived from the original on 27 February 2023. Retrieved 23 July 2018.
Magee, Jonathan; Caudwell, Jayne; Liston, Kate; Scraton, Sheila, eds. (2007). Women, Football and Europe: Histories, Equity and Experience. International Football Institute Series. Vol. 1. Meyer & Meyer Sport. ISBN 978-1-84126-225-3. Archived from the original on 27 February 2023. Retrieved 23 July 2018.
Rowley, Christopher (2015). The Shared Origins of Football, Rugby, and Soccer. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 86. ISBN 978-1-4422-4619-5. Archived from the original on 27 February 2023. Retrieved 23 July 2018.
Willughby, Francis (2003). Francis Willughby, 1660–72, Book of Games. Ashgate. ISBN 978-1-85928-460-5. Archived from the original on 27 February 2023. Retrieved 19 June 2010.
Cox, Richard William; Russell, Dave; Vamplew, Wray (2002). Encyclopedia of British Football. Routledge. p. 243. ISBN 978-0-7146-5249-8. Archived from the original on 25 March 2016. Retrieved 23 July 2018.
Wall, Sir Frederick (2005). 50 Years of Football, 1884–1934. Soccer Books Limited. ISBN 978-1-86223-116-0. Archived from the original on 27 February 2023. Retrieved 23 July 2018.
Murphy, Brendan (2007). From Sheffield with Love. Sports Book Limited. p. 59. ISBN 978-1-899807-56-7. Archived from the original on 27 February 2023. Retrieved 23 July 2018.
Harvey, Adrian (2005). Football, the First Hundred Years. Routledge. pp. 273, ref 34–119. ISBN 978-0-415-35019-8. Archived from the original on 1 May 2017. Retrieved 23 September 2016.
Harvey, Adrian (2005). Football: the First Hundred Years. London: Routledge. pp. 144–145. ISBN 0-415-35019-0. Archived from the original on 27 February 2023. Retrieved 23 September 2016.
Harvey, Adrian (2005). Football, the First Hundred Years. Routledge. pp. 95–99. ISBN 978-0-415-35019-8. Archived from the original on 1 May 2017. Retrieved 23 September 2016.
Murphy, Brendan (2007). From Sheffield with Love. Sports Book Limited. pp. 41–43. ISBN 978-1-899807-56-7. Archived from the original on 27 February 2023. Retrieved 23 July 2018.
Hibbins, Gillian; Mancini, Anne (1987). Running with the Ball: Football's Foster Father. Lynedoch Publications. pp. 118–119. ISBN 978-0-7316-0481-4. Archived from the original on 27 February 2023. Retrieved 23 July 2018.
Vancil, Mark (Ed.) (2000). ABC Sports College Football All-Time All-America Team. New York: Hyperion Books. p. 18. ISBN 978-0-7868-6710-3. Archived from the original on 27 February 2023. Retrieved 23 July 2018.
Mueller, Frederick; Cantu, Robert; Van Camp, Steven (1996). "Team Sports". Catastrophic Injuries in High School and College Sports. Champaign: Human Kinetics. p. 57. ISBN 978-0-87322-674-5. Archived from the original on 27 February 2023. Retrieved 12 February 2016. Soccer is the most popular sport in the world and is an industry worth over US$400 billion world wide. 80% of this is generated in Europe, though its popularity is growing in the United States. It has been estimated that there were 22 million soccer players in the world in the early 1980s, and that number is increasing. In the United States soccer is now a major sport at both the high school and college levels

britannica.com

"Sports". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 20 April 2021.
"gridiron football (sport)". Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 14 June 2010. Retrieved 13 July 2010.

businesswire.com

"Fuse Explores the Surge in Sports Participation: Why Teens Play and Why They Don't | Business Wire" (Press release). 12 July 2018. Archived from the original on 12 August 2021. Retrieved 24 September 2020.

carlow-nationalist.ie

"Irish inventions: fact and fiction". Carlow-nationalist.ie. Archived from the original on 29 July 2012. Retrieved 16 April 2012.

cfl.ca

"Timeline 1860s". Official Site of the Canadian Football League. Canadian Football League. Archived from the original on 1 May 2010. Retrieved 13 July 2010.
"History – CFL.ca – Official Site of the Canadian Football League". CFL.ca. Archived from the original on 13 December 2014. Retrieved 1 December 2014.
CFL.ca History, Timeline, 1920 Archived 25 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine

greycup.cfl.ca

"Grey Cup History Timeline 1900". Archived from the original on 22 September 2012. Retrieved 18 January 2015. History of the Grey Cup

dartmo.com

Meacham, Scott (2006). "Old Division Football, The Indigenous Mob Soccer Of Dartmouth College (pdf)" (PDF). dartmo.com. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 June 2007. Retrieved 16 May 2007.

degruyter.com

Giossos, Yiannis; Sotiropoulos, Aristomenis; Souglis, Athanasios; Dafopoulou, Georgia (1 January 2011). "Reconsidering on the Early Types of Football" (PDF). Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity. 3 (2). doi:10.2478/v10131-011-0013-5. S2CID 55758320. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 July 2018. Retrieved 6 July 2018.

denverpost.com

yourhub.denverpost.com

"Rugby is now the fastest growing sport in the U.S. and BIG changes to high school rugby – Your Hub". 21 March 2012. Archived from the original on 21 March 2012.

disabilityfootball.co.uk

Summers, Mark. "The Disability Football Directory". Archived from the original on 9 October 2018. Retrieved 7 October 2019.

doi.org

Reilly, Thomas; Gilbourne, D. (2003). "Science and football: a review of applied research in the football code". Journal of Sports Sciences. 21 (9): 693–705. doi:10.1080/0264041031000102105. ISSN 0264-0414. PMID 14579867. S2CID 37880342.
Bailey, Steven (1995). "Living Sports History: Football at Winchester, Eton and Harrow". The Sports Historian. 15 (1): 34–53. doi:10.1080/17460269508551675.
Perkin, Harold (1989). "Teaching the nations how to play: sport and society in the British empire and commonwealth". The International Journal of the History of Sport. 6 (2): 145–155. doi:10.1080/09523368908713685.
Reilly, Thomas; Doran, D. (2001). "Science and Gaelic football: A review". Journal of Sports Sciences. 19 (3): 181–193. doi:10.1080/026404101750095330. PMID 11256823. S2CID 43471221.
Giossos, Yiannis; Sotiropoulos, Aristomenis; Souglis, Athanasios; Dafopoulou, Georgia (1 January 2011). "Reconsidering on the Early Types of Football" (PDF). Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity. 3 (2). doi:10.2478/v10131-011-0013-5. S2CID 55758320. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 July 2018. Retrieved 6 July 2018.

electricscotland.com

"History of the Royal Caledonian Society of Melbourne". Electricscotland.com. Archived from the original on 22 September 2010. Retrieved 19 June 2010.

englandrugby.com

"RFU". englandrugby.com. Archived from the original on 20 November 2021. Retrieved 7 November 2019.

espn.com

Kirkland, Alex (30 January 2021). "Lionel Messi's leaked Barcelona contract the biggest in sports history – report". ESPN.com. Archived from the original on 7 November 2021. Retrieved 31 January 2021.

esri.ie

"The Social Significance of Sport" (PDF). The Economic and Social Research Institute. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 October 2008. Retrieved 21 October 2008.

etymonline.com

"Football". Etymology Online. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 14 December 2015.
"Online Etymology Dictionary (no date), "football"". Etymonline.com. Archived from the original on 28 June 2010. Retrieved 19 June 2010.

federation-soccer.qc.ca

"The governing body is the "Fédération de soccer du Québec"". Federation-soccer.qc.ca. Archived from the original on 4 March 2012. Retrieved 16 April 2012.

fifa.com

"History of Football – Britain, the home of Football". FIFA. Archived from the original on 22 September 2013. Retrieved 15 June 2018.
"History of Football – The Origins". FIFA. Archived from the original on 24 April 2013. Retrieved 29 April 2013.
FIFA.com. "History of Football – The Origins". Archived from the original on 28 October 2017. Retrieved 1 November 2017.
FIFA.com (8 March 2013). "A gripping Greek derby". Archived from the original on 1 July 2015. Retrieved 1 November 2017.
FIFA.com. "History of FIFA – Foundation". FIFA. Archived from the original on 16 May 2015. Retrieved 7 November 2019.
"2006 FIFA World Cup broadcast wider, longer and farther than ever before". FIFA. 6 February 2007. Archived from the original on 11 January 2012. Retrieved 11 October 2009.

access.fifa.com

"FIFA Survey: approximately 250 million footballers worldwide" (PDF). FIFA. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 September 2006. Retrieved 15 September 2006.

fifamuseum.com

"Cuju". Fifa Museum.

finfacts.com

"Initiative's latest ViewerTrack™ study shows that in Ireland GAA and soccer still dominate the sporting arena, while globally the Super Bowl was the most watched sporting event of 2005". Finfacts.com. Archived from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 17 October 2011.

footballcanada.com

There are Canadian rules [1] Archived 21 November 2015 at the Wayback Machine established by Football Canada. Apart from this, there are also rules [2] Archived 18 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine established by IFAF.
"Canadian Football Timelines (1860– present)". Football Canada. Archived from the original on 28 February 2007. Retrieved 23 December 2006.

footballnetwork.org

"2003, "Richard Mulcaster"". Footballnetwork.org. Archived from the original on 15 April 2010. Retrieved 19 June 2010.

forbes.com

Birnbaum, Justin; Craig, Matt (16 May 2023). "The World's Highest-Paid Athletes 2020". Forbes. Archived from the original on 18 January 2015. Retrieved 19 August 2020.

fordham.edu

Historia Brittonum Archived 9 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine at the Medieval Sourcebook.

globalsportmatters.com

"Major sports leagues all make a lot of money, here's how they do it:, Major sports leagues all make a lot of money, here's how they do it". 7 March 2019. Archived from the original on 7 December 2021. Retrieved 22 July 2020.
"Rugby: Fastest growing sport in the U.S. also one of the oldest – Global Sport Matters, Rugby: Fastest growing sport in the U.S. also one of the oldest – Global Sport Matters". 19 July 2018. Archived from the original on 1 November 2021. Retrieved 23 September 2020.

guardian.co.uk

observer.guardian.co.uk

The exact name of Mr Lindon is in dispute, as well as the exact timing of the creation of the inflatable bladder. It is known that he created this for both association and rugby footballs. However, sites devoted to football indicate he was known as HJ Lindon, who was actually Richard Lindon's son, and created the ball in 1862 (ref: Soccer Ball World Archived 16 June 2006 at the Wayback Machine), whereas rugby sites refer to him as Richard Lindon creating the ball in 1870 (ref: Guardian article Archived 15 November 2006 at the Wayback Machine). Both agree that his wife died when inflating pig's bladders. This information originated from web sites which may be unreliable, and the answer may only be found in researching books in central libraries.

arts.guardian.co.uk

Vivek Chaudhary, "Who's the fat bloke in the number eight shirt?" Archived 9 February 2008 at the Wayback Machine (The Guardian, 18 February 2004.)

gutenberg.org

Richard, Carew. "EBook of The Survey of Cornwall". Project Gutenberg. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 3 October 2007.

harrisinteractive.com

"As American as Mom, Apple Pie and Football?". Harris Interactive. 16 January 2014. Archived from the original on 27 April 2014. Retrieved 27 April 2014.

historyoffootball.net

"The History of Football". The History of Sports. Saperecom. 2007. Archived from the original on 27 May 2007. Retrieved 15 May 2007.

howzat.com

"How Many Players are on Football Team? Know All About Them". www.howzat.com. Retrieved 11 May 2024.

icons.org.uk

"History of Football – The FA Cup – Icons of England". Archived from the original on 26 June 2007.

ifaf.org

There are Canadian rules [1] Archived 21 November 2015 at the Wayback Machine established by Football Canada. Apart from this, there are also rules [2] Archived 18 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine established by IFAF.

irb.com

[3] Archived 26 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine

kenaston.org

"Julian Carosi, 2006, "The History of Offside"" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 May 2015. Retrieved 5 January 2015.

la84foundation.org

Watterson, John (2001). "Tiny Maxwell and the Crisis of 1905: The Making of a Gridiron Myth" (PDF). College Football Historical Society: 54–57. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 August 2010.

loverugbyleague.com

"Where Is Rugby the Most Popular Among Students: Comparison of US and UK Student Leagues | Love Rugby League". 17 October 2020. Archived from the original on 12 August 2021. Retrieved 17 December 2020.

luminarium.org

Anniina Jokinen, Sir Philip Sidney. "A Dialogue Between Two Shepherds" Archived 29 September 2006 at the Wayback Machine (Luminarium.org, July 2006)

mcg.org.au

"Letter from Tom Wills". MCG website. Archived from the original on 25 June 2006. Retrieved 14 July 2006.
"The Origins of Australian Rules Football". MCG website. Archived from the original on 11 June 2007. Retrieved 22 June 2007.

nas.gov.uk

"The Foot-Ball Club in Edinburgh, 1824–1841 – The National Archives of Scotland". Government of the United Kingdom. 13 November 2007. Archived from the original on 22 January 2013. Retrieved 19 June 2010.

ncaa.org

"Estimated Probability of Competing in Athletics Beyond the High School Interscholastic Level" (PDF). NCAA.org. 17 September 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 April 2014. Retrieved 26 April 2014.

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Reilly, Thomas; Gilbourne, D. (2003). "Science and football: a review of applied research in the football code". Journal of Sports Sciences. 21 (9): 693–705. doi:10.1080/0264041031000102105. ISSN 0264-0414. PMID 14579867. S2CID 37880342.
Reilly, Thomas; Doran, D. (2001). "Science and Gaelic football: A review". Journal of Sports Sciences. 19 (3): 181–193. doi:10.1080/026404101750095330. PMID 11256823. S2CID 43471221.
Lewis, Guy M. (1969). "Teddy Roosevelt's Role in the 1905 Football Controversy". The Research Quarterly. 40 (4): 717–724. PMID 4903389.

nzsoccer.com

"NZ Football – The Local Name of the Global Game". NZFootball.co.nz. 27 April 2006. Archived from the original on 22 September 2009. The international game is called football and we're part of the international game so the game in New Zealand should be called football

oed.com

"soccer, n". Oxford English Dictionary. June 2011. Archived from the original on 14 December 2021. Retrieved 1 July 2011.

pittnews.com

First college football game played at Rutgers in 1869 by Shaunna Stuck, The Pitt News, 20 Sep 2002

profootballhof.com

First ever college soccer football game Archived December 27, 2021, at the Wayback Machine on Pro Football Hall of Fame

profootballresearchers.org

"No Christian End!" (PDF). The Journey to Camp: The Origins of American Football to 1889. Professional Football Researchers Association. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 June 2014. Retrieved 26 January 2010.
"No Christian End! The Beginnings of Football in America" (PDF). The Professional Football Researchers Association. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 June 2014.
"Camp and His Followers: American Football 1876–1889" (PDF). The Journey to Camp: The Origins of American Football to 1889. Professional Football Researchers Association. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 September 2010. Retrieved 26 January 2010.

rfu.com

"Rugby chronology". Museum of Rugby. Archived from the original on 21 November 2008. Retrieved 24 April 2006.
"History of the RFU". Rugby Football Union. Archived from the original on 22 April 2010. Retrieved 28 September 2011.

clubs.rfu.com

Peter Shortell. Hacking – a history Archived 2008-04-03 at the Wayback Machine, Cornwall Referees Society Archived 3 March 2008 at the Wayback Machine, 2 October 2006

rl1908.com

Fagan, Sean (2006). "Breaking The Codes". RL1908.com. Archived from the original on 21 October 2006.

rugbyfootballhistory.com

"History of Rugby in Australia". Rugby Football History. Archived from the original on 23 December 2011. Retrieved 11 January 2012.
"Rugby Football History". rugbyfootballhistory.com. Archived from the original on 13 January 2018. Retrieved 7 November 2019.

rutgers.edu

ruweb.rutgers.edu

"1800s". Rutgers Through The Years. Rutgers University. Archived from the original on 20 January 2007. Retrieved 16 May 2007.

samoaobserver.ws

"Football progress in Samoa". Samoa Observer. Archived from the original on 5 March 2012.

scotsman.com

Scots invented beautiful game Archived 11 December 2021 at the Wayback Machine The Scotsman, 14 June 2006

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

Reilly, Thomas; Gilbourne, D. (2003). "Science and football: a review of applied research in the football code". Journal of Sports Sciences. 21 (9): 693–705. doi:10.1080/0264041031000102105. ISSN 0264-0414. PMID 14579867. S2CID 37880342.
Reilly, Thomas; Doran, D. (2001). "Science and Gaelic football: A review". Journal of Sports Sciences. 19 (3): 181–193. doi:10.1080/026404101750095330. PMID 11256823. S2CID 43471221.
Giossos, Yiannis; Sotiropoulos, Aristomenis; Souglis, Athanasios; Dafopoulou, Georgia (1 January 2011). "Reconsidering on the Early Types of Football" (PDF). Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity. 3 (2). doi:10.2478/v10131-011-0013-5. S2CID 55758320. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 July 2018. Retrieved 6 July 2018.

skysports.com

Simpson, James. "The making of Patrick Mahomes, the highest-paid man in sports history". NFL News. Sky Sports. Archived from the original on 12 August 2021. Retrieved 19 August 2020.

smh.com.au

Stories Soccer to become football in Australia Archived 7 November 2012 at the Wayback Machine (SMH.com.au. 17 December 2004) "ASA chairman Frank Lowy said the symbolic move would bring Australia into line with the vast majority of other countries which call the sport football."

soccerballworld.com

The exact name of Mr Lindon is in dispute, as well as the exact timing of the creation of the inflatable bladder. It is known that he created this for both association and rugby footballs. However, sites devoted to football indicate he was known as HJ Lindon, who was actually Richard Lindon's son, and created the ball in 1862 (ref: Soccer Ball World Archived 16 June 2006 at the Wayback Machine), whereas rugby sites refer to him as Richard Lindon creating the ball in 1870 (ref: Guardian article Archived 15 November 2006 at the Wayback Machine). Both agree that his wife died when inflating pig's bladders. This information originated from web sites which may be unreliable, and the answer may only be found in researching books in central libraries.
Soccer Ball World – Early History. Retrieved 9 June 2006. Archived 16 June 2006 at the Wayback Machine
soccerballworld.com, (no date) "Charles Goodyear's Soccer Ball" Archived 16 December 2006 at the Wayback Machine Downloaded 30/11/06.

sover.net

Allaway, Roger (2001). "Were the Oneidas playing soccer or not?". The USA Soccer History Archives. Dave Litterer. Archived from the original on 15 July 2007. Retrieved 15 May 2007.

spartacus-educational.com

"Football in Public Schools". Spartacus Educational. Archived from the original on 17 May 2021. Retrieved 7 November 2019.

sportingpulse.com

"new name & logo for Samoan football". Sportingpulse.com. 28 November 2009. Archived from the original on 11 October 2012. Retrieved 16 April 2012.

thefa.com

Association, The Football. "Law 1: The Field of Play – Football Rules & Governance | The FA". The Football Association. Archived from the original on 10 September 2015. Retrieved 27 September 2015.

thelocal.it

"Everything you need to know about Calcio Storico, Italy's most violent tradition". The Local Italy. 22 June 2017. Archived from the original on 31 August 2021. Retrieved 7 November 2019.

trytel.com

Stephen Alsford, FitzStephen's Description of London Archived 22 March 2004 at the Wayback Machine, Florilegium Urbanum, 5 April 2006

tufts.edu

perseus.tufts.edu

ἐπίσκυρος Archived 12 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus Digital Library
φαινίνδα Archived 3 July 2019 at the Wayback Machine, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus Digital Library

uab.edu

example of ball handling in early football from English writer William Hone, writing in 1825 or 1826, quotes the social commentator Sir Frederick Morton Eden, regarding "Foot-Ball", as played at Scone, Scotland, Scotland: |The game was this: he who at any time got the ball into his hands, run [sic] with it till overtaken by one of the opposite part; and then, if he could shake himself loose from those on the opposite side who seized him, he run on; if not, he threw the ball from him, unless it was wrested from him by the other party, but no person was allowed to kick it. (William Hone, 1825–26, The Every-Day Book, "February 15." Archived 5 January 2008 at the Wayback Machine Access date: 15 March 2007.)

usgaa.org

"Gaelic Football". USGAA. Archived from the original on 13 August 2021. Retrieved 7 November 2019.

ussoccer.com

"U.S. Soccer Timeline". U.S. Soccer. Retrieved 23 June 2020.

ussportsscholarships.com

"U.S Rugby Scholarships – U.S Sports Scholarships". Archived from the original on 15 September 2021. Retrieved 21 September 2020.

web.archive.org

The exact name of Mr Lindon is in dispute, as well as the exact timing of the creation of the inflatable bladder. It is known that he created this for both association and rugby footballs. However, sites devoted to football indicate he was known as HJ Lindon, who was actually Richard Lindon's son, and created the ball in 1862 (ref: Soccer Ball World Archived 16 June 2006 at the Wayback Machine), whereas rugby sites refer to him as Richard Lindon creating the ball in 1870 (ref: Guardian article Archived 15 November 2006 at the Wayback Machine). Both agree that his wife died when inflating pig's bladders. This information originated from web sites which may be unreliable, and the answer may only be found in researching books in central libraries.
There are Canadian rules [1] Archived 21 November 2015 at the Wayback Machine established by Football Canada. Apart from this, there are also rules [2] Archived 18 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine established by IFAF.
"History of Football – Britain, the home of Football". FIFA. Archived from the original on 22 September 2013. Retrieved 15 June 2018.
"History of Football – The Origins". FIFA. Archived from the original on 24 April 2013. Retrieved 29 April 2013.
"History of Rugby in Australia". Rugby Football History. Archived from the original on 23 December 2011. Retrieved 11 January 2012.
Bale, J. (2002). Sports Geography. Taylor & Francis. p. 43. ISBN 978-0-419-25230-6. Archived from the original on 27 February 2023. Retrieved 23 July 2018.
Douge, Brian (2011). "Football: the common threads between the games". Science and Football (Second ed.). Abingdon: Routledge. pp. 3–19. ISBN 978-0-415-50911-4. Archived from the original on 27 February 2023. Retrieved 23 July 2018.
Association, The Football. "Law 1: The Field of Play – Football Rules & Governance | The FA". The Football Association. Archived from the original on 10 September 2015. Retrieved 27 September 2015.
"Football". Etymology Online. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 14 December 2015.
"History of Football – The FA Cup – Icons of England". Archived from the original on 26 June 2007.
"Sports". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 20 April 2021.
FIFA.com. "History of Football – The Origins". Archived from the original on 28 October 2017. Retrieved 1 November 2017.
Giossos, Yiannis; Sotiropoulos, Aristomenis; Souglis, Athanasios; Dafopoulou, Georgia (1 January 2011). "Reconsidering on the Early Types of Football" (PDF). Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity. 3 (2). doi:10.2478/v10131-011-0013-5. S2CID 55758320. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 July 2018. Retrieved 6 July 2018.
Guttmann, Allen; Thompson, Lee Austin (2001). Japanese sports: a history. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 26–27. ISBN 978-0-8248-2464-8. Archived from the original on 27 February 2023. Retrieved 8 July 2010.
ἐπίσκυρος Archived 12 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus Digital Library
φαινίνδα Archived 3 July 2019 at the Wayback Machine, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus Digital Library
Nigel M. Kennell, The Gymnasium of Virtue: Education and Culture in Ancient Sparta (Studies in the History of Greece and Rome), The University of North Carolina Press, 1995, on Google Books Archived 5 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine
Steve Craig, Sports and Games of the Ancients: (Sports and Games Through History), Greenwood, 2002, on Google Books Archived 6 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine
Sally E. D. Wilkins, Sports and games of medieval cultures, Greenwood, 2002, on Google books Archived 6 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine
FIFA.com (8 March 2013). "A gripping Greek derby". Archived from the original on 1 July 2015. Retrieved 1 November 2017.
Richard Hakluyt, Voyages in Search of The North-West Passage Archived 12 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine, University of Adelaide, 29 December 2003
Historia Brittonum Archived 9 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine at the Medieval Sourcebook.
Ruff, Julius (2001). Violence in Early Modern Europe 1500–1800. Cambridge University Press. p. 170. ISBN 978-0-521-59894-1. Archived from the original on 27 February 2023. Retrieved 23 July 2018.
Jusserand, Jean-Jules. (1901). Le sport et les jeux d'exercice dans l'ancienne France. Retrieved 11 January 2008, from http://agora.qc.ca/reftext.nsf/Documents/Football--Le_sport_et_les_jeux_dexercice_dans_lancienne_France__La_soule_par_Jean-Jules_Jusserand Archived 7 February 2008 at the Wayback Machine (in French)
Baker, William (1988). Sports in the Western World. University of Illinois Press. p. 48. ISBN 978-0-252-06042-7. Archived from the original on 27 February 2023. Retrieved 23 July 2018.
Stephen Alsford, FitzStephen's Description of London Archived 22 March 2004 at the Wayback Machine, Florilegium Urbanum, 5 April 2006
"Online Etymology Dictionary (no date), "football"". Etymonline.com. Archived from the original on 28 June 2010. Retrieved 19 June 2010.
Vivek Chaudhary, "Who's the fat bloke in the number eight shirt?" Archived 9 February 2008 at the Wayback Machine (The Guardian, 18 February 2004.)
Anniina Jokinen, Sir Philip Sidney. "A Dialogue Between Two Shepherds" Archived 29 September 2006 at the Wayback Machine (Luminarium.org, July 2006)
"Everything you need to know about Calcio Storico, Italy's most violent tradition". The Local Italy. 22 June 2017. Archived from the original on 31 August 2021. Retrieved 7 November 2019.
Magee, Jonathan; Caudwell, Jayne; Liston, Kate; Scraton, Sheila, eds. (2007). Women, Football and Europe: Histories, Equity and Experience. International Football Institute Series. Vol. 1. Meyer & Meyer Sport. ISBN 978-1-84126-225-3. Archived from the original on 27 February 2023. Retrieved 23 July 2018.
"No Christian End!" (PDF). The Journey to Camp: The Origins of American Football to 1889. Professional Football Researchers Association. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 June 2014. Retrieved 26 January 2010.
Meacham, Scott (2006). "Old Division Football, The Indigenous Mob Soccer Of Dartmouth College (pdf)" (PDF). dartmo.com. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 June 2007. Retrieved 16 May 2007.
"2003, "Richard Mulcaster"". Footballnetwork.org. Archived from the original on 15 April 2010. Retrieved 19 June 2010.
Rowley, Christopher (2015). The Shared Origins of Football, Rugby, and Soccer. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 86. ISBN 978-1-4422-4619-5. Archived from the original on 27 February 2023. Retrieved 23 July 2018.
Willughby, Francis (2003). Francis Willughby, 1660–72, Book of Games. Ashgate. ISBN 978-1-85928-460-5. Archived from the original on 27 February 2023. Retrieved 19 June 2010.
"Football in Public Schools". Spartacus Educational. Archived from the original on 17 May 2021. Retrieved 7 November 2019.
Emmerson, Craig. "Analyse the role of the public schools in the development of sport in the nineteenth century". Academia. Archived from the original on 12 August 2021. Retrieved 8 May 2021.
"Julian Carosi, 2006, "The History of Offside"" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 May 2015. Retrieved 5 January 2015.
Cox, Richard William; Russell, Dave; Vamplew, Wray (2002). Encyclopedia of British Football. Routledge. p. 243. ISBN 978-0-7146-5249-8. Archived from the original on 25 March 2016. Retrieved 23 July 2018.
example of ball handling in early football from English writer William Hone, writing in 1825 or 1826, quotes the social commentator Sir Frederick Morton Eden, regarding "Foot-Ball", as played at Scone, Scotland, Scotland: |The game was this: he who at any time got the ball into his hands, run [sic] with it till overtaken by one of the opposite part; and then, if he could shake himself loose from those on the opposite side who seized him, he run on; if not, he threw the ball from him, unless it was wrested from him by the other party, but no person was allowed to kick it. (William Hone, 1825–26, The Every-Day Book, "February 15." Archived 5 January 2008 at the Wayback Machine Access date: 15 March 2007.)
"The Foot-Ball Club in Edinburgh, 1824–1841 – The National Archives of Scotland". Government of the United Kingdom. 13 November 2007. Archived from the original on 22 January 2013. Retrieved 19 June 2010.
"Rugby chronology". Museum of Rugby. Archived from the original on 21 November 2008. Retrieved 24 April 2006.
"History of the Royal Caledonian Society of Melbourne". Electricscotland.com. Archived from the original on 22 September 2010. Retrieved 19 June 2010.
Soccer Ball World – Early History. Retrieved 9 June 2006. Archived 16 June 2006 at the Wayback Machine
soccerballworld.com, (no date) "Charles Goodyear's Soccer Ball" Archived 16 December 2006 at the Wayback Machine Downloaded 30/11/06.
Scots invented beautiful game Archived 11 December 2021 at the Wayback Machine The Scotsman, 14 June 2006
Wall, Sir Frederick (2005). 50 Years of Football, 1884–1934. Soccer Books Limited. ISBN 978-1-86223-116-0. Archived from the original on 27 February 2023. Retrieved 23 July 2018.
Murphy, Brendan (2007). From Sheffield with Love. Sports Book Limited. p. 59. ISBN 978-1-899807-56-7. Archived from the original on 27 February 2023. Retrieved 23 July 2018.
Harvey, Adrian (2005). Football, the First Hundred Years. Routledge. pp. 273, ref 34–119. ISBN 978-0-415-35019-8. Archived from the original on 1 May 2017. Retrieved 23 September 2016.
"Rugby Football History". rugbyfootballhistory.com. Archived from the original on 13 January 2018. Retrieved 7 November 2019.
"RFU". englandrugby.com. Archived from the original on 20 November 2021. Retrieved 7 November 2019.
Harvey, Adrian (2005). Football: the First Hundred Years. London: Routledge. pp. 144–145. ISBN 0-415-35019-0. Archived from the original on 27 February 2023. Retrieved 23 September 2016.
Harvey, Adrian (2005). Football, the First Hundred Years. Routledge. pp. 95–99. ISBN 978-0-415-35019-8. Archived from the original on 1 May 2017. Retrieved 23 September 2016.
Murphy, Brendan (2007). From Sheffield with Love. Sports Book Limited. pp. 41–43. ISBN 978-1-899807-56-7. Archived from the original on 27 February 2023. Retrieved 23 July 2018.
"Letter from Tom Wills". MCG website. Archived from the original on 25 June 2006. Retrieved 14 July 2006.
"The Origins of Australian Rules Football". MCG website. Archived from the original on 11 June 2007. Retrieved 22 June 2007.
Hibbins, Gillian; Mancini, Anne (1987). Running with the Ball: Football's Foster Father. Lynedoch Publications. pp. 118–119. ISBN 978-0-7316-0481-4. Archived from the original on 27 February 2023. Retrieved 23 July 2018.
Peter Shortell. Hacking – a history Archived 2008-04-03 at the Wayback Machine, Cornwall Referees Society Archived 3 March 2008 at the Wayback Machine, 2 October 2006
"soccer, n". Oxford English Dictionary. June 2011. Archived from the original on 14 December 2021. Retrieved 1 July 2011.
Allaway, Roger (2001). "Were the Oneidas playing soccer or not?". The USA Soccer History Archives. Dave Litterer. Archived from the original on 15 July 2007. Retrieved 15 May 2007.
"Canadian Football Timelines (1860– present)". Football Canada. Archived from the original on 28 February 2007. Retrieved 23 December 2006.
"Timeline 1860s". Official Site of the Canadian Football League. Canadian Football League. Archived from the original on 1 May 2010. Retrieved 13 July 2010.
"The History of Football". The History of Sports. Saperecom. 2007. Archived from the original on 27 May 2007. Retrieved 15 May 2007.
"1800s". Rutgers Through The Years. Rutgers University. Archived from the original on 20 January 2007. Retrieved 16 May 2007.
"No Christian End! The Beginnings of Football in America" (PDF). The Professional Football Researchers Association. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 June 2014.
"History – CFL.ca – Official Site of the Canadian Football League". CFL.ca. Archived from the original on 13 December 2014. Retrieved 1 December 2014.
"gridiron football (sport)". Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 14 June 2010. Retrieved 13 July 2010.
"Camp and His Followers: American Football 1876–1889" (PDF). The Journey to Camp: The Origins of American Football to 1889. Professional Football Researchers Association. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 September 2010. Retrieved 26 January 2010.
Watterson, John (2001). "Tiny Maxwell and the Crisis of 1905: The Making of a Gridiron Myth" (PDF). College Football Historical Society: 54–57. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 August 2010.
Vancil, Mark (Ed.) (2000). ABC Sports College Football All-Time All-America Team. New York: Hyperion Books. p. 18. ISBN 978-0-7868-6710-3. Archived from the original on 27 February 2023. Retrieved 23 July 2018.
"Grey Cup History Timeline 1900". Archived from the original on 22 September 2012. Retrieved 18 January 2015. History of the Grey Cup
CFL.ca History, Timeline, 1920 Archived 25 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine
"Gaelic Football". USGAA. Archived from the original on 13 August 2021. Retrieved 7 November 2019.
worldrugby.org. "IRFB Formed". world.rugby. Archived from the original on 29 August 2021. Retrieved 7 November 2019.
FIFA.com. "History of FIFA – Foundation". FIFA. Archived from the original on 16 May 2015. Retrieved 7 November 2019.
"History of the RFU". Rugby Football Union. Archived from the original on 22 April 2010. Retrieved 28 September 2011.
"The governing body is the "Fédération de soccer du Québec"". Federation-soccer.qc.ca. Archived from the original on 4 March 2012. Retrieved 16 April 2012.
Stories Soccer to become football in Australia Archived 7 November 2012 at the Wayback Machine (SMH.com.au. 17 December 2004) "ASA chairman Frank Lowy said the symbolic move would bring Australia into line with the vast majority of other countries which call the sport football."
"NZ Football – The Local Name of the Global Game". NZFootball.co.nz. 27 April 2006. Archived from the original on 22 September 2009. The international game is called football and we're part of the international game so the game in New Zealand should be called football
"new name & logo for Samoan football". Sportingpulse.com. 28 November 2009. Archived from the original on 11 October 2012. Retrieved 16 April 2012.
"Football progress in Samoa". Samoa Observer. Archived from the original on 5 March 2012.
"FIFA Survey: approximately 250 million footballers worldwide" (PDF). FIFA. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 September 2006. Retrieved 15 September 2006.
"2006 FIFA World Cup broadcast wider, longer and farther than ever before". FIFA. 6 February 2007. Archived from the original on 11 January 2012. Retrieved 11 October 2009.
Mueller, Frederick; Cantu, Robert; Van Camp, Steven (1996). "Team Sports". Catastrophic Injuries in High School and College Sports. Champaign: Human Kinetics. p. 57. ISBN 978-0-87322-674-5. Archived from the original on 27 February 2023. Retrieved 12 February 2016. Soccer is the most popular sport in the world and is an industry worth over US$400 billion world wide. 80% of this is generated in Europe, though its popularity is growing in the United States. It has been estimated that there were 22 million soccer players in the world in the early 1980s, and that number is increasing. In the United States soccer is now a major sport at both the high school and college levels
"As American as Mom, Apple Pie and Football?". Harris Interactive. 16 January 2014. Archived from the original on 27 April 2014. Retrieved 27 April 2014.
"Estimated Probability of Competing in Athletics Beyond the High School Interscholastic Level" (PDF). NCAA.org. 17 September 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 April 2014. Retrieved 26 April 2014.
Porter, Rick (5 February 2018). "TV Ratings Sunday: Super Bowl LII smallest since 2009, still massive; 'This Is Us' scores big [Updated]". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on 4 August 2018. Retrieved 29 July 2018.
"Major sports leagues all make a lot of money, here's how they do it:, Major sports leagues all make a lot of money, here's how they do it". 7 March 2019. Archived from the original on 7 December 2021. Retrieved 22 July 2020.
"NFL is world's best attended pro sports league". ABS-CBN News. Agence France-Presse. 6 January 2013. Archived from the original on 6 October 2013. Retrieved 30 January 2013.
Kirkland, Alex (30 January 2021). "Lionel Messi's leaked Barcelona contract the biggest in sports history – report". ESPN.com. Archived from the original on 7 November 2021. Retrieved 31 January 2021.
Birnbaum, Justin; Craig, Matt (16 May 2023). "The World's Highest-Paid Athletes 2020". Forbes. Archived from the original on 18 January 2015. Retrieved 19 August 2020.
Simpson, James. "The making of Patrick Mahomes, the highest-paid man in sports history". NFL News. Sky Sports. Archived from the original on 12 August 2021. Retrieved 19 August 2020.
"4174.0 – Sports Attendance, Australia, April 1999". Australian Bureau of Statistics. 20 December 1999. Archived from the original on 9 September 2011. Retrieved 19 February 2010.
"4174.0 – Sports Attendance, Australia, 2005–06". Australian Bureau of Statistics. 25 January 2007. Archived from the original on 14 March 2010. Retrieved 19 February 2010.
"The Social Significance of Sport" (PDF). The Economic and Social Research Institute. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 October 2008. Retrieved 21 October 2008.
"Initiative's latest ViewerTrack™ study shows that in Ireland GAA and soccer still dominate the sporting arena, while globally the Super Bowl was the most watched sporting event of 2005". Finfacts.com. Archived from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 17 October 2011.
"BBC – Tom Fordyce: Why are New Zealand so good at rugby?". Archived from the original on 12 August 2021. Retrieved 28 July 2020.
"Rugby: Fastest growing sport in the U.S. also one of the oldest – Global Sport Matters, Rugby: Fastest growing sport in the U.S. also one of the oldest – Global Sport Matters". 19 July 2018. Archived from the original on 1 November 2021. Retrieved 23 September 2020.
"Rugby is now the fastest growing sport in the U.S. and BIG changes to high school rugby – Your Hub". 21 March 2012. Archived from the original on 21 March 2012.
"Sold-Out Chicago Match Marks Rugby's Rising Popularity" Archived 11 January 2015 at the Wayback Machine, Bloomberg, 31 October 2014.
[3] Archived 26 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine
"Where Is Rugby the Most Popular Among Students: Comparison of US and UK Student Leagues | Love Rugby League". 17 October 2020. Archived from the original on 12 August 2021. Retrieved 17 December 2020.
"Fuse Explores the Surge in Sports Participation: Why Teens Play and Why They Don't | Business Wire" (Press release). 12 July 2018. Archived from the original on 12 August 2021. Retrieved 24 September 2020.
"U.S Rugby Scholarships – U.S Sports Scholarships". Archived from the original on 15 September 2021. Retrieved 21 September 2020.
First ever college soccer football game Archived December 27, 2021, at the Wayback Machine on Pro Football Hall of Fame
Summers, Mark. "The Disability Football Directory". Archived from the original on 9 October 2018. Retrieved 7 October 2019.
Fagan, Sean (2006). "Breaking The Codes". RL1908.com. Archived from the original on 21 October 2006.

wolfram.com

mathworld.wolfram.com

Weisstein, Eric W. "Lemon Surface". mathworld.wolfram.com. Retrieved 31 October 2024.

world.rugby

worldrugby.org. "IRFB Formed". world.rugby. Archived from the original on 29 August 2021. Retrieved 7 November 2019.

worldcat.org

search.worldcat.org

Reilly, Thomas; Gilbourne, D. (2003). "Science and football: a review of applied research in the football code". Journal of Sports Sciences. 21 (9): 693–705. doi:10.1080/0264041031000102105. ISSN 0264-0414. PMID 14579867. S2CID 37880342.

zap2it.com

tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com

Porter, Rick (5 February 2018). "TV Ratings Sunday: Super Bowl LII smallest since 2009, still massive; 'This Is Us' scores big [Updated]". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on 4 August 2018. Retrieved 29 July 2018.